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Intensive Literature Search and Phase I-II Archeological Investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project
INTENSIVE LITERATU RE SEARCH AND PHASE UH ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE ST. CROIX RiVFR CROSSING PROJECT, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MINNESOTA S.P. 8217-12; TH: 36 Mn/DOT Agreement No. 86487 OaA License No. 04-027 SHPO Number 2003-3438 Authorized and Sponsored by: Minnesota Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration Prepared by: Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D., RPA Principal Investigator and Primary Author with a contribution by Julie A. Kloss, M.A. Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 1771126W" Street, Shafer, MN 55074 04-02 May 2005 INTENSIVE LITERATURE SEARCH AND PHASE I/II ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE ST. CROIX RIVER CROSSING PROJECT, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MINNESOTA S.P. 8217-12; TH: 36 Mn/DOT Agreement No. 86487 OSA License No. 04-027 CNp(1 NnmhPr 2MZ_ZdZSt Authorized and Sponsored by: Minnesota Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration Prepared by: Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 17711260th Street Shafer, MN 55074 Two Pines Resource Group No. 04-02 May 2005 REPORT DOCUMENTATION 1. Report No. 2 3. Recipient's Accession No. PAGE 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date May 2005 6. Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing, Washington County, Minnesota 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept. No. Michelle M_ Terrell (Primary) and Julie A. Kloss (Faunal Analysis) 04-02 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work unit No. 11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No. Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 17711 260th Street (c) 86487 Shafer, MN 55074 (G) 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered May to September 2004 Minnesota Department of Transportation 395 John Ireland Boulevard St. Paul, MN 55155 14. 15. Supplementary Notes Authorized and funded by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the Federal H i2hway Administration. 16_ Abstract (Limit: 200 words) From May to September of 2004, Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted an intensive literature search and Phase 1/I1 archaeological investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project in Washington County, Minnesota. The purpose of these investigations was to determine whether the areas of potential effect for the four crossing alternatives (B-1, C, D, E) to be addressed in the SDEIS contain any previously recorded, or unrecorded, intact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. During the study two previously identified archaeological sites, 21WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) were evaluated, and one new archaeological site, 21WA100 (Slab Alley) was identified and evaluated_ These sites are each recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP, as well as contributing properties to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. These three sites are also recommended as an eligible archaeological district. If sites 21WA91, 21WA92, or 21WA100 will be impacted by development plans, it is recommended that an appropriate level of treatment for these cultural resources be determined. 17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms c. COSATI Field/Group 18. Availability Statement: Unlimited 19. Security Class (This Report) 21. No. ofPages- unclassified 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price unclassified (Sec ANSI-Z39 18) Jee tn_struettom on Kevuse VFI1UNAL rvxrvi Z iZ iv-i i) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page i MANAGEMENT SUNLVLARY From May to September of 2004, Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted an intensive literature search and Phase UII archaeological investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project in Washington County, Minnesota. This work was performed under contract with the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). The purpose of this project was to provide supporting documentation for a Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) being prepared for the project. r As the SDEIS will address the Section 106 and Section 4(f) issues of the project, the purpose of the literature search and Phase UII archaeological investigations was to determine whether the areas of potential effect (APE) for the four crossing alternatives (B-1, C, D, E) to be addressed in the SDEIS (not including the no -build alternative) contain any previously recorded or unrecorded intact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The architectural history portion of this project was completed under a separate contract and is summarized in another report. The APE for archaeology is limited to the construction limits of each of the considered alternatives. The archaeological APE encompasses approximately 45 acres (18 hectares) within Minnesota including the existing TH 36/95 corridor through the project area. The project is located within the N 1/2 of Section 3; the N 1/2 of the N 1/2 of Section 4; the N 1/2 of the N 1/2 of Section 5; the NE 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 6 of Township 29N, Range 20W; as well as the SW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 27; the E 1/2 of the SE 1/4 of Section 28; the SE 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of Section 31; the S %2 of the S %2 of Section 32; the S 1/2 of the S 1/2 of Section 33; the W 1/2 of Section 34 of Township 30N, Range 20W. This project area is located within the Central Lakes Deciduous East archaeological sub -region. The intensive literature search consisted of extensive background research in order to identify potential precontact and post -contact archaeological sites within the project's APE. The Phase I/II archaeological investigations consisted of background research at the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) on previously identified archaeological sites and surveys, a thorough visual inspection of the entire project area in order to identify areas of moderate to high potential for containing intact archaeological sites, systematic shovel testing of those areas identified as having the potential to contain archaeological sites, and the excavation of formal test units and backhoe trenches within the boundaries of identified sites in order to better characterize the site and assess its integrity and significance. Fieldwork took place from July 20 to August 6, 2004. Dr. Michelle Terrell served as the Principal Investigator. During the archaeological investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project, two previously identified archaeological sites, 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) were evaluated, and one new archaeological site, 21WA100 (Slab Alley) was identified and evaluated. Together, archaeological sites 21 WA91 and 21 WA92 have been previously recommended as a contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. The results of the St_ Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page ii archaeological testing indicate that both of these sites contain intact archaeological resources with excellent integrity. As these archaeological features document the mill's location and the internal layout of its machinery, they serve to increase our understanding of the significance of this property and its contributions to the Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Therefore, sites 21 WA91 and 21 WA92 continue to be recommended as contributing to the NRIIP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Furthermore, each of these sites is recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion A for their association with the lumber industry that shaped the community of Stillwater and under Criterion D for their ability to yield information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. Site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) consists of archaeological features associated with the occupation of a working-class neighborhood that existed from the 1860s through 1932, and that rose and declined in direct correlation with the lumber industry. Site 21 WA100 is recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion A for its association with the development of the City of Stillwater during the lumber era and under Criterion D for its ability to answer important research questions about the lifeways of the inhabitants of this neighborhood. Furthermore, as site 21 WA100 is located within the boundaries of the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District, and as the site illustrates the district's theme of "the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community," site 21 WA100 is recommended as a contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. It is further recommended that sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), and 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) be grouped within a contiguous archaeological district (Stillwater South Main Street Archaeological District). While each of these sites is also recommended as individually eligible for the NRHP, grouped within a district, the sites of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's sawmill (21 WA91) and planing mill (21 WA92), together with the working-class neighborhood of "Slab Alley" (21WA100), provide insights not only into the technology of turning logs into lumber, and the nature of working-class life in nineteenth-century Stillwater, but also the direct correlation between logging and lumbering and the development of the Stillwater community during the period from 1853 to 1932. This archaeological district is, therefore, recommended as significant under NRHP Criterion A for its association with events, such as lumbering and neighborhood development, that shaped the community of Stillwater, and under Criterion D for its ability to yield information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. If archaeological sites 21 WA91, 21 WA92, or 21 WA100 will be impacted by development plans, Two Pines Resource Group recommends that the appropriate level of treatment for these cultural resources be determined. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGEMENTSUMMARY..................................................................................................................... i LISTOF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................... v LISTOF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1 RESEARCHDESIGN..................................................................................................................................4 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................................ 4 METHODS•-•••••••......................•-•••••-••••••••••••••---•-•----••••••••••••••-•••.......••-•-•••••••...............................................4 Intensive Literature Search . ................................ ,........................................................................ ......... 4 ArchaeologicalFieldwork ......................................... .:..:............ _........ —........ ....................................... 4 Laboratory Analysis and Curation............................. ................. ................................................ •.......... 5 LITERATURESEARCH............................................................................................................................ 6 RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND PREVIOUS SURVEYS.................................................................6 RecordedArchaeological Sites...............................................------------•-----.............................................6 Previous Archaeological Surveys .............................................. ..................................................... ....... 7 ARCHAEOLOGICALSITE POTENTIAL........................................................................................................... 8 PrecontactSite Potential.....................................................••--•----•----............._..._._.._._........................_.. 8 Post -Contact Site Potential...........................................---.........-----------........................:...-•------....------. 10 Additional Cultural Resources ............ ....................................................... ............................ ............. 13 COMPARATIVERESEARCH....................•--•----...........--•--....-•----.................-•-•--•-•----•--................................. 13 SawmillSites.......................................................................................................................................13 Archaeology of Working -Class Neighborhoods........................................................... :.................. ......... 14 HISTORICALCONTEXTS ........................................ »........................................................................... ,17 ST. CROIX TRIANGLE LUMBERING, 1830s-1900s................................................................................... .17 EARLY AGRICULTURE AND RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1840-1870...................................................................18 RAILROADS AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1870-1940.................................................................19 URBANCENTERS, 1870-1940..... ............. ............................................................................ ...................... 19 HISTORICAL NARRATIVE ....................................... ..... .. ......_.._......................_. 20 .... ......... Hersey& Bean Lumber Company.......................•---._.....---...._..................---...-•--••------......................... 20 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OVERVIEW.................................................................................................... 24 RESULTS.................................................................... .................................. 26 TH36 CORRIDOR ...................................................................................................................................... 26 WorkSummary.................................................................................................................................... 26 Results and Recommendations .................................... ::.:.......... :......... ............................................... 28 SITE 21 WA91 (HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL)................:............................................................................28 WorkSummary.................................................................................................................................... 28 RefuseBurner...........................................................................................................................•-------... 30 Trench1...... .................................... .................................................................................. :............. 30 General Store/Office Building.............:...............•---.........:..........----•-•---•---............._..I..............._......... 33 Trench2............................................ .:...:.::............. ....... ................................................................. 35 Trench3.................................................. .......................... :.......................... :.:...:............. ............ 39 SawmillMachinery Bases..................................................................:...:...:.....::.::..:....._..................... 40 Gang Saw Base ........................................ ... .... ................... ....................................... ,..:....... .:.:...:......... 40 GearingStand..................................... -----•--------------..-..-...-------...-...--•---......._..------••---•----------•--...._.- 44 FlywheelBase... ................... .......................................................................................................... 46 EngineBase..... ... ................ .......................................... .................•................................................ 47 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page iv Additional Excavation Trenches within 21 WA91................................................................................ 48 Trench4.......................................................................................................................................... 48 Trench5.......................--•--.................................................. ....... ... —,......... - ............ .................... 49 Trench6 ................. .................................... ...:............:.......,...._._......:.._........................................ 49 Trench7.............................................................................................................................. ............ 49 Trench8.............................................................................................................-----........................ 51 Trench 9.......................... ................................................................... ........................................... 51 ChimneyBase ............................................................................................. ......................_.................. 52 Retaining Walls ....................... ..........--:...................-----..............---.................................. .............. ,..... 52 Artifacts.... ................................................. ,............. ,................................... .................................. ...... 53 Synthesis...........................................•........:....—....._..:................----:................. ,.................................. 54 Significance....................................................................................................-............................... 54 Periodof Sign f cane ........................................... ............................ ............................................. 55 Integrity.......................................................................................................................................... 55 SiteBoundaries........................................................................................... ............. .•-•--•--............. 55 SITE 21 WA92 (HERSEY & BEAN PLANING MILL).................................................................................... 57 WorkSummary .................................................................................................................................... 57 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................................. 61 Significance.................................................................................................................................... 65 Periodof Significance .................................................................................................................... 66 Integrity•----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 — Site Boundaries............................................................................................................................... 66 SITE21 WA100 (SLAB ALLEY)................................................................................................................. 66 WorkSummary .................................................................................................................................... 66 Lot 2 of Block 42 (602 South Main Street)—Sulllivan/Lyons Residence ........................................ 71 _ Lot 3 of Block 42 (604 South Main Street) — Lawler Boarding House ........................................... 72 Lot 4 of Block 42 (606-610 South Main Street) — Gillespie/Dunn Boarding House ....................... 73 Lot 5 of Block 42 (612 South Main Street) — McGraw/Simon Residence ....................................... 79 - Lot 6 of Block 42 (616 South Main Street) —Dunn Residence........................................................1 81 Lot 7 of Block 42 (622 South Main Street) — Elliott Boarding House ............................................ 82 Lot 8 of Block 42 (626 South Main Street) — Donahue Residence .................................................. 83 Lot 9 of Block 42 (630 South Main Street) — Sutton Residence...................................................... 86 Lot 10 of Block 42 (634 and 636 South Main Street)..................................................................... 90 Lot II of Block 42 (638 South Main Street) — Welch Residence .................................................... 93 Lot 12 of Block 42 (644 South Main Street)................................................................................... 94 Lot 13 of Block 42 (646 South Main Street) — Crowley/Ballard/Hitchcock Residence .................. 96 Lot I of Block I of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (706 and 708 South Main Street)...............101 Lots 2 and 3 of Block I of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (710 South Main Street) .................102 Lots 4 of Block 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (722 South Main Street) ........................... 114 Analysis.............................................................................................................................................115 Glassware..... ...... .......................................................................................................... ................116 Ceramics.......................................................................................................................................117 PersonalItems ....................................... ..::............. :....... ...............:... ........................ .., ..............119 .... Toys.............................................................................................. ........... ......-•--- ...........120 FaunalRemains............................................................................................................................122 Synthesis............................................................................................................................................126 Significance.........................................................................:............................................ ............ 128 Periodof Significance.................................................................................................................. 129 Integrity........................................................................................................................................ 129 _. Site Boundaries.............................................................................................................................129 SUMMARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................131 REFERENCESCITED............................................................................................................................135 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page v LIST° OF FIGURES FIGURE1. PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................................................... . FIGURE 2. AREAS OF IDENTIFIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL............................................................... 9 FIGURE 3 _ THE MAIN SAWMILL OF THE NORTH WESTERN MILL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY AS IT APPEARED IN 1875 AFTER BEING REMODELED DURING THE WINTER OF 1872/73. THE CHIMNEY ATOP THE BLUFF IS AT THE LEFT. VIEW FACING WEST (MHS RUNK 185).................................................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 4. DETAIL OF THE MAIN SAWMILL FROM THE 1904 SANBORN MAP..............................................22 FIGURE 5. DETAIL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S PLANING MILL FROM _ RUGER'S 1879 VIEW OF STILLWATER......................................................................................23 FIGURE 6. TH 36 CORRIDOR TEST AREA.................................................................................................. 27 FIGURE 7. DETAIL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S MILLS FROM ANDREAS, 1874 ............ 29 FIGURE 8. SITE 21 WA91 HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL: SITE PLAN............................................................ 31 FIGURE 9. THE BOTTLE -SHAPED REFUSE BURNER OF THE HERSEY & BEAN MILL COMPLEX APPEARS AT THE CENTER OF THIS 1897 PHOTOGRAPH, FACING SOUTHEAST ^ (MHS RUNK 189).................................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 10. CREW OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY POSED AROUND THE INCINERATOR BASE (MHS RUNK 187) ................................................................................ 32 FIGURE 11. HERSEY AND BEAN LUMBER COMPANY STORE AND OFFICE BUILDING, 1898......................... 33 FIGURE 12. HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY STORE AND OFFICE, 1890S, FACING SOUTHEAST .......... 34 FIGURE 13. VIEW OF THE NORTHWESTERN BREWERY IN 1932 WITH THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S STORE/OFFICE BUILDING IN THE IMMEDIATE FOREGROUND, FACING SOUTHWEST (MHS RUNK 574)...........................................................34 FIGURE 14. PLAN OF STORE/OFFICE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS................................................................... 36 FIGURE 15. INTERIOR PROFILES OF STORE/OFFICE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS............................................37 FIGURE 16. NORTH PROFILE OF TRENCH 2................................................................................................. 38 FIGURE 17. PLAN OF MACHINERY BASES................................................................................................... 41 FIGURE 18. PROFILES OF GANG SAW BASE................................................................................................42 FIGURE 19. GANG SAW BASE OF THE 14ERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL, FACING WEST.....................................43 FIGURE 20. GANG SAW BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL, FACING NORTH ............................ :...... 43 FIGURE 21. CONCAVE CHANNEL ATOP THE GANG SAW BASE................................................................... 44 FIGURE 22. ADVERTISEMENT FOR A GANG SAW WITH A STONE BASE, 1886..............................................45 FIGURE 23. NUTS IN PLACE ON THE TIES OF THE GEARING STAND, FACINGNORTH..................................45 -- FIGURE 24. FLYWHEEL BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S SAWMILL, FACINGSOUTH.........................................................................................................................46 FIGURE 25. THE UPPERMOST STONE OF THE FLYWHEEL BASE WITH TIES, FACING SOUTHWEST ...............47 FIGURE 26. ENGINE BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S SAWMILL, FACINGSOUTH.........................................................................................................................48 FIGURE 27. NORTH TERMINUS OF RETAINING WALL IN TRENCH 6, FACING SOUTHWEST .......................... 50 FIGURE 28. PORTION OF RETAINING WALL EXPOSED IN TRENCH 7, FACING SOUTHWEST ......................... 50 FIGURE 29. BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S CHIMNEY .............................................. 52 FIGURE 30. SEGMENT OF RETAINING WALL ALONG WEST EDGE OF SITE 21 WA91.................................. 53 FIGURE 31. SITE 21 WA91 HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL: SITE LOCATION .................................................. 56 FIGURE 32. SITE 21 WA92 HERSEY & BEAN PLANING MILL: SITE PLAN .................................................. 59 FIGURE 33. SITE 21 WA92 HERSEY & BEAN PLANING MILL: PLAN OF MILL RUINS ................................. 60 FIGURE 34. RETAINING WALL OF THE PLANING MILL, FACING SOUTH......................................................61 FIGURE 35. EAST WALL OF THE PLANING MILL's BOILER ROOM WITH A DOORWAY AT LEFT AND -- AN ARCHED FLUE OPENING AT CENTER, FACING SOUTHWEST ................................................. 62 FIGURE 36. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE PLANING MILL' S FLUE THAT CONNECTED TO THE .................... . CHIMNEY ON THE BLUFF, FACING SOUTHWEST ............................................... ... 62 FIGURE 37. PLAN AND EAST WALL PROFILE OF TRENCH 10....................................................................... 63 FIGURE 38. DETAIL OF THE PLANING MILL FROM THE 1888 SANBORN MAP .............................................. 64 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page vi * FIGURE 39. SITE 21 WA92 HERSEY & BEAN PLANING MILL: SITE LOCATION ....................................... _. 67 FIGURE 40. DETAIL OF "SLAB ALLEY" FROM RUGER, 1870---- ......................... :.:....................................... 69 FIGURE 41. DETAIL OF "SLAB ALLEY" FROM RUGER, 1879 FIGURE 42. SITE 21 WA100 - SLAB ALLEY: SITE PLAN ................................................. ......................... 70 r FIGURE 43. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING SOUTHEAST WITH 602 SOUTH MAIN ON LOT 2 AT THE RIGHT AND THE STRUCTURES ON LOTS 4, 5 (ONLY THE TWO-STORY PORCH IS VISIBLE) AND 9 IN THE BACKGROUND (MHS RUNK 385)......................................... 72 FIGURE 44. UNIT 1 OF LOT 4 EXCAVATED WITHIN A LIMESTONE PRIVY BOX (FEATURE 1) ....................... 77 FIGURE 45. BLOCK 42, LOT 4, UNIT 1: PLAN AND WEST WALL PROFILE ................................................... 78 FIGURE 46. CRABTREE SERVICE STATION ON LOT 7 OF BLOCK 42 IN 1932 WITH THE DWELLINGS ON LOTS 5, 4 (606-610), AND 2 (602) VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND (MHS RUNK 572) ......... 80 FIGURE 47. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING SOUTHEAST WITH THE CRABTREE SERVICE STATION ON LOT 7 AT THE RIGHT AND THE STRUCTURES ON LOTS 9 AND 12 VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND (MHS RUNK 573).................................................................................. 83 FIGURE 48, WELL (FEATURE 2) IN LOT 8, FACING SOUTHEAST.................................................................. 85 FIGURE 49. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING NORTHWEST WITH THE STRUCTURES ON LOT 13 AND LOT 12 AT THE LEFT AND THE BUILDING ON LOT 9 IN THE BACKGROUND (MHS RUNK 386)...................................................................................................-----...._....... 87 r FIGURE 50. FRAGMENTS OF A FRANKLIN MAXIM MUG FROM LOT 9.......................................................... 88 FIGURE 51. CELLAR FOUNDATION OF 646 SOUTH MAIN STREET, FACING WEST ....................................... 98 FIGURE 52. LOCATION OF SHOVEL TEST 5 WITHIN LOT 13 WITH A TALUS OF ROCK FALL AND SLOUGH VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND, FACING WEST ......................................................... 100 FIGURE 53. DETAIL OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET FROM THE 1910 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP....... 102 FIGURE 54. SITE 21 WAI OO -SLAB ALLEY: BLOCK 1- LOTS 2 & 3........................................................104 FIGURE 55. LIMESTONE FOUNDATION OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET, FACING WEST..................................105 FIGURE 56. REDWARE PIPE BOWL FROM SHOVEL TEST 13 OF LOTS 2 AND 3...........................................107 FIGURE 57. AN 1897 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY WITH THE ROOF LINE OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET AND A LEAN-TO (LEFT ARROW) AND PRIVY r- (RIGHT ARROW) VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND, FACING EAST (MHS RUNK 189) ................. 109 FIGURE 58. FEATURE 8 OF SITE 21 WA100, FACING SOUTHWEST............................................................. 110 FIGURE 59. LOT 3, UNIT 1: PLAN AND WEST PROFILE ......... I I I FIGURE 60. HOLY WATER FONT DECORATED WITH AN IMAGE OF THE CHRIST CHILD FROM r' LEVEL 4 OF UNIT 1 OF LOT 3 OF CHURCHILL AND NELSON'S ADDITION ................................. 112 FIGURE 61. MEDICINE BOTTLE MARKED "ST. CROIX DRUG COMPANY STILLWATER, MINN." FROMSITE 21 WA100............................................................................................................. 116 FIGURE 62. EXAMPLES OF CERAMIC MAKER'S MARKS FROM SITE 21 WAIOO......................................... 118 FIGURE 63. EXAMPLES OF BUTTONS FROM SITE 21 WA100...................................................................... 120 FIGURE 64. DOLL AND FIGURINE FRAGMENTS FROM SITE 21 WA I OO (LEFT TO RIGHT: BISQUE PORCELAIN DOLL HEAD FROM THE SURFACE OF LOT 12; PORCELAIN FIGURINE FROM LEVEL 18 OF UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND 3; RUBBER DOLL HEAD FROM LEVEL 9 OF UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND 3; AND A PORCELAIN FIGURINE FROM THE SURFACE OF LOT 8)..................... 121 FIGURE 65. THREE BENNINGTON MARBLES AND A BALL CLAY MARBLE FROM UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND3 OF SITE 21 WA100................................................................................_...._.........-....122 FIGURE 66. SITE 21 WA100 - SLAB ALLEY: SITE LOCATION....................................................................130 FIGURE 67. PROPOSED STILLWATER SOUTH MAIN STREET ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISTRICT ........................ 134 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA .............................. 6 TABLE 2. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA...... 7 TABLE 3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE "SLAB ALLEY" NEIGHBORHOOD ......... 115 TABLE 4. SPECIMENS PRESENT IN 21 WA 100 FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGE........................................................ 123 TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS WITHIN 21 WA100 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 1 INTRODUCTION ~ From May to September of 2004, Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted an intensive literature search and Phase 1/II archaeological investigations for the St. Croix - - River Crossing Project in Washington County, Minnesota. This work was performed under contract with the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). The purpose of this project was to provide supporting documentation for a Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) being prepared for the project. As the SDEIS will address the Section 106 and Section 4(f) issues of the undertaking, the purpose of the literature search and Phase UII archaeological investigations was to determine whether the areas of potential effect (APE) for the four crossing alternatives (B-1, C, D, E) to be addressed in the SDEIS (not including the no -build alternative) contain any previously recorded or unrecorded intact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The architectural history portion of this project was completed under a separate contract and is summarized in another report (Stark 2004). As stated in the amended final scoping decision document prepared in 2004, the goal of the St. Croix River Crossing Project is to "provide improved traffic operations to relieve existing and future congestion in downtown Stillwater and on approach roadways to the Lift Bridge by increasing roadway capacity, to address concerns related to interrupted service provided by the Lift Bridge due to daily lift operations and seasonal flooding, to improve the safety of the approach roadways and pedestrian safety in downtown Stillwater; and to improve operations on a corridor that has been identified as an interregional corridor connecting Minnesota and Wisconsin" (Minnesota Department of Transportation et al. 2004:5). The anticipated limits of this transportation improvement project extend from the TH 36/5 interchange in Stillwater, Minnesota on the west= to approximately 150t' Avenue on STH 35/64 in Wisconsin on the east (Minnesota Department of Transportation et al. 2004:2). This study encompasses the Minnesota portion of the project area, which is located within the N 1/2 of Section 3; the N 1/2 of the N %2 of Section 4; the N 1/2 of the N 1/2 of Section 5; the NE 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 6 of Township 29N, Range 20W; as well as the SW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 27; the E 1/2 of the SE 1/4 of Section 28; the SE 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of Section 31; the S %2 of the S 1/2 of Section 32; the S 1/2 of the S 1/2 of Section 33; the W %2 of Section 34 of Township 30N, Range 20W. The UTM coordinates for the east -west portion of the TH 36 corridor are: Zone 15, northwest corner 512226E 498708IN; southwest comer 512139E 4986453N; southeast comer 516404E 4986404N; northeast corner 516018E 4987136N. The UTM coordinates for the north -south portion _ of the TH 36/95 corridor extend from the northernmost point at Zone 15, 515459E 4989013N to the southernmost extent at Zone 15, 516961E 4985901N. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 2 The archaeological APE encompasses approxu' nately 45 acres (18 hectares) within Minnesota including the existing TH 36/95 corridor through the project area (Figure 1). The APE for archaeology is limited to the construction limits of each of the considered alternatives including associated pond locations. The construction limits were indicated on project maps prepared by SRF Consulting Group, Inc. on May 17, 2004. N■ � � St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 4 RESEARCH DESIGN OBJECTIVES The purpose of the intensive literature search and Phase I/II archaeological investigations was to determine whether the archaeological APE of the St. Croix River Crossing project contains any previously recorded or unrecorded intact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the NRHP. METHODS All work was conducted in accordance with the SHPO Manual for Archaeological Projects in Minnesota (Anfinson 2001); Mn/DOT's Cultural Resources Unit Project Requirements (Mn/DOT 2004); and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (National Park Service 1983). Intensive Literature Search During the literature search portion of the project, staff from Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted extensive background research within the holdings of the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), the Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), the University of Minnesota Borchert Map Library, and the Washington County Historical Society. The purpose of this research was to identify potential precontact and post -contact archaeological sites within the project's APE. This research included an examination of previous survey reports, historical maps and atlases, photographs and images, General Land Office records, census documents, tax assessment records, local histories, city directories, and other primary documents. Additional research was conducted subsequent to the fieldwork in order to gather supplementary historical information on households that were associated with identified archaeological features. Reports on comparative sites were also reviewed. Archaeological Fieldwork Archaeological fieldwork commenced with a thorough walkover of the survey areas in order to identify and document any surface features, such as extant foundations, as well as to assess those portions of the project area that have a higher potential for containing intact archaeological resources. Phase I archaeological survey work consisted of shovel testing at regular intervals within areas that exhibited less than 25 percent surface visibility and which had been identified during the literature search as having the potential to contain intact archaeological resources. Eighty-one shovel tests were excavated within portions of the project area. Shovel tests are hand -excavated test holes that are 30 to 40 centimeters (cm) (12 to 15 inches [in.]) in diameter. Both a 5-meter (m) (16-feet [ft.]) and a 15-m (49-ft.) shovel testing interval were used within portions of the project area. All soils removed from St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 5 excavated shovel tests were screened through a 1/4-in. mesh. Shovel tests were excavated through all post -glacial soils and sediments to culturally sterile subsoil. Phase II archaeological investigations consisted of the excavation of test units and backhoe trenches within the boundaries of each site in order to better characterize the site and assess its integrity and significance. Test units were 1-x-1-m squares excavated in 5- cm arbitrary levels within cultural and natural horizons. All soils removed from these units were screened through a 1/4-in. mesh. Designated features were excavated and documented separately. Significant features, such as wells and privies, underwent limited excavation in order to evaluate the integrity and function of the feature. Backhoe trenches were excavated using a smooth bucket and an archaeologist was on hand to monitor all excavation work and to guide the backhoe operator. All stains, features, and artifact concentrations observed during trenching were explored by the archaeologist using a trowel or by shovel -skimming. During trenching, artifacts were only removed from known proveniences and all collected artifacts were placed in bags and their location and context recorded. Due to the large volume of material removed during excavation with a backhoe, screening was not employed. If concentrations of artifacts were encountered, the fill containing the artifacts was segregated and examined by hand. If small, well-defined features were encountered within trench excavations, the fill from these features was screened through 1/4—inch hardware mesh at the Principal Investigator's discretion. Upon completion of the excavation of a unit or trench, a plan view and wall profile photograph was taken. A drawing was also made of the photographed wall profile. The profile drawing included information on soil textures, inclusions, and soil color. Data gathered during the survey were recorded on shovel test forms, unit level forms, and in the field notebook of the Principal Investigator. Items noted included: the location of survey areas; the location of individual shovel tests and test units; the depth of each excavation and its associated soil profile; the presence or absence of cultural materials within excavation; and the excavated soil texture, inclusions, and Munsell color. Laboratory Analysis and Curation All artifacts recovered during the Phase I investigation were cleaned, processed, sorted and cataloged by Two Pines in accordance with the standards and guidelines of the MHS Collections Department. Materials with stable surfaces such as glass were gently brushed using warm water. Less stable materials were gently dry -brushed. Materials were then cataloged using Microsoft Excel 2002. Each artifact received a distinct catalog number, relating to its bag number and provenience. Anne Dohmen, Dylan Eigenberger, Julie Kloss, and John Terrell assisted with the processing and cataloging of the recovered artifacts. Faunal analysis was performed by Julie Kloss. As all of the sites identified during this survey are located on public land, the recovered artifacts will be curated at the Minnesota Historical Society (Accession Number 2004.204). St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 6 LITERATURE SEARCH In May of 2004, staff from Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted extensive background research within the holdings of the SHPO, the MHS, the University of Minnesota Borchert Map Library, and the Washington County Historical Society. During this research numerous sources were examined including files of previously identified archaeological sites and survey reports within a one mile (1.6 km) radius of the project area, historical maps and atlases, photographs and images, General Land Office records, census documents, tax assessment records, local histories, city directories, and other primary documents. The purpose of this research was to identify potential precontact and post -contact archaeological sites within the project's APE. Further research on identified potential archaeological resources was also conducted in order to aid in the identification of any archaeological features associated with these resources that may be encountered during fieldwork. This included additional research on the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company and the residents of "Slab Alley." RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND PREVIOUS SURVEYS Recorded Archaeological Sites Background research conducted at the SHPO revealed eight previously identified archaeological resources within the project's archeological APE (Table 1). All of the TABLE 1. PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA Crossing Site Number Location Description NRHP Alt. Stud Eli ibili B-1 Field Site No. 2 NE '/4, SE 1/4, SW '/4, SE '/4; and R. W. Turnbull Ineligible (Long 1994a) NW %4, NW ''/4, SE 1/4, SE V4, Sec. Lumber Mill 34, T30N, R20W 1886- re-1924 All Field Site No. 3 SE 1/4, SE'/4, SW 1/4; SW 1/4, Railroad Grade Ineligible (Long 1994a) SW'/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 34, T 30n, (1870s) R20W; NW 1/4, NE 11/4, NE '/4, Sec. 3, T29N, R20W All Field Site No. 5 NW %4, NE %4, NE %4, NW %4, Residence Ineligible (Long 1994a) Sec. 3, T29N, R20W (Pre-1910) All Field Site No. 6 NE %4, NE 1/4, NW 1/4, Sec. 3, Residence Ineligible (Long 1994a) T29N, R20W e-1910 All Field Site No. 7 NE 1/4, SE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sec. 34, Residence Ineligible (Long 1994a) T30N, R20W re-1910 All Field Site No. 8 N ''/z, NW 11/4, NW 1/4, NW '/4, Sec. Highway Remnant Ineligible on 1994a) 3, T29N, R20W Late 1930s) D and E 21WA91 SE'/4, SW 1/4., SW %4, Sec. 27, Hersey & Bean Contributing to (Henning 1999) T30N, R20W; NE'/4, NW'/4, Sawmill Site NRHP-Eligible NW 1/4, Sec. 34, T30N, R20W 1854-1906) District D and E 21 WA92 SE 1/4, NW 1/4, NW 11/4, Sec. 34, Hersey & Bean Contributing to (Henning 1999) T30N, R20W Planing Mill Site NRHP-Eligible (1873-1906) District St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 7 identified sites are from the post -contact period and six of them have been previously recommended as not eligible for listing on the NRHP. The remaining two sites are 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill - Site). Together, these two sites were identified as a single contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Research at the SHPO also indicated the presences of three previously recorded archaeological sites within a one mile (1.6 km) radius of the project area (Table 2). One of these sites (21 WA25) is a precontact habitation site situated one half mile to the south of the TH 36 corridor. The remaining two sites are post -contact resources located within the City of Stillwater and approximately one half mile to the north of the current lift bridge crossing. These sites are 21 WA89, the location of the mansion of Stillwater businessman Isaac Staples, and 21 WA96, the location of the former Minnesota Territorial/State Prison. Both of these sites consist of foundations and associated artifact deposits. TABLE 2. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITIIIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT AREA Site Site Name Location Description Number 21 WA25 Schaisser N-SE, Sec. 5, T29N, R20W Pre -contact habitation site 21 WA89 Isaac Staples NE -SW -NE, Sec. 28, T30N, Home of Stillwater businessman Isaac Mansion R20W Staples mid-19'h to earl -20'h c.) 21 WA96 Minnesota C-N-NE, Sec. 28, T30N, R20W Minnesota Territorial/State Prison Territorial/ (1853-1936) State Prison Previous Archaeological Surveys Several previous archaeological studies and surveys have been completed within the St. - . Croix River Crossing project area. As early as 1971, the Minnesota Trunk Highway Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey began to examine alternate routes around Stillwater and associated bridge crossing locations. These studies, which were conducted _. between 1971 and 1993, included a broad south corridor alternative along TH 36 that approximately corresponds to the location of the present crossing alternative B-1. Archaeological survey work in 1971 identified one site, 21 WA25 (Schaisser Site), along this southern route (Nystuen 1972:54). Additional archaeological reconnaissance work completed along this southern route in 1987 and 1989 did not record any additional archaeological resources (Peterson et al. 1988:232; Peterson et al. 1990:244). By 1993, -- after the completion of a draft environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1990, the southern corridor had been selected as the preferred alternative (Peterson et al. 1994:400). In 1994, Loucks & Associates, Inc. (Loucks) conducted a cultural resource investigation of the southern corridor and crossing (Long 1994a). During the cultural resources investigation for the proposed bridge, Loucks identified eight archaeological sites. Of these eight sites, six are located within the construction limits of one or more of the crossing alternatives presently being studied (see Table 1). None of these sites were St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 8 recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP, and no further archaeological research was recommended. In 1999, Rivercrest Associates, Inc. conducted a cultural resource investigation in order to assess the effect of removing the existing Stillwater Lift Bridge, which is listed on the NRHP (Henning 1999). During this study, two archaeological sites, 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), were documented. Together, these two sites were identified as a single contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. In_ addition to these archaeological studies, Norene Roberts and John Fried completed a historical study of the Stillwater riverfront in 1985 for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Roberts and Fried 1985). A portion of the riverfront study area overlaps with the northern construction limits of crossing alternatives D and E. During the riverfront study, 20 potential post -contact archaeological sites were identified (Roberts and Fried 1985:20). Of these sites, one potential archaeological site, the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company Store and Office Building was identified within the construction limits of crossings D and E (Roberts and Fried 1985:156-157). In addition to identifying potential archaeological sites, Roberts and Fried also identified structures significant within Stillwater's history that are no longer standing. Four of these former structures are located within the project area: ,Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad Freight Depot; St. Paul, Stillwater, and Taylor's Falls Railroad Freight Depot; St. Paul, Stillwater, and Taylor's Falls Railroad Passenger Depot; and the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company Store and Office Building (Roberts and Fried 1985:156). No archaeological testing of these properties was recommended (Roberts and Fried 1985:177). ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE POTENTIAL Precontact Site Potential The review of previous archaeological studies indicates that the majority of the St. Croix River Crossing construction limits have been either previously surveyed for precontact cultural resources or have been disturbed by post -contact development and road construction. One segment of the proposed TH 36 construction limits is located outside of the previously surveyed area and has not been recently impacted. This area is a section of new road located to the south of TH 36 between Norwich Avenue and Oakgreen Avenue within the N 1/2 of the NE 1/4 of Section 5, T 29N, R 20W. A segment of this proposed roadway, which is approximately one-third of a mile (0.5 kilometer [km]) in length, crosses open fields and impacts a farmstead (the farmstead is not recommended for archaeological testing. This area is located less than half of a mile (0.8 km) to the north of archaeological site 21 WA25 (Schaisser Site), which is recorded as a precontact habitation site. This area has a moderate to high potential for containing intact precontact deposits due to its proximity to a previously recorded site and its prominent topographic location atop a ridge located to the southwest of a former wetland (Figure 2). Visual inspection of the project area confirms the potential for intact soils to exist along this planned road segment. This area was, therefore, recommended for archaeological testing. N St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 10 Post -Contact Site Potential The Stillwater portion of the St. Croix River Valley underwent early and intensive EuroAmerican settlement. As such, the area has a high potential for containing post - contact period archaeological sites. For ease of reference, the current project area has been divided into three study areas for post -contact archaeological potential: TH 36 Corridor; Oak Park Heights; and Stillwater. TH 36 Corridor Study Area For each of the considered crossing alternatives, the construction limits along TH 36, from TH 5 east to Beach Road (CSAH 23), are the same. Historically, this area was predominantly agricultural until its development into a commercial district. Most of the construction limits along this corridor were previously surveyed during the 1994 cultural resource investigation undertaken by Loucks, or are located within areas that have been impacted by modern development and road construction. Loucks did not identify any archaeological sites within this portion of the study area. No additional post -contact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the NRHP were identified during the literature search within this study area. The TH 36 corridor is therefore considered to have a low potential for containing intact, significant, post - contact archaeological resources and no archaeological testing for post -contact resources was recommended along the TH 36 corridor. Oak Park Heights Study Area This portion of the project area encompasses the proposed TH 36 and TH 95 interchange. For each of the considered crossing alternatives, the construction limits of this interchange are largely the same with the exception of alternative B-1 that also includes a bridge alignment. This study area is defined as an area bounded to the west by the intersection of Beach Road (CSAH 23) and TH 36; to the east by the river; to the north by the intersection of the alignment of Orleans Street and TH 36/95; and to the south by the intersection of 56t' Street North and TH 95. The entirety of this study area falls within the City of Oak Park Heights with the exception of a small extension to the south of Point Road along TH 95 that extends into the City of Bayport. The portion of Oak Park Heights that falls within the project area historically consisted of a residential area, rail lines, and associated industries. Loucks conducted archaeological survey work in this area in 1994. Six archaeological sites were identified by Loucks within this portion of the study area including the R. W. Turnbull Lumber Mill and three residential sites (Long 1994a). None of the identified sites were recommended as eligible for the NRHP. During the literature search, the following post -contact period properties were documented within the Oak Park Heights construction limits. None of these potential - sites are considered eligible for the NRHP and therefore no archaeological testing of these properties was recommended. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 11 • Elfelt's Addition to Oak Park Residential Neighborhood — Loucks conducted archaeological testing on several properties within this neighborhood in 1994 and, of those properties that yielded archaeological deposits, none were recommended as eligible for the NRHP. Most of the houses within this area have since been razed. No additional archaeological testing within this neighborhood was recommended. • R. W. Turnbull Lumber Mill — Loucks documented this former mill during their 1994 archaeological survey. Constructed in 1886, this mill is well -documented, and, according to Sanborn fire -insurance maps, the machinery and boilers were modified between 1904 and 1910 when it became the Yellow River Lumber Company. Due to the level of historic documentation available for this mill, and the alterations to the original mill that occurred during the early twentieth century, this site is recommended as not eligible for the NRHP, and no additional archaeological testing was recommended. • Chicago, St Paul Minneapolis & Omaha Engine House and Turn Table — This former pre-1884 engine house and associated turn table were located on the southeast corner of the intersection of South Main Street and Orleans Street. This property is located within the current TH 95 alignment and is therefore not likely to yield intact archaeological deposits, and, therefore, no archaeological testing was recommended. • Oak Park Station — As an archaeological site, the former location of this modest, pre-1901 railroad station is unlikely to yield information of NRHP significance and therefore it was not recommended for archaeological testing. Stillwater Study Area The Stillwater study area extends along TH 36/95 from its intersection with the alignment of Orleans Street north to Chestnut Street. The construction limits for each of the considered crossing alternatives differ greatly within this study area. While the impacts associated with alternatives B-1 and C do not extend much further north than the alignment of Burlington Street, alternatives D and E continue north to Chestnut Street. Within the limited construction limits of alternatives B-1 and C in the Stillwater study area, no NRHP-eligible archaeological resources were identified during the literature search. Therefore no archaeological testing is recommended for either the B-1 or C alternative within the Stillwater portion of the project area. The following post -contact archaeological resources, though, are located within the construction limits of alternatives D and E and they were recommended for archaeological testing (see Figure 2). I lersev & Bean Lumber CoMRpy Site 21 WA91 and 21 WAS — The former Hersey & Bean Lumber Company complex occupies the St. Croix River shoreline along TH 36/95 from the vicinity of St. Louis Street north to the alignment of Locust Street. This former mill complex consists of the main sawmill or "A" Mill; the planing mill or "little mill;" the company store and office building; a blacksmith shop; warehouses; and other associated outbuildings (a company boarding house was formerly located to the south of Orleans Street in an area that is outside of the present construction limits and which is St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 12 now the site of a condominium complex). This mill company, which was established in 1853, was among the first four sawmills in operation in Stillwater. The mill continued in operation until 1906 when it was dismantled (Empson 2000:58). In 1999, Rivercrest Associates, Inc. documented surface features associated with the sawmill, planing mill, and company store and office building (Henning 1999). Together these features were recommended as a contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. A Phase 1/II archaeological survey and evaluation of the property was recommended to define the boundaries of the site and to determine if there are intact significant subsurface features associated with the mill. "Slab Alley" 602-722 South Main — The west side of TH 36/95 from the location of the present River Oasis Cafe north to the Wolf Brewery, was the site of a former neighborhood of dwellings and businesses referred to as "Slab Alley" (Peterson 1996:9). Named for the stacks of lumber or "slabs" piled around the mills, this series of approximately 20 structures was a working class neighborhood where lumberman and laborers lived during the height of the lumber boom. The examination of bird's eye views, tax assessment records, and historical maps indicate that this neighborhood was developed prior to 1870, and that many of the buildings remained through the first quarter of the twentieth century. While the structures and front portions of the lots were removed by the expansion of TH 36/95 in 1932, the backlots of many of these properties still remain. Stone foundations visible on the surface of many of the lots indicate that grading at the time of the road expansion was minimal. Therefore, the backlots of these properties have a high potential for containing intact archaeological features such as trash pits and privies that could serve to answer important research questions about daily life in this working class neighborhood that rose and declined in direct correlation with the lumber industry. As such, archaeological features of "Slab Alley" have the potential to be eligible for the NRHP. Therefore a Phase UII archaeological survey of "Slab Alley" was recommended in order to identify and evaluate any intact subsurface features associated with these former residences. During the literature search, the following post -contact period properties were documented within the project's construction limits in the Stillwater study area. None of these potential sites are considered eligible for the NRHP and therefore no archaeological testing of these properties was recommended. ■ Northwestern/Ai le Brewe — This brewery, which was constructed in 1852, was one of three breweries located in Stillwater. The building was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1868 and 1890 (Warner and Foote 1881:523; Empson 2000:28). In l 1899, the Jung Brewery took over the buildings and used them as a storage facility (Empson 2000:30). The brewery and associated dwelling were demolished in 1932 in preparation for the widening of TH 36/95. Today, the site of the brewery is the location of the River Oasis Cafe and Brothers Bait & Tackle. While portions of the brewery's foundations are still visible on the site, the majority of the property has been impacted by the widening of TH 36/95 and subsequent development. Therefore, the site of the Northwestern Brewery is St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 13 unlikely to yield intact NRHP-eligible archaeological deposits that can answer important research questions and no archaeological testing of the property was recommended. • Chicago. St. Paul. Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad Freight Del2ot, St. Paul Stillwater. and Taylor's Falls Railroad Freight Depot; and St. Paul Stillwater. and Tavlor's Falls Railroad Passenger Depot - As archaeological sites, the former locations of these railroad properties are unlikely to yield information of NRHP significance and, therefore, they were not recommended for archaeological testing. Additional Cultural Resources In addition to assessing the archaeological potential of the project area, the following specific resources were examined during the literature search. Spring at the River Oasis Cafe The location of the River Oasis Cafe and Brothers Bait & Tackle at 806 South Main Street was the former site of the Northwestern/Aiple Brewery. The brewery utilized the spring as a water source and during the 1850s a bridge along Main Street crossed over the stream that flowed from the brewery site (Empson 2000:26). The spring is no longer visible, but the artesian well utilized by the bait shop may be the same water source. No further research of this feature was recommended. Caves along TH 36195 South of Stillwater A series of bricked -in cave mouths are visible along the west side of TH 36/95 from the site of the River Oasis Cafe north to Nelson Street. These caves are documented on the Sanborn Map Company's fire insurance maps of the project area. On these maps the caves are identified as being used for storage and many were noted on the maps as being outfitted with wood and iron doors. The direct association of these caves with former structures along "Slab Alley" and the creation of new caves between 1884 and 1891, as documented on the Sanborn maps, indicates that these caves were apparently man-made. Inscribed in the mortar of some of the cave entrances is the date of the caves closing, such as the cave on Lot 2 of Block 42, which is marked "Closed Aug. 17, 1932." Should these caves be disturbed by future development, an archaeological survey of the interior of these caves is recommended. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH In addition to reviewing previous archaeological surveys completed within the project area, previous archaeological studies of sawmills and working-class neighborhoods within Minnesota were also examined for comparative data. Sawmill Sites Within Minnesota, the archaeological examination of sawmill sites has included projects in Minneapolis and at Marine on St. Croix. St. Anthony Falls was the site of the first sawmill in the state when the soldiers of Fort Snelling constructed the government St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 14 sawmill at that location in 1821 and for one hundred years thereafter sawmills operated along that portion of the Mississippi River (Anfinson 1990:17). During a 1983 archaeological survey for the West River Parkway, the remains of three sawmills were encountered. Extensive archaeological testing at the North Star Sawmill (1868-1907) site located at the foot of 4t' Avenue North in Minneapolis only revealed a large machinery base. This base was constructed of stone and was 12 ft. (3.6 m) square on top and flared outward towards the base. Large wooden beams held in place by anchor bolts were still present on the top of the footing. As the bottom of this machinery base, which was presumed to be associated with the gang -saw, was beyond the reach of the backhoe, it was possible that other remains of the mill were intact, but they were too deeply buried to be exposed. A portion of a circular saw blade, though, came out of the surrounding fill (Anfinson 1990:61, 66). Excavations also took place at the neighboring North Star Planing Mill (1877-1907). At this site a 50-ft. (15.2-m) —long limestone building foundation was exposed. A six-ft. (2-m) square footing was uncovered in the middle of this wall (Anfinson 1990:66). At the site of the Pacific sawmill, which was the first large steam sawmill built north of the St. Anthony Falls, another 50-ft. (15.2-m) —long limestone building foundation was uncovered, which was likely the north wall of the mill. A portion of the east wall of the mill was also exposed (Anfinson 1990:66). In 1986 additional fieldwork took place at the site of the Pacific Sawmill. In addition to exposing more of the building foundations uncovered in 1983, the 1986 excavations uncovered an extensive log slide, which was constructed of planks laid directly on the ground surface, as well as the limestone footing for a large piece of machinery with anchor bolts emerging from its surface (Anfmson 1990:94). In 1999 and 2000, the MHS conducted archaeological excavations at the site of the Marine Lumber Company's mill at Marine on St. Croix. This mill, which was constructed in 1839, was the first commercial mill to operate in the territory that would later become Minnesota. In 1863 the mill burned, but it was rebuilt and back in operation by 1866. Another major remodeling of the mill occurred in 1873 when a steam engine was introduced to the originally water -powered mill. Operations at the mill slowed in 1885 and it was dismantled in 1895 (Clouse and Steiner 2000:2-5). According to an 1888 Sanborn fire insurance map, the mill complex consisted of the main sawmill building, a planing mill, a drying house and associated sheds and outbuildings (Clouse and Steiner 2000:6). During fieldwork, the foundations of the power house of the main sawmill; the power house for the planing mill; and the drying shed were documented, as well as the entrance to an underground race (Clouse and Steiner 2000:29-30, 32). Archaeology of Working -Class Neighborhoods In .1994, two data recovery projects were conducted in Minneapolis that included the excavation of features associated with nineteenth-century, working-class households. The data collected from these sites provides material for comparison with the contemporary features excavated within Stillwater's "Slab Alley" neighborhood. Both of these projects were undertaken by IMA Consulting, Inc. The first of these projects entailed archaeological investigations performed prior to the construction of the new federal building and United States courthouse in Minneapolis. These investigations St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 15 resulted in the identification of intact cultural features within Lot 5 of Block 66. These features included two possible cellars; two cisterns; and a privy pit (McCarthy et al. 1996:1, 4). These features were associated with two pre-1880, one -and -a -half story, rental cottages that were removed in 1903 (McCarthy et al. 1996:5). One of these structures was occupied by an Irish-born tailor and his family and two boarders in 1880, and in 1900 by a Canadian -born teamster and his family. The other property was also occupied in 1880 by a tailor, who was born in Maine to Irish parents, and his family, but by 1900 an Irish-born papermaker and his family lived on the property (McCarthy et al. 1996:10). The excavation of the features associated with these households was guided by two research themes 'and related questions: 1) sanitation and site formation processes, and 2) consumer choice and sociocultural identity as reflected in assemblage variability. During the course of the excavations, a third research topic emerged: toys and the life of working class children (McCarthy et al. 1996:41). The material culture recovered at these sites provides insights into the lives of the occupants of Lot 5. Recovered ceramics were largely comprised of undecorated plain whiteware and ironstone, but nearly a quarter of the assemblage (23%) was highly decorated tea wares (McCarthy et al 1996:44). Recovered bottles included beer and soda, but there were slightly more wine and liquor bottles. Pharmaceutical bottles, though, accounted for over 50 percent of the bottles recovered (McCarthy et al. 1996:44). A number of faunal remains were also gathered during the data recovery. Cow, pig, sheep, chicken, and turkey bones were present in all the feature assemblages. Wild species were not numerous, but included rabbit, duck, and fish. The largest group of beef cuts were mid -priced, high -yield cuts such as the chuck, rump, round, arm, and cross rib/short rib cuts. Each of the features also yielded some other cuts, including lower cuts such as neck, foreshank, and hindshank cuts, which were more numerous than expensive cuts (McCarthy et al. 1996:44-45). Children's toys recovered during the federal building/courthouse excavations included doll parts, toy dishes, marbles, and a writing slate and pencil (McCarthy et al. 1996:47). From these artifacts, McCarthy, Ward, and Hagglund concluded that "rising income permitted Irish immigrants and their descendants in the project area ... to join the class of consumers both willing and able to afford not just the necessities, but also the decencies of life that came in the nineteenth century to define the middle class" (McCarthy et al. 1996:49). In particular, they call attention to the fact that the residents of Lot 5 "enjoyed an apparently healthy diet of moderately -priced foodstuffs, purchased at least some costly ceramics and engaged in their ritual use and display (while using the cheapest wares available for everyday use). And they purchased toys for both male and female children, recognizing childhood as a distinct stage of life" (McCarthy et al. 1996:49). The other residential data recovery project that IMA Consulting completed in 1994 was undertaken in preparation for the construction of a new building for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. This project, known as the Bridgehead Site, consisted of the examination of Lots 1-3 of Block 12 in Minneapolis. These lots were occupied during the second half of the nineteenth century by buildings with businesses on the main floors and residences on the upper floors. A total of 17 features were excavated during the data recovery (McCarthy and Ward 1996:17. The excavation of the features associated with St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase LM Archaeological Investigations Page 16 this block was guided by two research themes and related questions: 1) consumer choice, and 2) dietary variation in the context of variable ethnic identity (McCarthy and Ward 1996:39). As at the federal building/courthouse site, undecorated ceramics were the most numerous pottery type recovered (McCarthy and Ward 1996:40). Likewise, pharmaceutical bottles were the most abundant type of bottle recovered (McCarthy.and Ward 1996:49). Among the faunal remains recovered were beef, pork, calf, sheep, chicken, turkey, waterfowl, passenger pigeon, and fish (McCarthy and Ward 1996:50). Wild species including squirrel and rabbit were also present. Beef bones, though, contributed most significantly to the overall diet represented. A general lack of both beef and pork cranial bones indicates that these meats were purchased already dressed (McCarthy and Ward 1996:50). Children's toys were that were recovered included doll parts, marbles, a toy truck, lead pencils, and slates (McCarthy and Ward 1996:60). Interestingly, the largest single type of artifact recovered was lamp chimney glass, which was six percent of the total assemblage (McCarthy and Ward 1996:32). From the materials collected at the Bridgehead Site, McCarthy and Ward concluded that the project area reflected a period in the city's development when commercial activities were occurring within the same reahn that people lived (McCarthy and Ward 1996:75). Home and work were, in fact, one and the same place for many of the occupants of Block 12 and this is reflected in the mixture of industrial and domestic features and artifacts encountered within the project area. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 17 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS The Minnesota SHPO has developed a series of broad statewide historic contexts and themes for the interpretation and evaluation of cultural properties. These contexts cover three broad periods of Minnesota's history: precontact (12,000 years before present to A.D. 1700); contact (A.D. 1650-1837); and post -contact (1830's to the present). As no precontact or contact -period archaeological sites have been previously recorded within the project area, nor were any documented during the survey, only the contexts relevant to the post -contact sites documented during the Phase UII investigations are presented below. The associated contexts include: St. Croix Triangle Lumbering, 1830s-1900s ► Early Agriculture and River Settlement, 1840-1870 Railroads and Agricultural Development, 1870-1940 ■ Urban Centers, 1870-1940 Previous studies conducted by Loucks (Long 1994a) and Rivercrest Associates, Inc. (Henning 1999) include extensive contexts for this project area. The following paragraphs provide general contexts for the current undertaking with specific reference to the history of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company and the development of "Slab Alley." ST. CROIX TRIANGLE LUMBERING, 1830s-1900s In 1837, the Dakota and Anishinaabe ceded lands that contained extensive forests of white pine. The opening of this land attracted Yankee entrepreneurs that developed an economic system of logging based on the cutting of timber during the winter months and the transportation of logs down the St. Croix, Rum, and Mississippi Rivers in the spring. The logs were then milled at sawmills along the rivers, and the location of these mills was often an impetus for townsite development. The lumber that was not utilized by the local markets was shipped further down river to Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and elsewhere. The introduction of railroads in the 1860s further stimulated the logging industry by opening up tracts of lands that were located at a further distance from the rivers. These logged -over areas resulted in open land upon which farms were soon established. Among the lumber boomtowns established on the St. Croix River was the town of Stillwater. During the mid -nineteenth century this river served as a catch basin for the logging industry of northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Lumber companies vying for the trade, established logging camps in the white pine forests that surrounded the upper St. Croix and its tributary network. Sawmills were built along the river to process the logs that were cut in the hinterlands and fed into this waterway via its tributaries. The first sawmill established along the river was a water -powered mill built at Marine in the summer of 1839 (Easton 1909:21). The second mill at St. Croix Falls followed shortly thereafter in 1840, and in April of 1844, the first mill constructed at Stillwater became the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 18 third mill built along the water course (Easton 1909:21; Larson 1937:169). In that year, McKusick, McKean, Greeley and Leach established their water -powered mill along the lakeshore of what is now downtown Stillwater (Warner and Foote 1881:512; Easton 1909). By 1855, three additional mills had been constructed in Stillwater, thereby establishing its predominance as "one of the greatest lumber manufacturing cities in the North-west" (Warner and Foote 1881:512). These three later mills (Sawyer and Heaton [1850], Hersey, Staples and Company [1853], and Schulenberg, Bueckeler and Company [1855]) were each steam -powered and represented the latest technological advances in lumber processing (Warner and Foote 1881:513-515; Easton 1909:21). Hersey, Staples and Company (later Hersey & Bean Company), and Schulenberg, Bueckeler and Company would become the largest sawmills in Stillwater. Each of these mills fed different markets, with Schulenberg, Bueckeler and Company, which was the largest cutter, shipping its logs and lumber down river to the St. Louis market, while Hersey, Staples & Company fed regional markets and eventually adapted to railroad shipping (Larson 1937:174). The lumber boom at Stillwater lasted for just over 50 years. By the early twentieth century the stands of white pine along the upper St. Croix had largely been logged and the lumber industry had moved west to new pineries that were now accessible by rail. The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's mills closed and were sold for salvage in 1906 and many other mills also closed during the first decades of the twentieth century (Henning 1999:23; Empson 2000:58). The last run of logs through the St. Croix Boom, which was located three miles above Stillwater, occurred in 1914 (Henning 1999:23). The closure of the largest white pine mill in the world at Virginia, Minnesota in 1929 symbolized the end of St. Croix Triangle Lumbering (Henning 1999:23). EARLY AGRICULTURE AND RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1840-1870 Early settlement was concentrated along the rivers of the state, which not only were a source of transportation, but also provided a source of power for mills. Townsites were formed along the rivers by speculators, townsite companies, and groups with a common ethnic or social heritage. Many of these towns became centers for the processing of agricultural products from the surrounding countryside as well as offering a market for those products and a shipping point to other markets via the river. Stillwater, was initially selected in 1843 as the future site for the sawmill of the company of McKusick, McKean, Greeley and Leach, because the tributary of Brown's Creek, with some modification, could be used to power the mill. The development of subsequent mills, and the establishment of the St. Croix Boom just above the city, soon led to the development of a flourishing townsite at Stillwater. In 1849, when Washington County was created, the federal land office was moved to the county seat at Stillwater (Henning 1999:24). Furthermore, in 1851 the territorial legislature of Minnesota designated Stillwater as the site of the territorial prison and in 1853, the first buildings of the penitentiary were completed (Dunn 1960:137-138). By 1870, the city was established as a regional center within east -central Minnesota. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 19 RAILROADS AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT,1870-1940 This context focuses on the development and spread of the railroad system across the state of Minnesota and the impetus this new transportation system gave to agriculture and other industries. While Stillwater's early development as an economic center was due to its position on the St. Croix River, the introduction of the railroad to the city further spurred its economic development by connecting its industries to new markets. In particular, and most importantly, the introduction of the rail line to Stillwater changed the nature of lumber shipment. Prior to the railroad, lumber companies had depended almost exclusively on the river as a means of shipping lumber to markets. In 1870, the Stillwater & St. Paul Railroad, a branch line of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad Company, completed track from White Bear Lake to Stillwater (Prosser 1966:12). On June 12, 1871, this line ran its first train into Stillwater (Luecke 1990:82). The following year, the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls Railroad Company completed a short line from St. Paul to Stillwater (Prosser 1966:163). The establishment of these lines led to the first shipment of lumber by rail from Stillwater to Iowa in 1872 (Larson 1937:175). While the Lake Superior and Mississippi rail line accessed Stillwater from the north, the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls Railroad Company came into Stillwater from the south via a narrow causeway between the bluff and the river. As this route approached Stillwater from the south, it ran along the east side of Stillwater's Main Street (TH 36/95) and past the yards of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company. Samuel Hersey "took an active interest in" this line and he served on the board of directors of the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad that later purchased this short line in 1880 (Larson 1949:22). This St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls short line was later subsumed into the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, which was acquired by the Chicago and North Western in 1904 (Prosser 1966:126, 163). According to the 1884 Sanborn fire insurance map, the Hersey & Bean sawmill and planing mill were serviced by a railroad spur and sidings that were diverted off of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha by a series of switches located between downtown Stillwater and the east -west alignment of Locust Street. The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company adapted to the introduction of this new mode of transportation by remodeling the existing main sawmill and through the construction of a specialized planing mill. Prior to 1872 all of the lumber manufactured at this mill was rafted and sent down the river, but with the establishment of the railroad almost all of the lumber from this mill was subsequently shipped by rail (Warner and Foote 1881:516). The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls Railroad's short line (WA-SWC-1501) has been previously evaluated and determined to be ineligible for listing on the NRHP (Stark 2004:102). URBAN CENTERS,1870-1940 As earlier noted, by 1870 Stillwater had become a regional center. As such, Stillwater was an early urban center within the state of Minnesota. An urban center is defined as a "nexus of economic and political activity that acts as a significant magnet for a St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase YU Archaeological Investigations Page 20 widespread hinterland" (SHPO 1993). Stillwater performed this role for that portion of the state east of St. Paul and along the St. Croix River. The boom of the lumber industry, and the later establishment of a farm implement manufacturing industry, established the city's importance as a regional economic center. As a political center, Stillwater was the county seat of Washington County, and the site of a federal land office. Furthermore, it was here that on August 26, 1848 a citizen's petition was drafted to create the new territory of Minnesota. At times, the population of Stillwater rivaled Minneapolis and St. Paul, especially during the height of the lumber boom. Much of the original American - born population of this town was from New England, particularly Maine, as well as New York, and had origins in the logging industry of that region. Other concentrations of inhabitants included immigrants from Germany, Canada, Scandinavia, and the British Isles (Henning 1999:25). During the early twentieth century, though, the decline of the lumber industry had slowed Stillwater's growth until it became a satellite of the neighboring Twin Cities (SHPO 1993). The presence of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company at Stillwater contributed to the town's period of success as an urban center. The mills of Hersey & Bean were cited in 1881 as employing 225 men in the summer season, and in 1903 it was said to be employing 150 men (Warner and Foote 1881:516; Railway Publishing Company 1903:16). The presence of this large employer at the south end of Stillwater created a need for housing that was close to the mill. By 1870, a series of dwellings and boarding houses had filled the narrow stretch of land that was located at the base of the bluff, along the west side of Stillwater's Main Street, and opposite the yards of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company. Known as "Slab Alley," these structures were occupied by families and boarders that worked at the mill or for other industries in Stillwater. In direct correlation with the waning of Stillwater's growth during the early twentieth century, this neighborhood became depressed after the closure of the mill in 1906. The remaining buildings of "Slab Alley" were removed in 1932 to make way for the expansion of TH 36/95. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Hersey & Bean Lumber Company The third mill to be constructed at Stillwater was built by the mill company of Hersey, Staples and Company, which was formed in 1853 by Samuel F. Hersey and Isaac Staples and two additional stakeholders (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Larson 1949:19). The company was an East Coast enterprise, and Hersey, who resided in Maine, relied on Staples, and later Charles and Jacob Bean, to oversee operations in Minnesota (Larson 1949:21). The mill itself was known as the company's North Western Mill, which was a name established by at least 1881, if not earlier (Warner and Foote 1881:515). The company that operated this mill would go through several changes of ownership including Hersey, Staples & Hall; Hersey, Staples, & Bean; Hersey, Bean & Company; and Hersey, Bean & Brown; before becoming the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company in 1875 (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Larson 1949:21). George H. Atwood would take over the mill's ownership in 1891, but the company continued to be known as Hersey & St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase M Archaeological Investigations Page 21 Bean until the mill closed and was sold to a salvager in 1906 (Railway Publishing Company 1903:16; Empson 2000:58). Throughout its history the North Western Mill of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company was noted for its advanced technology (Larson 1949:19). From its initial construction as a steam -powered industry, the mill was an improvement over the previous water -powered mills constructed along the St. Croix River. Other improvements included the use of a gang saw, with its 20 parallel sash saws, and the presence of a circular, or rip, saw that was the first of its kind emp�oyed at Stillwater (Larson 1949:20). So efficient was the mill that it was said, "Everything about the mill is done by machinery, even to the filing of the saws, the handling and shifting of the lumber, and the removal of slabs" (Larson 1949:20). When the mill went into production in July of 1855 its initial capacity was approximately 40,000 ft. of lumber per day (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Kane 1952:205). During the winter of 1872 to 1873 the mill was largely remodeled and rebuilt and new machinery was installed (Warner and Foote 1881:515) (Figure 3). The updated mill in 1881 was 66 ft. x 150 ft. and contained a gang saw of 46 parallel sash blades; one FIGURE 3. THE MAIN SAWMILL OF THE NORTH WESTERN MILL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY AS IT APPEARED IN 1875 AFTER BEING REMODELED DURING THE WINTER OF 1872173. THE CHIMNEY ATOP THE BLUFF IS AT THE LEFT. VIEW FACING WEST (MHS RUNK 185) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 22 double rotary saw; and one muley saw, which together produced 90,000 ft. of lumber per day. The mill also contained two shingle machines that produced 100,000 shingles per day, and a lath machine that produced 50,000 ft. per day (Warner and Foote 1881:515). This machinery was powered by two engines that were fed by a series of boilers (Warner and Foote 1881:515). The flue for this mill ran underground to a smoke stack located atop the bluff to the west of the mill (Figure 4). Other features associated with the mill including drying kilns, warehouses, a blacksmith shop; and railroad sidings. cos L?R,Er1EPY i-nSeer .--r. _57s 7 i f 1L 2- -'7 P .7a k .4 t k FIGURE 4. DETAIL OF THE MAIN SAWMILL FROM THE 1904 SANBORN MAP St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase JAI Archaeological Investigations Page 23 The presence of rail yards at the Hersey & Bean sawmill reflect the change in lumber shipment that was brought about by the introduction of the railroad to Stillwater in 1871. Prior to 1872, all of the lumber was sent down the river, but with the introduction of the railroad nearly all the Hersey & Bean lumber was shipped by rail (Warner and Foote 1881:516). The remodeling of the North Western mill that took place in 1872 and 1873 was an adaptation to the introduction of this rail line. One of the other adaptations to the rise of the railroad was the construction in 1873 of a specialized planing mill by the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company (Warner and Foote 1881:515). This separate mill was constructed to the south of the main mill and was designed to cut the long pieces of lumber that were necessary for the construction of railroad bridges (Warner and Foote 1881:515) (Figure 5). In order to accommodate the length of these timbers, the cutting saw was actually constructed on a raised platform that extended out into the river. According to Warner and Foote this construction allowed the long heavy timbers to be cut to the desired length before being removed from the water (Warner and Foote 1881:515). A steam -powered loader then lifted the cut timbers onto railcars. This mill and its machinery was powered by a single engine (Warner and Foote 1881:516). Like the main sawmill, the flue for this mill extended underground to the west to a smokestack located on the bluff. The planing mill was partially damaged by fire in 1887 and rebuilt on the same location by 1888. A description of the rebuilt mill described it as "without ! ri�`.��37�'i - • %tire.. � A.- ' 10 � 9. fit.,: � i � ; :r�,a,,•,�.-r It A L �rA, a� a +'•+'i+y ,1 f 4 rVum. 1� •r .r :,.�' a :� � •.. ikHi .��{���f. -'ti.'- yfikJ IY. i' ,,rti • • 4r �1�.• 'y'.y.'..1. :p'�•+ Fes~ �_'•`iii'��y�l?� V � a-_••••:•� Y� ••- k1I', w=� . 6 M. +yam �.. � yi Y � • . P .ate{{�`.` �� _,• .""i-`i.` + FIGURE 5. DETAIL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S PLANING MILL FROM RUGER'S 1879 VIEW OF STILLWATER St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UI[ Archaeological Investigations Page 24 doubt the most perfect and complete mill of its kind in American, and which, like their saw mill, contains the latest and most approved machinery" (Barrett 1887). Like the main mill, the planing mill was abandoned in 1906 when the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company ceased operation. Throughout their history, the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's North Western Mills exhibited the latest technologies for turning logs into lumber and illustrated the New England approach to logging in the St. Croix Valley. From the construction of a steam - powered mill, to the use of the first circular saw at Stillwater, and the adaptation to the introduction of the railroad, the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company embraced new technologies that improved the efficiency of lumber milling. In 1903, fifty years after its inception, it was still described as "the largest and most modern of any to be found in the St. Croix River valley" having "every modern appliance and equipment for manufacturing and handling lumber in the most economical manner" (Railway Publishing Company 1903:16). Because the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company (1853- 1906) was "among the earliest, most successful, and most longstanding" of the Stillwater lumber mills, and because it illustrates the themes of Stillwater's "visual and historic relationship with the St. Croix waterway, the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community, and the manner in which logs were transformed into lumber and related wood products," the mills of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company have been recommended as significant and contributing to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District (Henning 1999:4). ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OVERVIEW The Minnesota portion of the St. Croix River Crossing Project is located within the N %2 of Section 3; the N %2 of the N 1/2 of Section 4; the N 1/2 of the N V2 of Section 5; the NE 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 6 of Township 29N, Range 20W; as well as the SW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 27; the E 1/2 of the SE 1/4 of Section 28; the SE 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of Section 31; the S 1/2 of the S V2 of Section 32; the S 1/2 of the S %2 of Section 33; the W %2 of Section 34 of Township 30N, Range 20W. This project area is located within the Central Lakes Deciduous East archaeological sub -region. Geologically, the project area crosses portions of the St. Croix River valley floodplain as well as surrounding upland terraces. The overarching soil formation within the project area is the Santiago -Kingsley Series, which consists of glacial till uplands. Approximately 19 percent of the total land area in Washington County consists of this soil series (Vinar 1980:9). The areas undergoing archaeological testing are located within topographically and geomorphologically distinct areas. The Phase I archaeological survey area to the south of TH 36 between Norwich Avenue and Oakgreen Avenue crosses a level upland comprised of Antigo silt loam, which is a well -drained soil that occurs on level glacial outwash plains. The central portion of this upland, which is a former farmstead site, is classified as urban land of the Waukegan complex, which is also formed on level to nearly level St_ Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 25 outwash plains. To the east of the former farmstead, the corridor descends a slope of Chetek sandy loam, which is commonly found on the crests and hillsides within outwash plains. As the corridor intercepts the alignment of Oakgreen Avenue, it crosses a level area consisting of well -drained Santiago silt loam (Vinar 1980:25, 34, 36, 81). The remaining archaeological test areas along TH 36/95, which are proximate to Stillwater, are comprised of Urban land of the Chetek complex. Chetek soils are excessively drained and formed on outwash plains. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 26 RESULTS The Phase I and II archaeological investigations focused on those areas identified in the literature search as having the potential to contain intact archaeological sites that may be eligible for listing on the NRHP. Three areas were identified for archaeological testing: a section of proposed road corridor to the south of TH 36 between Norwich Avenue and Oakgreen Avenue; the location of 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site); and the working-class neighborhood known as "Slab Alley." Fieldwork was conducted July 20-23, 26-30, and August 4-6, 2004. Dr. Michelle Terrell served as the Principal Investigator and conducted the fieldwork with Dylan Eigenberger, Julie Kloss, and Jeremy Nienow. TH 36 CORRIDOR Work Summary For each of the considered crossing alternatives, the construction limits along TH 36, from TH 5 east to Beach Road (CSAH 23), are the same (see Figure 1). Historically, this area was predominantly agricultural until its development into a commercial district. Most of the construction limits along this corridor were previously surveyed during the 1994 cultural resource investigation undertaken by Loucks, or are located within areas that have been impacted by modern development and road construction (Long 1994a). Loucks did not identify any archaeological sites within this portion of the study area and no post -contact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the NRHP were identified during the literature search within this study area. The majority of the TH 36 corridor is, therefore, considered to have a low potential for containing intact, significant, post -contact archaeological resources. One segment of the proposed TH 36 construction limits is located outside of the previously surveyed area and has not been recently impacted. This area is a section of new road located to the south of TH 36 between Norwich Avenue and Oakgreen Avenue within the N % of the NE 1/4 of Section 5, T 29N, R 20W (Figure 6). A segment of this proposed roadway, which is approximately one-third of a mile (0.5 kilometer [km]) in length, crosses open fields. This area is located less than half of a mile (0.8 km) to the north of archaeological site 21 WA25 (Schaisser Site), which is recorded as a precontact habitation site (see Figure 6). This area was assessed as having a moderate to high potential for containing intact precontact deposits due to its proximity to a previously recorded site and its prominent topographic location atop a ridge located to the southwest of a former wetland. Fieldwork commenced with a Phase I archaeological survey of this planned road segment. Two separate transects of shovel tests were excavated along this corridor. r •; 4]� � - ' � '� � ■ is TH 36 Norwich Avenue a Transect A IIITransect B I 21 WA25 a Oakgreen Avenue KEY Archaeological APE (Construction Limits of Crossing Alternatives 1 B-1, C, D, and E) Shovel Test Areas Archaeological Site St. Croix River Crossing TH 36 Corridor Test Area Intensive Literature Search and Figure 6 Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Washington County, Minnesota 0 miles 0.25 SRF Consulting Group, Inc. Project Data (5117104); Stillwater Quadrangle (1993), Minnesota USGS 7.5 Minute Series St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 28 Transect A was an east-southeast transect that followed the proposed centerline of the corridor alignment across a fallow field to the west of the former farmstead (see Figure 6). Eight shovel tests were excavated at a 15-m interval along this transect. Shovel tests along this transect exhibited an average of 25 cm of a brown (IOYR 4/3), silty, clay loam plowzone (Ap) that abruptly transitioned to a dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 to IOYR 4/6), silty, clay loam B horizon. The B horizon occasionally exhibited evidence of mixing with the subsoil, which was encountered at an average depth of 36 cm below the surface (cmbs). The subsoil was a yellowish brown (IOYR 5/4) clay. Transect B was a west-southwest transect that followed the proposed centerline of the corridor alignment across a fallow field to the east of the former farmstead. Fourteen shovel tests were excavated along this transect at a 15-m interval. Shovel tests along this transect exhibited a shallow and deflated profile consistent with intensive cultivation. The average profile of these tests consisted of 29 cm of a brown (10YR 4/3), silty, clay loam, Ap horizon that abruptly transitioned to a yellowish brown (IOYR 5/4) clay. Some tests exhibited glacial cobbles in the C horizon. The area immediate to the former farmstead was not tested as it had undergone significant modern impacts including the construction of additional buildings, dumping, and grading. Results and Recommendations No cultural materials were encountered within the tests along either of these transects and no additional archaeological testing is recommended in this area. SITE 21WA91 (HERSEY & BEAN SAWMULL) Work Summary Site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) is located within the S 1/2 of the SW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 27, and the NW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of Section 34 of Township 30N, Range 20W. This site was identified in 1999 by Rivercrest Associates, Inc. during a cultural resource investigation to assess the effect of removing the existing Stillwater Lift Bridge (Henning 1999). The site, as documented in 1999, encompasses the location of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's steam -powered sawmill (1854-1906) and associated office/store building. Features that were documented in 1999 included a machinery mount for the main sawmill; a chimney base atop the bluff on the west side of TH 36/95; a retaining wall; and the foundations of the office/store building. These features were - grouped within the site boundary of 21 WA91. The documentation of this site consisted of the description of the visible aspects of these features. No subsurface archaeological testing occurred during this survey. The site, together with 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean - Planing Mill Site), was recommended as a single contributing property to the NRHP- eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 29 The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company sawmill site is documented on 1870, 1874, and 1879 panoramic views (Ruger 1870; 1879; Andreas 1874) and on the Sanborn Map Company's fire insurance maps from 1884, 1888, 1891, 1898, and 1904 (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888; 1891; 1$98; 1904) (Figure 7). The office/store building, which was extant longer than the mill, also appears on the 1910 Sanborn map (Sanborn Map Company 1910). These maps provide general information on the location and development of the mill structures between 1870 and 1910, but they do not document the pre-1870 mill construction, or provide detailed illustrations of the mill machinery. Additional information on the mill company and its development is provided in secondary documents on the history of lumbering in the St. Croix Valley, such as Larson (1937 and 1949), and Warner and Foote (1881). As the mill site will be impacted by crossing alternatives D and E, a Phase I/II archaeological survey and evaluation of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company was undertaken in order to define the boundaries of the site and to determine if there are intact significant subsurface features associated with the mill. The location of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company sawmill site is currently being used as an overflow parking area by the City of Stillwater. The area is bound to the north by the Terra Terminal building, to the east by the bank of Lake St. Croix, and to the west by a former railroad corridor and embankment that parallels TH 36/95. The central portion FIGURE 7. DETAIL OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S MILLS FROM ANDREAS, 1874 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase III Archaeological Investigations Page 30 of the site is level and open, while the riverbank, railroad embankment, and the location of the former office/store building are lightly wooded. To the south, the clearing of the parking lot ends and a roadway leads from that point southward along the woodedriverbank. This road provides access to the former site of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's planing mill (21 WA92). As these sites are contiguous, the south boundary of 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) is formed by the north boundary of 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), which is located 400 ft. to the south of the southern terminus of the extant limestone retaining wall visible along the west edge of the access road through the site. The chimney flue for the sawmill was excavated beneath TH 36/95 and exited the bluff top on the west side of the road. The ruin of the chimney base, which is on private land and located outside of the archaeological APE, is visible atop the bluff. The Phase 1/II archaeological investigation of 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) consisted of the excavation of the clearing of foundations, and the mapping of all excavated features (Figure 8). As much of the main sawmill complex was a wood - framed structure constructed on piers, the excavations focused on features that were likely to have archaeological signatures, such as those structure's identified on the Sanborn maps as having stone foundations. The results of this fieldwork are described below. Refuse Burner Between 1888 and 1891, an iron clad refuse burner was constructed to the north of the Hersey & Bean sawmill. This distinct bottle -shaped incinerator was topped with a mesh spark catcher (Figure 9). Located about 120 ft. (36.6 m) to the south of the store/office building, the approximately 25-ft. (7.6-m) -wide base of the incinerator was expected to have a distinct archaeological signature (Figure 10). Trench I Trench 1 was initially a 4-m (13.1-ft.) -long by 2-m (6.6-ft.) -wide east -west trench excavated in the vicinity of the incinerator base (see Figure 8). The north -south rail of a former railroad siding that serviced the Terra Terminal building marked the eastern boundary of the trench. The central portion of the trench was subsequently expanded to the south through the excavation of an additional 3-m (9.8-ft.) -long by 2.5-m (8.2-ft.) - wide north -south trench. Trench 1 was excavated to a depth of approximately 95 cm (3.1 ft.) below the surface. At this depth, the profile of the trench consisted of 20 cm (7.8 in.) of sand and gravel overlying 75 cm (2.5 ft.) of a mottled, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loose fill that contained plastics and other modern materials. Surface clearing around the trench revealed a manhole cover (Manhole 16) along the north edge of the initial trench. Trench 1 was located entirely within an area that had been previously disturbed by the construction of a sewer line. The base of the incinerator was apparently impacted by the installation of the sewer within this portion of the site. nch ice nch Manhole 16 •-1, Trench 1 .r Stone Chimney Base 0 feet 100 OV KEY Site Boundary Excavation Trenches Foundations Limestone Retaining Walls o Sewer Manhole Covers Terra Terminal Railroad Sidings Trench 8 ng Saw Base A wheel Base On 'ne Base Trench 4 Trench � Trench 5 Manhole 17 Tren h 7 T i Lake St. Croix E St. Croix River Crossing Site 21 WA91 - Hersey & Bean Sawmill Intensive Literature Search and Site Plan Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 8 Washington County, Minnesota �- Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 ►"� . ~ems s. �._. �T6 09. io 44 -- St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase VII Archaeological Investigations Page 33 General Store/Office Building, In 1879, the then Hersey, Bean & Brown Lumber Company "erected a store adjoining their yards" (Warner and Foote 1881:516). The 1884 Sanborn fire insurance map indicates a two -and -a -half story, wood -frame grocery and office building set atop a ten- ft.-high stone foundation/basement located at the north end of the Hersey, Bean & Brown's North Western Mill complex (Sanborn Map Company 1884). By 1888, the building was solely identified as an office (Sanborn Map Company 1888). According to the Sanborn maps, the plan of this building was not substantially modified over time, other than the construction of one-story frame addition to the north side of the building between 1888 and 1891 (Sanborn Map Company 1898; Figure 11). A wood -frame warehouse to the immediate north of the store was removed between 1884 and 1888, and a small ice house was constructed in that area by 1891 (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888; 1891) (see Figure 11). A detail from an undated photograph on file at the Washington County Historical Society illustrates the building as it appeared in the 1890s (Figure 12). While the west fagade of the store sat at the same grade as Main Street (TH 36/95), the rear of the structure was set a story lower. The stone foundation of the basement, which was set partially into the hillside, and stone retaining walls to north and south of the main foundation accommodated this grade adjustment. Sanborn fire insurance maps indicate that the store/office building was not demolished with the rest of the mill complex in 1906 (Sanborn Map Company 1910). A 1932 FIGURE 11. HERSEY AND BEAN LUMBER COMPANY STORE AND OFFICE BUILDING, 1898 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase LM Archaeological Investigations Page 34 FIGURE 12. HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY STORE AND OFFICE, 1890S, FACING SOUTHEAST FIGURE 13. VIEW OF THE NORTHWESTERN BREWERY IN 1932 WITH THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S STORE/OFFICE BUILDING IN THE IMMEDIATE FOREGROUND, FACING SOUTHWEST (MHS RUNK 574) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 35 photograph of the project area, though, indicates that only the foundations of the store/office building remained at that time (Figure 13). The presence of a poured concrete floor within the former limestone foundations and the augmentation of those foundations with concrete block, as well as evidence for the electrification of the building, indicate that the foundation was later reused and adapted during the twentieth century in probable association with the activities of the Terra Terminal. Today, the foundations of the former store/office building are located within a copse of trees to the immediate east of the entrance to the site from TH 36/95, which corresponds to the historic entrance to the property (see Figure 8). The visible limestone foundations encompass a main room that has interior dimensions of 52.4 ft. (16 m) by 21.7 ft. (6.6 m), and remnants of an additional room to the south that was 13.4 ft. (4 m) long (Figure 14). The west wall of the foundations is the most intact. This wall is 1.75 ft. (0.5 m) thick and is still extant to a height of 10 ft. (Figure 15). The north, east, and south walls have been r modified through the addition of concrete block. Remnants of the original stone walls are present, though, including portions of the 2.75-ft. (0.8-m) -thick east wall (see Figures 14 and 15). A concrete floor has been poured within these original foundations. Other evidence for twentieth-century modifications to this building include the addition of concrete block to the retaining wall to the south of the building and the replacement with concrete block of the original porch piers, or front room supports, to the west of the building (see Figure 14). Utility, outlet, and light switch boxes along the north wall also indicate that the building was electrified possibly after World War II (Minnesota Archaeological Site File, 21WA91, on file at the SHPO, St. Paul) (see Figure 15). Two trenches were excavated proximate to this structure. These trenches revealed approximately 2.5- ft. (0.76 m) of accumulation over the original footings of the building. Intact artifact bearing strata and a builders' trench were encountered within Trench 2, which was excavated immediately adjacent to the structure. Trench 2 Trench 2 was an east -west trench excavated immediately adjacent to the east wall of the store/office building foundation in order to assess the stratigraphy of the site and the depth of the foundation (Figures 14 and 16). This trench, which was a 2.4-m (7.9-ft) - - long-by-1 in (3.5-ft.) -wide east -west trench, was excavated to a depth of approximately 1.6 in (5.2 ft.) below the current grade. The general profile of Trench 2 consisted of approximately 50 cm of a brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), loose, sand that had been dumped on the ground surface in the vicinity of the trench (Horizon A) (see Figure 16). Beneath this pile of sand the trench abruptly transitioned to a compact, brown (10YR 4/3), loam that comprised the general ground surface (Horizon B). At the same elevation as ,the top of Horizon B are the rails of a former railroad siding that served the Terra Terminal building on the property. The westernmost rail of this line defines the eastern boundary of the trench. The B Horizon is approximately 30 cm in depth and is thicker at the west end of the trench, which is adjacent to the stone foundation of the store/office building. Sheets of rubber and other modern materials within Horizon B attest to its deposition during the twentieth century. Adjacent to the building foundation, Horizon B overlays a light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), loose, Horizon C that consists of sand and — L.9 F— A l8 1.8 J z II � I I Trench 2 II tuI II T II I p I I 1 LL , T a I I I II u o , II V a I � I o , a ,Z � , I I I I I I �t------------ 1 m ra m A C L (D �o =m 0 0 m N U a) C N O w c °' o E s Y V J (D rn Trench 3 o� J Q ZZ N Uca � a w X �E m 0 fn t in 0 —_ m - fa N � O o A 9 z r m „S Ol Lw p B 0 tT r'O u iT� C w. [0 1 x X X Z X Z � W lF 0CL �• O ^L I..L O m L fV Lf) N U N w Y U O m v C m ate+ � N _ I{ }ueuwam U Y U „5 ,z ti CD N O E c C ` O T — J a) 0 0 0 m Y J M cu L T J Y ram.• c �a� c CO •a_N.. � .3 a� v rn3— m T.L a U y c m E N Q J cL, m (/) � N '� O co N f0 Uj O O O N O N ) 0 M O O O a r= �V �•� m� �� L ll� 3 a) N ��Nm N� v Ev E ° (D m ��E o,cm O +N _ > 2 O ' U)0U)0Df2 32U)U)U)0 LLU)coU)CQ0� CO NT CO N IT Lo Of Of w Ix � Ix Ix >- >�i i- }Lo>- } O O O O O O O O O O uoisuedx3 y:)uaal o} JOud UmeJa al!Ioad �r • ti y. . 11 :• N ' •y LL ••S. �a dal ~ � D •.i ■ 70 * V i ao , ■ crn a,� ■ — ,� O oc �� ■ �' o c a, o v O CD: c c Y v o ■ E E ■ �o �o Li- ■ v-0 N ■ O w V ■ 7 O Q LL Qin N St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 39 - mortar. This thin lens, which is 10 cm or less in thickness, likely dates to the period when the foundation ruins were modified with concrete block walls and a poured concrete floor. At the east end of the trench, both Horizons B and C overlay a thin, black (10YR 2/1), lens of loam mixed with coal and cinders. This lens had accumulated atop the E Horizon, which is a distinct, brown (10YR 4/3), mottled sandy loam horizon. The E Horizon commences in the western half of the trench as a thin layer that becomes increasingly thicker towards the east end of the trench where it reaches a thickness of approximately 50 cm. The profile of this horizon, its dusting of coal and cinders, and its relationship to the rail line indicates that it was likely laid down to serve as a bed for the rail. The E Horizon was mottled and contained a mixture of glass, brick, and metals indicating that the rail bed was constructed from fill. Beneath Horizon E lies a series of three horizons (F, G, and H), which consist of sterile silts each being approximately 10 cm in thickness. These brown (7.5YR 4/4) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and IOYR 5/8) horizons were apparently deposited by river flood events. Cutting through the lower two horizons, and lying immediately adjacent to the foundation, is a brown (IOYR 4/3), loam builder's trench (Horizon I). This builders' trench was encountered at the same elevation that the footing of the wall was encountered. Within Horizon I were recovered one unidentifiable nail and 18 fragments of a wheel -made, Albany -slipped, buff -stoneware jug with a spattered, unglazed interior. Beneath the layers of silt was a 5- to 10-cm-thick occupation layer. This J Horizon consisted of a yellowish brown (IOYR 5/6) sand mottled with a black (IOYR 2/1) sandy loam. From within this horizon three pieces of plate glass and a single sherd of blue, shell -edged, whiteware (1820+) were recovered. Beneath Horizon J was a sterile, yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) subsoil of coarse sand and gravel (Horizon K). Subsequent to the completion of the wall profile drawing, additional material was removed from the trench to the depth of the water table (an additional 90 cm). This additional excavation revealed that Horizon K continued to the depth of the water table and was a consistent subsoil material. The bottom of the wall footing was documented at the same depth as the water table. The total depth of the wall footing was approximately 1.25 in (4 ft.). The extant height of the stone foundation above the footing was approximately 1.45 in (4.7 ft.). The excavation of Trench 2 revealed the accumulation of a meter of material since the construction of the office/store building. Few artifacts were recovered from within the accumulated layers. Horizon J represented the only artifact -bearing occupation layer, and this thin lens that had accumulated atop the subsoil pre -dates the construction of the store/office building. The materials within Horizon J are apparently date to the circa 1854 to 1879 period of the mill's construction and operation prior to the construction of the store/office building in 1879. The lack of cultural material dating to the period of the office/store's period of use is likely the result of the area to the rear of the building being subject to flooding as exemplified by the silt accumulated in Horizons F, G, and H. Trench 3 Trench 3 was a 2.8-m (9-ft.) -long by 1-m (3.3 ft.) -wide, east -west trench excavated to the immediate southeast of the store/office building (see Figure 14). The excavation of the trench to a depth of approximately 1.3 in (4.3 ft.) below the surface revealed numerous strata that generally descended to the east and away from the former building. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 40 The upper 20 to 30 cm consisted of a dark gray (10YR 4/1), sandy loam A Horizon. In the east portion of the trench this horizon gave way to a dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2) sandy loam B Horizon that corresponds to the B Horizon in Trench 2. In the western portion of the trench, the A and B Horizons both overlay a yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) horizon of sand mixed with mortar and abundant brick fragments (Horizon Q. The C Horizon was thicker to the west where it measured approximately 70 cm in depth. To the east the C horizon intersected with a 30 to 40 cm (thick, black (10YR 2/1) to very dark gray (IOYR 3/1), silty loam D Horizon that also contained brick fragments. These brick - bearing horizons likely date to the period of the structure's demolition. Beneath this horizon was an abrupt transition to a series of multiple thin lenses of sterile silts and sands. These lenses varied in thickness from 3 to 20 cm and in color from very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to pale brown (10YR 6/3). These lenses sloped down and away from the building from west to east attesting to the fact that the original landform in this area sloped away from the building. No artifacts were recovered from the strata within this trench. Sawmill Machinery Bases In 1999, during the initial recording of site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), Rivercrest Associates documented the presence of a stone "engine mount" located approximately 230 ft. (70 m) to the south of the office/store foundations. Threaded iron rods were noted projecting from the top of this structure, but the dense vegetation covering the feature prevented any additional documentation. It was suspected that this structure was an engine base (Minnesota Archaeological Site File, 21 WA91, on file at the SI1PO, St. Paul). During the Phase 1/II investigations at site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), machinery footings and foundations for the main sawmill's engine, flywheel, and gang saw were uncovered at this location using a backhoe and hand clearing (Figure 17). These features were once located on the ground floor of the mill and represent the transfer of power from the steam -powered engine to the flywheel and through the gearing to the machinery located on the second floor of the mill. The machinery footings are constructed of cut limestone block laid atop bedrock. In places the bedrock itself was cut and modified to form a portion of the machinery bases. Projecting from the surface of these bases are threaded iron and steel ties to which the machinery was bolted. These features are located along the western edge of the site and could only be partially excavated, as they are situated at the base of the railroad embankment (see Figure 8). A detailed description of each of these features is provided below. Gang Saw Base The clearing of vegetation from the machinery base identified by Rivercrest Associates, revealed a massive limestone base constructed of cut stone blocks laid atop a solid bedrock foundation (Figures 17 through 20). This feature is approximately 16 ft. (4.9 m) by 14 ft. (4.3 m) wide and approximately 7 ft. (2 m) high. Emerging from the top of this base are a series of 30 threaded cast iron ties that vary in thickness from 1.5 in. to 3 in. in diameter. Fourteen of these ties have been cut off. Where stone is missing from the south wall of this base, it is apparent that these iron ties continue through each of the A� W Y C cc m W _ ZLU Ln V m �2 0'D ZX CJC Z N a Z H L¢ j � e ti m MIN V• U• N L O c E=O --- N 5 'A L J --- H H n C C C r 0 m w---- ,4atied \ XlXle .099 10 ate+ 0 c � ❑ 4 •2 C X N y t C 0 N N - _ Lo SO LO CV CV M * o i -- P CO o� 2 �® N 'O Yoo0®a0--- aD c ca J (D N Y O> C C E 0 o 0 U m U u1 E 0 2 12, fl,4 v E Ln co o n v L� .-. +�' m N mt �d Ll Ca N m ELU UO co IF 49 UO U N fr U W 51 51 51 tl H n fa r$ =f t t-- -f �rti �i 5A Q -m N-m NZm Mm m NaDNaD - N� GD - a *�*e 0 • UO o UOissaidea UO ma 180W enua t� Z t v �< N N N m Y r b � Jr t U U• k1 F- L1J m v � � Q m w a x C a LU y C cO c O U J Y LL v Qi ar N L 0v Et: o ° 2 'a _ LA -2CD 0 0 o` ' a CC cr :3 N Ln LU Ln m w Z 0 w O O W.! cd N/ O� w Cd CA 0 v cd 0 o > U �a*-1 o a� C .o ,� $-r U C* � U N � � � O c o _ N m :. W Ln c 0 � Q t i ' LL 0 p vi L t v, c � 0 CL � � O O O Lhl� U oa a a co E aa) iD U W °� o a)m U m w a O C� rn Cn cd O U .CO O Ocd p U a4 o �0 '~ v��a� St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 43 FIGURE 19. GANG SAW BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL, FACING WEST FIGURE 20. GANG SAW BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN SAWMILL, FACING NORTH St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 44 FIGURE 21. CONCAVE CHANNEL ATOP THE GANG SAW BASE layers of the machinery base and into the bedrock. In the center of the top of the base is a concave channel that is 9.5 in. (24 cm) wide, approximately 6 ft. (1.8 m) long, and 8 in. (20 cm) deep at its central point (Figure 21). This substantial stone base once supported the massive gang saw with its multiple saw blades, which was in operation on the second floor of the mill. In 1881, the mill had a gang saw with 46 parallel sash blades (Warner and Foote 1881:515). A similar saw base is documented in an 1886 advertisement for a gang saw (Anson 1990:67) (Figure 22). Comparison of this illustration with the location of the cast iron ties atop of the gang saw base at 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) indicates that the main tower of the saw was located on the northern two- thirds of the saw base, with the drive shafts and belt wheel located on the southern third. Gearing Stand Located to the west of the gang saw base were six iron ties protruding from the slope of the embankment (see Figure 17). All of these ties were 2 in. in diameter, and those ties St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 45 FIGURE 22. ADVERTISEMENT FOR A GANG SAW WITH A STONE BASE,1886 FIGURE 23. NUTS IN PLACE ON THE TIES OF THE GEARING STAND, FACING NORTH St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 46 that were not cut were threaded. The easternmost ties were still capped with 4 in. diameter square nuts (see Figure 23). These ties once supported a gearing stand and belt wheel that transferred power to the gang saw. The area surrounding this stand was not excavated during the current investigations. Flywheel Base To the southwest of the gang saw base, portions of two cut limestone blocks were noted protruding from the embankment. Subsequent removal of slope wash from this area using a backhoe and hand clearing revealed the base for a flywheel stand (see Figure 17). This base consisted of cut limestone block overlaying modified natural bedrock (Figure 24). The north half of this feature was comprised of a pier of stepped limestone blocks. The uppermost stone, in addition to being cut, was also margin -dressed. Protruding 6 in. from the surface of the uppermost stone of this pier were four iron ties that are 1.75 in. in diameter and threaded their entire length (Figure 25). As this feature could only be FIGURE 24. FLYWHEEL BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S SAWMILL, FACING SOUTH St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 47 FIGURE 25. THE UPPERMOST STONE OF THE FLYWHEEL BASE WITH TIES, FACING SOUTHWEST partially excavated, due to the embankment, there is a high likelihood that additional ties exist. These ties mark the location of the support stand for the flywheel. The south half of this feature includes the channel within which the flywheel turned (see Figure 17). To the south of the flywheel channel, the eastern edge of another machinery base was evident, but this additional base could not be fully excavated during the investigation. This partial base likely supported the engine that was directly associated with the flywheel. Engine Base To the south of the base for the flywheel stand, another machinery base was also uncovered (see Figure 17). Like the other bases, this one was also comprised of a mixture of cut limestone and natural bedrock (Figure 26). Protruding from the surface of this machinery base were fifteen steel ties. Due to the presence of steel in this base, St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 48 FIGURE 26. ENGINE BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S SAWMILL, FACING SOUTH which post-dates cast iron in its general use, this base is likely a later introduction to the mill. The stonework of this base also differs from the worked cut stone of the gang saw and flywheel bases. In 1881, after the mill had been remodeled, it was said to have two engines, one with a 24 in. cylinder and the other with a 12 in. cylinder. It is probable that this base supported the smaller engine, while the flywheel base and the unexcavated machinery base to the immediate south of the flywheel channel supported the larger engine (see Figure 17). Additional Excavation Trenches within 21 WA91 During the archaeological fieldwork at site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), six additional trenches were excavated to the east and southeast of the exposed machinery bases of the sawmill. Detailed descriptions of each of these trenches follows. Trench 4 Trench 4 was a 4-m (13-ft.) -long by 1-m (3.3-ft.) -wide, north -south trench excavated to the southeast of the exposed sawmill gang saw mount and north of the flue located atop the bluff to the west of TH 36/95 (see Figure 8). This location is within the vicinity of the boiler room as documented on the Sanborn fire insurance maps and along the western edge of the current open parking area. The general profile of this trench consisted of 20 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase V11 Archaeological Investigations Page 49 cm of a loose, brown (IOYR 4/3), sandy loam topsoil that gave way to a 40-cm thick, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy loam with coal inclusions. Beneath this layer, at a depth of 60 cmbs, was a natural, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), alluvial, subsoil with limestone chunks. This subsoil continued to 95 cm below the ground surface at which depth groundwater was encountered and the trench excavation was concluded. This trench did not contain any structural foundations or artifact deposits and the profile is consistent with that of an open yard area. Trench 5 Trench 5 was located 9 in (29.5 ft.) to the south of Trench 4 (see Figure 8). This north - south trench was 10 in (33 ft.) long and 1 m (3.3 ft.) wide. The general profile of Trench _ 5 consisted of 20 cm of a dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2), sandy loam topsoil. Beneath this layer was a 30-cm-thick, very dark gray (10YR 3/1), sandy loam with coal inclusions. Beneath this layer was a 10 cm lens of a dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) alluvial, silt. This likely flood deposit overlays a 20-cm-thick, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy loam that contained fragments of brick and stone and which continued to a depth of 80 cmbs. These materials are consistent with a demolition layer. At this depth a compact, very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2) sandy loam was encountered. This horizon, which was consistent with an occupation layer, continued to 100 cmbs at which depth the water table was encountered and the excavation of the trench was concluded. Trench 6 Trench 6 was an east -west trench excavated into the embankment to the south of the sawmill machinery bases (see Figure 8). A limestone retaining wall was encountered within this trench and the trench was expanded to the north and south to expose the wall for mapping purposes. Exposed within Trench 6 was the north terminus of a limestone retaining wall that runs parallel to the railroad along the west side of the site for a distance of approximately 300 ft. (91 m) (Figure 27). The northern end of the wall consists of cut stone atop natural limestone. This portion of the wall consists of a 20-in. - (50-cm) high block of cut stone that is 32 in. (81 cm) wide and backfilled with stone rubble. The exposed blocks comprising the end of this wall were quite large being 39 in. (99 cm) and 48 in. (1.2 m) in length. The area to the east of the wall was excavated to natural material and no additional foundations or features were uncovered. An Evens & Howard brick (Evens & Howard Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, MO; 1857-1930), like those noted within site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) came out of the fill surrounding the retaining wall (Crurcke 1987:232-233). Trench 7 Trench 7 was an east -west trench excavated to the south of Trench 6 (see Figure 8). The limestone retaining wall encountered within Trench 6 was also documented within this trench. This portion of the wall was 32 in. (81 cm) wide and 5 ft. (1.5 m) in height. The wall was comprised of faced stone on the exposed east side of the wall and it was again backfilled with stone rubble (Figure 28). To the east of the wall a brick smear was encountered at the base of the wall. This brick may represent a remnant floor or a demolition layer. Unfortunately the water table was encountered at the same depth as St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 51 this brick surface and it could not be examined in depth. An approximately 30-cm-thick lens of black (10YR 2/1) deposits had accumulated atop the brick layer. No artifacts were observed during the excavation of this trench. Trench 8 Trench 8 was a 6.60-m (21.6-ft.) -long by 1.22-m (4-ft.) -wide, north -south trench excavated within the central portion of site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) (see Figure 8). This trench location was situated in a portion of the site that was beyond the main foundations of the sawmill and its associated outbuildings. This location was selected in order to document the general stratigraphic profile of the site. The upper 55 cm of the trench consisted of a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), unconsolidated sandy loam containing gravels and limestone fragments as well as intermittent sand lenses. This layer gave way to a 20-cm thick, level, horizon of coal deposits. Beneath the coal, the profile of the trench transitioned to brown (10YR 4/3) sands and yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) to yellow (10YR 7/8) alluvial deposits. These probable river deposits overlay very dark gray (IOYR 3/1) sandy loams, containing fragments of mortar and ash. These cultural deposits were encountered at a depth of approximately 85 cmbs and they generally sloped down and away to the south. At approximately 110 cmbs the water table was encountered and excavation within the unit was halted. No artifacts, or archaeological features, were encountered within this trench. Trench 9 Trench 9 was a 6.40-m (21-ft.) -long by 1.20-m (4—ft.) -wide, east -west trench excavated within the southern portion of the open area within the site (see Figure 8). Several large fragments of limestone were visible on the surface within this area and, therefore, the trench was excavated to assess whether or not these limestone fragments were part of a feature. The profile of this trench, which was 1.15 crabs in depth at the central point, was very similar to that of Trench 8. The upper portion of the trench consisted of 50 cm of a dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4), unconsolidated, sandy loam that contained gravels, limestone rock fragments, and sand lenses. Beneath this horizon was a 20-cm thick, level deposit of coal. Along the west edge of the trench, the coal layer overlays a railroad tie associated with a former railroad siding that served the Terra Terminal. With the removal of the coal layer, the east and west halves of the trench began to differ. The west half of the trench consisted of a series of strata that sloped down to the east and away from the former rail line. These strata consisted of 20 cm of a dark yellowish brown �- (10YR 4/6), sand with gravels that was located immediately adjacent to the rail tie and beneath it. The removal of this layer revealed a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy clay that varied in thickness from approximately 7 cm to 20 cm and which steadily - sloped downwards to the floor of the trench, which it joined mid -trench. Beneath this material was a thick horizon of strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), sandy clay. Approximately 36 cm of this apparently natural material was uncovered and it continued to the bottom of the trench within the west half of the excavation. To the east of this embankment of material, which was associated with the rail line, the profile of the trench consisted of a mottled layer of material with limestone, mortar and mixing evident throughout. This St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 52 horizon began beneath the coal layer and continued to the bottom of the trench. No artifacts, or archaeological features, were encountered within this trench. Chimney Base The flue for the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's sawmill was constructed of brick and stone and ran underground to a 30-ft. (9-m) -high chimney located atop the bluff to the west of the mill (Sanborn Map Company 1884). The ruin of this chimney base is located on private property, atop the bluff to the west of TH 36/95, and outside of the current project limits (Figure 29). Retaining Walls The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company property is located at the base of a short bluff that amounts to an approximately 20 to 25 ft. (6 to 7.6 m) grade change between the plateau occupied by Stillwater's Main Street (TH 36/95) and railroad tracks, and the lower riverbank where the mill once stood. This grade change required the construction of retaining walls along the embankment. The longest of these extant walls runs along the west edge of the site for a distance of approximately 365 ft. (111 m) and is contained entirely within the boundaries of 21 WA91 (Hersey and Bean Sawmill Site) (see Figure FIGURE 29. BASE OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY'S CHIMNEY St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 53 FIGURE 30. SEGMENT OF RETAINING WALL ALONG WEST EDGE OF SITE 21WA91 8). The excavation of Trenches 6 and 7 revealed the north terminus and a segment of this wall, which had been buried by slope wash (see Figures 8, 27 and 28). The south half of the wall, though, is still visible and consists of dry -laid, coursed rubble wall of rough - squared limestone (Figure 30). At the south end, this retaining wall turns 90 degrees to the west and abuts the stone bluff. From that point south to the planing mill the exposed stone bluff defines the west edge of the site. Artifacts Forty-four artifacts were collected during excavations at site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site). A complete catalog is included in Appendix B. Twenty-three of the artifacts came out of Trench 2 (see Figure 8), which was excavated immediately adjacent to the foundation of the store/office building. The artifacts from this trench included one unidentifiable nail and 18 fragments of a wheel -made, Albany -slipped, buff -stoneware jug that were recovered from within the builders' trench of the structure; and three pieces of plate glass and a single sherd of blue, shell -edged, whiteware (1820+) that were collected from an intact occupation layer (Horizon J). The stratigraphy of this trench indicates that the material within Horizon J, and presumably the artifacts that found their way into the builders' trench, predate the construction of the store/office building, and St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/I1 Archaeological Investigations Page 54 therefore, apparently date to the circa 1854 to 1879 period of the mills construction and operation prior to the construction of the store/office building in 1879. The remaining 21 artifacts gathered at the site were collected during the clearing of the machinery bases. Most of these materials were hardware items such as bolts, machine -cut and wire nails, a washer and a spike. A portion of a mill file and a single fragment of a clear glass bottle from the Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company of St. Paul were also collected. Synthesis Archaeological fieldwork at 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) consisted of the excavation of nine backhoe trenches, the clearing of foundations, and the mapping of all excavated features. During this fieldwork the remains of the lumber company's store/office building were documented; the footings and foundations of the main sawmill's gang saw, flywheel, and engine bases were uncovered; and associated retaining walls were described (see Figure 8). Significance Together, archaeological sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) have been previously recommended as a contributing property to the National Register -eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. The archaeological remains of these properties are considered significant because the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company was among the earliest, most successful, and longstanding of Stillwater's logging industries. Furthermore, these sites illustrate the key themes of the district including "the community's visual and historic relationship with the St. Croix waterway, the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community, and the manner in which logs were transformed into lumber and related wood products" (Henning 1999:4). The results of the archaeological testing indicate that both of these sites contain intact archaeological resources with excellent integrity. While the mill structures were documented in photographs and on historical maps, including Sanborn fire insurance maps, these documents do not provide details of the structure's interiors or the arrangement and location of the machinery. As the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company (1853-1906) is noted for its incorporation of new technologies, including the use of steam engines and its adaptation to the introduction of the railroad, intact archaeological features that document the mill's location and the internal layout of the machinery serve to increase our understanding of the significance of this property and its contributions to the Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Therefore, site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), together with 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), continues to be recommended as contributing to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Furthermore, each of these sites is recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion A for their association with the lumber industry that shaped the community of Stillwater and under Criterion D for their ability to yield information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 55 Period of Significance The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company has its origins in the formation of the Hersey, Staples and Company in 1853 (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Larson 1949:19). Work began on the mill in 1854 and it went into production in July of 1855 (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Kane 1952:205). The mill continued in operation until it was closed and sold to a salvager in 1906 (Empson 2000:58). During excavations within 21 WA91, original mill features, such as the fly -wheel base, and archaeological strata that date to the mill's initial period of construction were documented. The period of significance for the site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), therefore, begins with the construction of the mill in 1854 and ends in 1906 when the mill was dismantled. Integrity The results of the archaeological testing revealed that site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) contains the intact foundations of the office/store building, the machinery bases of the mill, and associated retaining walls, together with intact stratigraphic deposits. The integrity of these archaeological resources is considered to be excellent. Site Boundaries Horizontal Site Boundaries: The horizontal boundaries of site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) encompass the archaeological features documented during the fieldwork, as well as those portrayed on Sanborn fire insurance maps that are likely to also have intact archaeological signatures based on the results of the archaeological investigations to date. The site therefore encompasses the area of the main sawmill; the company - store/office building; outbuildings including warehouses, a drying house and blacksmith shop; and that area that was occupied by associated railroad sidings (see Figures 8 and 31). The site boundary also includes the base of the sawmill's limestone chimney, which is located on private property atop the bluff to the west of TH 36/95. In order to encompass these features the east boundary of the site is the shoreline of Lake St. Croix, while the west boundary is the alignment of the former railroad main -line that runs parallel to TH 36/95 with the exception of an extension to the west to incorporate the chimney base and flue. The north boundary of the site is located 100 ft. to the north of the extant foundation of the store/office building and is aligned 120' west of magnetic north. This boundary includes the entire copse of trees surrounding the foundations of the store/office building and an ice -house feature documented on the Sanborn maps to the north of the store. To the east of the trees and the store foundations, the north boundary of the site turns due east until it intersects the shore of Lake St. Croix. The area to the north of this boundary has been disturbed by the installation of a 3-ft.-wide storm water outlet and the construction of the Terra Terminal building. The southern boundary of the site is a line aligned 120' west of magnetic north that is located 400 ft. to the south of the southern terminus of the extant limestone retaining wall visible along the west edge of the access road through the site. The southern boundary of 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean ~ Sawmill Site) also forms the north boundary of site 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site). I St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 57 Vertical Site Boundaries: The depths of archaeological deposits within site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) are .generally shallower along the west edge of the site, while river deposited sediments and fill are thicker towards the river. Archaeological excavations revealed that the machinery bases located along the west edge of the site were covered by less than 2 ft. (60 cm) of accumulated soils, while trenches proximate to _ . the store/office foundations revealed approximately 2.5 ft. (75 cm) of accumulation over the original footings of the building. Trenches in the central portion of the site also contained 2 to 2.5 ft. (60 to 75 cm) of unconsolidated soils over archaeological deposits. The water table was generally encountered between 3 and 4 ft. (1 and 1.2 m) below the ground surface. SITE 21 WA92 (HERSEY & BEAN PLANING MILL) Work Summary Site 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) is located within the SE 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of the NW 1/4, and the SW 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of Section 34 of Township 30N, Range 20W. This site was identified in 1999 by Rivercrest Associates, Inc. during a cultural resource investigation to assess the effect of removing the existing Stillwater Lift Bridge (Henning 1999). The site, as documented in 1999, encompasses the remains of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's steam -powered planing mill (1873-1906). This site was generally described in 1999 as consisting of the limestone ruins of the planing mill including a wall with a window/door opening and two arched openings constructed of brick that marked a possible "water outlet" in the partially extant wall and another that marked the opening of the flue that was excavated into the bluff (Minnesota Archaeological Site File, 21 WA92, on file at the SHPO, St. Paul). The documentation of this site consisted of the description of the visible aspects of these features. No subsurface archaeological testing occurred during this survey. The site, together with 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), was recommended as a single contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. The planing mill was added to the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company complex in 1873. This mill, which was referred to as the "Little Mill," was constructed to the south of the main mill and was designed to cut the long pieces of lumber that were necessary for the construction of railroad bridges (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Sanborn Map Company 1884). In order to accommodate the length of these timbers, the cutting saw was actually constructed on a raised platform that extended out into the river. According to Warner and Foote this construction allowed the long heavy timbers to be cut to the desired length before being removed from the water (Warner and Foote 1881:515). A steam -powered loader then lifted the cut timbers onto railcars. The planing mill was damaged by fire in 1887 and rebuilt on the same location. In 1906, when the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company ceased operation, the planing mill was abandoned. The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company planing mill is documented in 1874 and 1879 panoramic views (Andreas 1874; Ruger 1879) and on the Sanborn Map Company's fire St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 58 insurance maps from 1884, 1888, 1891, 1898, and 1904 (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888; 1891; 1898; 1904) (see Figure 5). These maps provide general information on the location and development of the planing mill between 1874 and 1904, but they do not provide detailed illustrations of the mill machinery and its layout. As the site of the planing mill will be impacted by crossing alternatives D and E, a Phase I/II archaeological survey and evaluation of 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) was undertaken in order to define the boundaries of the site and to determine if there are intact significant subsurface features associated with the planing mill. The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company planing mill site is currently located on a narrow stretch of wooded land between the shore of Lake St. Croix and the base of the bluff that runs along the east side of TH 36/95 (Figure 32). The ruins of the mill are located immediately adjacent to the bluff and to the west of a dirt access road through the area (Figure 33). A ditch and culverts are also located on the west side of the road. To the east of the access road is the alignment of the City of Stillwater's main sewer line. Fieldwork at 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) consisted of the documentation of the ruins of the planing mill through the completion of plan and profile drawings, photographs, and the excavation of a single test trench. The remains of the planing mill consist of a 23-ft (7-m)-high limestone retaining wall constructed against the bluff (Figure 34); the remains of the limestone walls of the boiler room that were partially cut into the bedrock (Figure 35); and the underground brick -lined flue that extends 82 ft. to the west (Figure 36). Portions of the retaining wall along the west side of the ruin have slumped creating large debris piles that obscure any interior features within the ruins. Due to the unstable nature of these walls and the potential for furthering the collapse of the walls through any disturbance to the debris piles, no excavation work took place within the ruins of the boiler room. Rather, a single test trench was excavated to the southeast of the ruins and in the vicinity of the former engine room (see Figure 33). The excavation trench (Trench 10) was a 1.8-in (6 ft.) -wide by 3.5-m (11.5-ft.) -long, north -south trench (see Figure 33). The excavation of this trench revealed approximately 60 cm of accumulated brown (10YR 4/3), sandy loam (Horizon A) that was unconsolidated and contained gravels up to 3.5 in. (9 cm) in size (Figure 37)_ These deposits transitioned to a dark gray (10YR 4/1) and very dark gray (10YR 3/1), sandy loam (Horizon B) containing limestone chunks and lenses of yellowish brown (IOYR 4/6) sand (Horizon Q. The transition between Horizons A and B was abrupt and level. Beneath Horizon B, Trench 10 abruptly transitioned to a very distinct and compact debris layer (Horizon D). This 12-cm-thick horizon of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam contained fragments of brick and mortar. This horizon gave way to the intact limestone floor of the engine room. Embedded within this floor were 1.5-in.-diameter iron ties to which the machinery within the engine room would have been secured. No artifacts were uncovered during the excavation of this trench. Site 2'W91 e 20 ki Site Boundary Excavation Trenches j Foundations Limestone Retaining Walls 0 Sewer Manhole Covers d `r Lake St. Croix u' Ma a 21 111. VN \nch 10 ndergrou Flue 0 feet 100 St. Croix River Crossing Site 21 WA92 - Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Intensive Literature Search and Site Plan Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 32 Washington County, Minnesota AV - Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 i m � �n ) y _rn a c'a t N _ W e rn ' m 5 $ i E . -' U 0 m , o CD rn 7 i11 r //1 • � t 0 LU dD _ Aa r . i CD m ��- tm ► a�°i 06 lL .� E ctl O m , W c � 0 C i i� V) E �� � m �LU —il `� W coI Z m i Z o LU Mo a o m }. m w Y P, St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 61 FIGURE 34. RETAINING WALL OF THE PLANING MILL, FACING SOUTH Synthesis The Phase I/II archaeological investigations at site 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill) documented the foundations and features of the planing mill, which was in operation from 1873 to 1906. The mill site is comprised of extant ruins that consist of a retaining wall constructed against the bluff, the walls and foundations of the mill's boiler room, and the west walls of the machine shop and engine room portions of the mill. These ruins represent the remains of the planing mill's power station, which included the boiler room; engine room; filing room; office; and machine shop (Sanborn Map Company 1888) (Figure 38). These walls were constructed of limestone. An approximately 4-ft. (1.2-m) -wide arched brick flue connects the boiler room and engine room (see Figures 33 and 35), and another brick flue of the same width pierces the rear retaining wall and tunnels 82 ft. (25 m) to the west (see Figures 33 and 36). According to the Sanborn fire insurance maps, this flue connected to a 70-ft.-high iron chimney with a St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 62 FIGURE 35. EAST WALL OF THE PLANING MILL'S BOILER ROOM WITH A DOORWAY AT LEFT AND AN ARCHED FLUE OPENING AT CENTER, FACING SOUTHWEST FIGURE 36. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE PLANING MILL'S FLUE THAT CONNECTED TO THE CHIMNEY ON THE BLUFF, FACING SOUTHWEST Wall Stuff U, 0 Limestone Engine Base 0 Wall Sluff t. — .. r'.�r ` = • r 10YR 5/4 Silty Sand Road Surface A 10YR 4/3 Sandy Loam with Gravel, Modern Fill B 10YR 4/1 Sandy Loam with Limestone Fragments C 10YR 5/6 Sand D 10YR 3/2 Compact Sandy Loam with with Brick and Mortar 1.5" Steel Ties (Bent) 0 centimeters 50 1.5" Steel Tie 0 centimeters 50 St. Croix River Crossing Site 21 WA92 - Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Intensive Literature Search and Plan and East Wall Profile Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations of Trench 10 Washington County, Minnesota Figure 37 Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 64 FIGURE 38. DETAIL OF THE PLANING MILL FROM THE 1888 SANBORN MAP 6-ft.-high brick base that was located on the bluff (Sanborn Map Company 1888) (see Figure 38). While the flue is intact and extends beneath the roadway, the chimney is no longer extant and has presumably been removed by road construction. The archaeological excavation of Trench 10 indicated that in addition to the visible ruins of the mill, intact subsurface archaeological features are also present on the site. The stratigraphy of Trench 10 revealed that after the mill was abandoned, a compact horizon of debris, including bricks and mortar accumulated within the foundations of the building. Atop this horizon, a layer of limestone deposits and apparently eroded material also accumulated. Subsequent floods and fill events added an additional 60 cm (2 ft.) of accumulated sandy loam atop the floor of the mill's engine room (see Figure 37). Within the confines of Trench 10, six 1.5"-diameter iron ties were encountered protruding from the limestone floor of the engine room (see Figure 37). These ties, like those uncovered at site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), indicate the location of machinery within the engine room. The Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's planing mill was constructed in 1873, but the original mill building was damaged by fire in 1887 and rebuilt. An 1879 panoramic view of Stillwater (Ruger 1879) and the 1884 Sanborn fire insurance map (Sanborn Map St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 65 Company 1884) document the earlier mill's construction. Like the later mill, the power station of the original mill was located against the bluff and consisted of a boiler room, and engine room. Within the original mill, though, the single -story power station, which - was constructed of stone, was incorporated into a larger two -and -a -half -story, wood - frame structure with numerous associated sheds and outbuildings (see Figure 5). The planing mill building that housed the saw was oriented north -south and was constructed on a wood platform over the river. Within the post-1887 mill, the mill building that housed the saw was reoriented and it was now attached to a large lumber shed (see Figure 38). The power station of the later mill was a much smaller stand-alone structure, although it was still a single -story building constructed of stone. As the configuration of the power station portion of both mills were of similar dimensions and layout, it is probable that the later mill incorporated portions of the earlier mill that survived the fire. The limestone of the planing mill ruins are discolored red, which occurs when limestone is exposed to heat, but it is unclear if this is related to the 1887 fire. Certainly, the brick flue beneath the roadway is a remnant of the original mill's construction and it is probable that the extant stone ruins are as well. Significance Together, archaeological sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) have been previously recommended as a contributing property to the National Register -eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. The archaeological remains of these properties are considered significant because the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company was among the earliest, most successful, and longstanding of Stillwater's logging industries. Furthermore, these sites illustrate the key themes of the district including "the community's visual and historic relationship with the St. Croix waterway, the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community, and the manner in which logs were transformed into lumber and related wood products" (Henning 1999:4). The results of the archaeological testing indicate that both of these sites contain intact archaeological resources with excellent integrity. While the mill structures were documented in photographs and on historical maps, including Sanborn fire insurance maps, these documents do not provide details of the structure's interiors or the arrangement and location of the machinery. In particular, the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company is noted for its incorporation of new technologies, including the use of steam engines and its adaptation to the introduction of the railroad. As the planing mill was designed specifically to cut the long pieces of lumber that were necessary for the construction of railroad bridges, it exemplifies the adaptation of the Hersey & Bean's incorporation of new technologies. Furthermore, intact archaeological features that document the mill's location and the internal layout of the machinery serve to increase our understanding of the significance of this property and its contributions to the Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Therefore, site 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), together with 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), continues to be recommended as contributing to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. In addition, each of these sites is recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion A for their association with the lumber industry that shaped the community of Stillwater and under Criterion D for their ability to yield St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 66 information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. Period of Significance The period of significance for the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's Planing Mill begins in 1873 when the mill was constructed and ends in 1906, when the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company ceased operation and the planing mill was abandoned (Warner and Foote 1881:515; Empson 2000:58). Archaeological features, such the ruins of the mill's power station portion and the brick flue beneath the roadway date to the period of the mill's construction. Integrity Despite the collapse of portions of the rear retaining wall, the structural foundations of the ruins of the planing mill exhibit excellent integrity of location, materials, and association. The excavation of Trench 10 also revealed that the site has intact subsurface archaeological deposits that also retain their integrity. Site Boundaries Horizontal Site Boundaries Within the vicinity of the planing mill, the shoreline is within 100 ft. (30 m) of the bluff. The ruins of the planing mill's power station are situated proximate to the bluff and extend to the west under the existing access road. The east boundary of the site is the shoreline of Lake St. Croix, while the west boundary is the alignment of the former railroad main -line that runs parallel to TH 36/95 with the exception an extension to the west to encompass the flue (see Figures 32 and 39). The north boundary of the site is the same as the south boundary of site 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), which is a line aligned 120' west of magnetic north that is located 400 ft. to the south of the southern terminus of the extant limestone retaining wall visible along the west edge of the access road through the site (See Figure 8). The south boundary of the site is located 600 ft. to the south of the north boundary. The southern boundary of 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) does not extend beyond the alignment of Hancock Street. Vertical Site Boundaries While the ruins of the planing mill's boiler room are visible on the surface, the excavation of Trench 10, revealed that to the east of these ruins approximately 3 ft. (90 cm) of unconsolidated sand, gravel, limestone and debris has accumulated atop the floor of the engine room. SITE 21 WA100 (SLAB ALLEY) Work Summary Site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) is located within the W 1/2 of the SW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 27, and the E % of the SE 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of Section 28 of Township 30N, Range Washington County, Minnesota. � n r_ St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 68 20W. This location is on the west side of Main Street (TH 36/95) at the south end of Stillwater and across the road from the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's property. This area was identified during the literature search as having a high potential for containing archaeological features associated with a late -nineteenth and early -twentieth century working-class neighborhood known as "Slab Alley" (Peterson 1996). The historic, or socially recognized, boundaries of the "Slab Alley" neighborhood are not documented. For the purposes of this study, the neighborhood is defined as the concentration of residences that was located along the west side of Main Street to the south of the Stillwater commercial district and to the north of the hollow occupied by the North Western/Aiple Brewery as documented on Ruger's 1870 and 1879 panoramic views of Stillwater (Ruger 1870; 1879) (Figures 40 and 41). The north boundary of this neighborhood corresponds to a bend in Main Street where the road historically narrowed from 66 ft. to 40 ft. in width, thereby becoming more alley -like. These residences were situated on Lots 2-13 of Block 42 of the original plat of Stillwater, and on Lots 1-4 of Block 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition to Stillwater (Figure 42). In the city directories, this portion of Main Street was referred to in the 1870s and early 1880s as "Lower Main" and later as "South Main" (Pryor and Company 1876; Johnson et al. 1882). According to the 1882/83 Stillwater city directory and the 1884 Sanborn map, the house numbers for the "Slab Alley" lots were numbered 358 through 422, but by 1888 they had been renumbered and were 602 through 722 (Johnson et al. 1882; Sanborn Map Company 1884; Sanborn Map Company 1888). In addition to Ruger's illustrations, the structures in this area are documented on Sanborn Map Company fire insurance maps from 1884, 1888, 1891, 1898, 1904, 1910, and 1924 (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888; 1891; 1898; 1904; 1910; 1924), and in photographs taken by John Runk in 1932 that are in the collections of the MHS. Since 1932, when the few remaining structures of "Slab Alley" were removed and the roadway expanded, the area of the former neighborhood has remained relatively undisturbed. Secondary tree growth has reclaimed the area and rock slough and tree falls from the bluff have created a sloping talus along the base of much of the bluff. Fieldwork commenced with a walkover of the neighborhood from north to south. During this visual inspection, the presence of stone foundations, a well, a cistern, cellar depressions, the blocked -up entrances of storage caves, and a widespread and abundant surface scatter of late -nineteenth- and early -twentieth-century artifacts were noted. These items indicated that, while the eastern portions of the lots had been disturbed by the expansion of the roadway in 1932, the backlots of these properties were likely to yield intact features associated with the occupation of this neighborhood. While the talus along the bluff limited areas that could be archaeologically tested, there were sufficient open areas to allow for site identification and evaluation. Fieldwork consisted of the surface collection of diagnostic artifacts, the excavation of 57 shovel tests, and the excavation of two test units (see Figure 42). Prior to archaeological testing, the boundaries of the lots were demarcated in the field. Because of its orientation to the river, the north -south alignment of the original plat of Stillwater is aligned approximately 17.5 degrees west of north. South Main Street (TH . .; St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 69 4 - V- Wa �.' ffiK."Sl: y~{' _ Ewe' sue':•' M-. ,�' mt'r- 01 : �r FIGURE 40. DETAIL OF "SLAB ALLEY" FROM RUGER, 1870 L VAN t. xi lit, ,�•��.�t 1��j �i��• �j1 ,1 r b p • • •' �'��� � , ��, r, ,.tie r., ; [��. �.� ,r��Y�. ��•••� ��,� , ram,.'•, .a' � ;. Fib .... �'.•:' ^. fir. _.. [ r'y' •r� �'!'•dr..•,'�'f'.f�'• }l`' %�rJ Ann r H,x , � � " •r+.71r,,rJ4 f f pt FIGURE 41. DETAIL OF "SLAB ALLEY" FROM RUGER, 1879 KEY 0 Shovel Tests Excavation Units ~-._,-�� --- . �___. �••� .. -- " Areas Covered with Rock Fall and Slough Bedrock Outcrop ---�•• `' ..--• .�___ - ��� Limestone Retaining mi g Walls and Foundations ions , ,-_ sf,•.f,,} -• -- �� - _ .�_--._.__ _� ■rr■r Approximate LocationofCurrent TH36/95Curb " _ ,wry :.•:...: �r,sr - ., - - ` _ �.._f "",77 = -- - ~ .--.—_ �:. �_� — Lot Boundaries i, _..�_�... _—_• CTa. �. r��'� ~- •• --- 'lam •. .._ .`, _ --. .. .. �.--• �.. -- � .... ,_ `li ~- L -' _ _ .~~ .., ... - -• ...__• - - -, - __, " _ _ Sealed Cave Openings � •1 �' ■ r ■ N1^ t r r rl} �.. r` 620 B i �� � f ,� __ 0.) Cellar - "` __ ; • _-. ~_ .. --. -- �ti s 1 .-,'_ 1 �`•,a lime r - 3 _ 'depression „"'�„��- — - 1 +rry ■ ��6 r . 3 li r 1 Lf� �•�* ■ 6 S ' 4� _`.� .r, III y. ■ y t �. T 3 -.`'. $`....:�: C 1 �. ..� 1 ■ d r�e' # �r i, , 1 t _ ,.ri _:.- _ �. _ 1 4 ' 1 �■ t*'� a ■ ■ ■ ■ k 1 4i K 6•36' 68 1 k- ■-.� • 1�r� } _Lots 2 & 3 "1 f i .,3 +• a#t. �B ��fbed�' ° it ■ ■ #■ of + >z 8 `I r --, -- �� -.RL — Depression �y ■1'� _. � IP Crabtree _ a +. 1 6 �� Foundations Feature 7 3 Station i ;� y .. ■ •1•• y . ■ �' w� ��� 706 708 710 () Retaining Wall Lot 4 Privy `� _ • , _� Feature 1 3 (Unit 1) Lot 8 Well Foundation Segments Feature 2 5 8 BLOCK 42 i2 !3 '••�2 �4 Lot 9 p Depression Feature, 3 Foundati( /,Q ■ IN 71 ■ AP xtiI ri ■ asa ■■■1 ■■■ 1 ♦ ., 21 2 '4 3` 6 fit. B 5 Lot 13 Privy t Lot 12 Feature 5 k� Depression Cave Feature 4 oundation E Retaining W 12 Segments W �1, - - a 0 5 a 8 a 0 (on Al am At z 4 �10 j5 •? a9> 17 3 11 • 44i, 1 Lots 2 & 3 Cistern Feature 6 Retaining �IVails CH UR CHILL AND Lots & 3 Privy Feature 8 (Unit 1) - NEL SON'S ADD. BLOCK 1 0■■e.r■laws ■ri�)■■10man R ■ w w w rR l u St. Croix River Crossing Site 21 WA100 - Slab Alley Intensive Literature Search and Site Plan Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 42 Washington County, Minnesota 0 feet 100 Sanborn Map Company 1884; Two Pines Resource Group Field Data 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase V11 Archaeological Investigations Page 71 36/95), though, did not conform to the orientation of this plat as its course was limited to the area between the base of the bluff and the river. Within the Block 42 portion of "Slab Alley" this variation in the alignment of South Main Street created lots that were not set at a right angle to the street (see Figure 42). The structures built within the lots of Block 42, though, were oriented to the street rather than to the platted lot lines. Therefore, to the east of the bluff, the lot lines were apparently informally reoriented to the street (see Figure 42). This supposition is supported by tax assessment data for particular structures and lots, and by archaeological evidence such as the location of retaining walls and refuse piles between properties. Therefore, the modified lot designations for Lot 42 were used in the field as they corresponded to use areas. All fieldwork took place within, and was referenced to, these individual lots. When Churchill and Nelson's Addition was platted, the lots along the east half of Block 1 that fronted on South Main Street were oriented at a right angle to the road. The following paragraphs describe the results of the archaeological investigation of "Slab Alley." Lot 2 of Block 42 (602 South Main Street) — Sulllivan/Lyons Residence This lot was the northernmost residence within the "Slab Alley" neighborhood. According to the Sanborn fire insurance maps, a two-story, wood -frame dwelling with a single -story addition filled the shallow space between the road and the bluff base (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this property had been developed by 1870. hi that year it was owned by Thomas Sullivan. Sullivan and his family appear on the 1860 and 1870 census (United States Department of Commerce 1860; 1870). hi 1870, Thomas was 46 years old and his occupation was given as "works on log," while his wife Mary (age 43) kept house. Thomas and Mary, who were both born in New Brunswick, shared their dwelling with their seven children; Mary Dougharty, who was also born in Canada, and her three children; Catherine Rogers, who was born in Canada, and her son; Thomas Eyen from Canada; and James Roger from Maine. The Sullivan's oldest three sons worked as a laborer, horse teamster, and logger. Mary Dougharty's son, Patrick, worked on the boom, while Thomas Eyen `works on logs," and James Roger "cooks." By 1880 John Lyons was listed as a joint owner of the property with Sullivan. The 1880 census identifies John Lyons, age 54, as keeping a saloon, while his wife Mary, age 26, kept a boarding house (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Their household in 1880 was comprised of two daughters and a son, two female servants, and a dozen male boarders. Among the boarders were eight laborers, a machinist, a moulder, a carpenter, and a restaurant keeper. Both John and Mary Lyons and several of their boarders were of Irish heritage as evidenced by their birthplace, their parents' birthplace, and/or their surnames. The Lyons family continued to occupy this lot through 1930 according to the census of that year (United States Department of Commerce 1930). Because this lot was historically shallow, when the house was removed and the roadway was expanded in 1932, the property was extensively impacted (Figure 43). Due to this level of disturbance, no archaeological testing took place within the 7.5 m of this lot that remains. At the rear of this lot, though, are three cave entrances that are blocked up with brick and mortar. Inscribed in the mortar are the words "Closed Aug. 17, 1932." According to the 1884 Sanborn, the central cave contained a small structure (Sanborn St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 72 add_ FIGURE 43. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING SOUTHEAST WITH 602 SOUTH MAIN ON LOT 2 AT THE RIGHT AND THE STRUCTURES ON LOTS 4, 5 (ONLY THE TWO-STORY PORCH IS VISIBLE) AND 9 IN THE BACKGROUND (MIRS RUNK 385) Map Company 1884) (see Figure 42). Should these caves be disturbed by future development, an archaeological survey of the interior of these caves is recommended. Lot 3 of Block 42 (604 South Main Street) — Lawler Boarding Douse Less than ten feet separated the Lyons dwelling on Lot 2, from the neighboring dwelling to the south on Lot 3. According to the Sanborn fire insurance maps, a two-story, wood - frame structure stood on Lot 3 (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this property was developed between 1870 and 1880. On the 1884 fire insurance map, the building was home to a barber and grocery, and a single -story saloon immediately adjoined the south side of the structure (Sanborn Map Company 1884) (see Figure 42). By 1888, though, the saloon building was being used as a store room and the two-story structure was labeled as a dwelling (Sanborn Map Company 1888). Between 1888 and 1891, the former saloon building was removed (Sanborn Map Company 1891). While the 1880 through 1920 tax records indicate that the property was owned by John Gillespie, and later Kate Gillespie, city directories and census data indicate that they were likely absentee owners. The 1880 census does not include addresses, but the property adjoining the Lyons was a boarding house run by John Lawler, age 60, who was born in New Brunswick to Irish-born parents (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Lawler resided on the property with his wife, Margaret, their three daughters and their son. Twenty-eight single men are listed as boarding with at the Lawlers. The occupations of these boarders are laborer (24); lumberman (1); shoemaker (1); cooper St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 73 (1); and stone cutter (1). As with the Lyons' boarders in 1880, over half of the Lawler's boarders were of Irish heritage as evidenced by their birthplace, their parents' birthplace, and/or their surnames. The 1882/83 Stillwater city directory indicates that Louis BeLand resided at 604 South Main and operated the saloon next door (Johnson et al. 1882). Three lumbermen also indicated in the directory that they boarded at the address. By 1900, Hattie Maxwell, a 43-year-old, who was born.in New York to French Canadian parents, resided at 604 South Main Street with her two daughters and a son (United States Department of Commerce 1900). Hattie's occupation is not recorded in the census. Ten years later, the home was being shared by the Schmick and Johnson households. Lizzie Schmick, a 42-year-old, who was born in Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1886, worked as a cook at a boarding house. Lizzie resided at the house with her three daughters and her son. Also living at 604 South Main in 1910 was the household of Albert Johnson, a laborer, who was born in Iowa to parents from Pennsylvania (United States Department of Commerce 1900). The Johnson household included Albert's wife, two sons, and a daughter. Tax assessment records indicate that the building on the lot was removed between 1910 and 1920. At present, this lot is approximately 13.5 in (44 ft.) deep from the curb of TH36/95 to the bluff base. At the rear of the lot is a closed, 5-ft. (1.5-m) -wide cave entrance and a 16-ft. (5-m) -long remnant of a limestone retaining wall located part way up the bluff face. A r . talus of rock fall is present in the southwest portion of this lot. Four shovel tests were excavated within the confines of this lot (see Figure 42). Two tests were excavated along a north -south transect that was located approximately 7.5 in (25 ft.) to the west of the _. curb, while two additional tests were excavated at the rear of the lot approximately 5 in (16 ft.) to the west of the east transect and to the north of the cave entrance. These four tests revealed an average of 32 cm (13 in.) of very dark brown (10YR 2/2), silty loam over bedrock. The upper 15 cm (6 in.) of these tests contained plastics and other modern materials. Shovel Test 2 of Lot 3, which was located in the approximate center of the lot, contained brick fragments. The predominant artifact type collected from the tests within Lot 3 was bottle glass in clear, brown, and aqua varieties. Few of these glass fragments exhibited any diagnostic characteristics, although two were crown finish (1892+) neck fragments, and a third was a lip fragment from a mason jar (c. 1850+). In addition to 27 glass fragments, two small ceramic spalls and a single unidentifiable mammal bone were recovered. The only personal items retrieved were a button rivet like those commonly used on overalls and a garter stay impressed "PATENT MAY... 1908." These latter items came from Shovel Test 3, which was near the north edge, and rear, of the lot. No archaeological features were noted during the survey of Lot 3. Should the cave at the rear of the lot be disturbed by future development, an archaeological survey of the cave's interior is recommended. Lot 4 of Block 42 (606-610 South Main Street) — Gillespie/Dunn Boarding House According to the Sanborn maps, a large, wood -framed structure occupied almost the entirety of Lot 4 of Block 42 (see Figure 42). This structure consisted of a two-story, wood -framed central building with one -and -a -half -story, and single -story wings. A separate one -and -a -half story structure was also present at the southwest corner of this St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase M Archaeological Investigations Page 74 lot. Sanborn maps from 1884, 1888, and 1891 label the structure as a boarding house. Tax records indicate that this property was developed by 1870 and was the property of an M. Gillespie in that year and in 1880. While the 1870 census does not include addresses, the next household listed after the Sullivans is a boarding house kept by Honora Gillespie, a 45-year-old, Irish-born widow (United States Department of Commerce 1870). Residing with Honora Gillespie were her daughter Susan, age 15; and her two sons Michael, age 28 (presumably the M. Gillespie of the tax records), and James, age 23, both of whom "works in mill." All of the Gillespie children were born in New Brunswick. Comprising the remainder of the household in 1870 were 15 male boarders. Thirteen of the Gillespie boarders had the occupation of "works on logs," while the remaining two were a blacksmith and a painter. The place of birth of these boarders was given as New Brunswick (5); Canada (4); Maine (1); New York (1); Pennsylvania (1); Michigan (1); Wisconsin (1); and Minnesota (1). The places of origin of these boarders reflect the influx of lumbermen from the eastern states and Canada to the Stillwater area. By 1880, Mrs. Gillespie was assisted in the operation of the boarding house by two female servants (United States Department of Commerce 1880). The boarders at that time included 25 single men, two married men, and a widower, as well as the Dupu family. None of the 1870 boarders were still in residence in 1880. The given occupations of the boarders were laborer (25); shoemaker (1); blacksmith (1); and teamster (1). The Dupu family consisted of Siman, a laborer, and Elodi Dupu, who kept house, their seven daughters, two sons, and Siman's brother Eugene. While the Lyons and Lawler boarding houses had a large number of boarders of Irish heritage, the Gillespie boarding house was comprised largely of men from Canada and New England, as well as the Dupu family, who were also from Canada. By 1890, tax assessment data indicates that the lot had become the property of Terrance Dunn. According to census data, Terrance Dunn had married the widowed Honora Gillespie (United States Department of Commerce 1900). The 1882/83 city directory indicates that Terrance Dunn was a lumberman (Johnson et al. 1882). Ten additional men indicated in the 1882/83 directory that they boarded at the address. Eight of these boarders gave their occupation as lumberman, one was a laborer, and one was a teamster for Hersey, Bean & Brown. By 1900, Honora Dunn was again widowed and is recorded as residing alone at 608 South Main (United States Department of Commerce 1900). According to tax r _ assessment records, the property continued to be owned by the Dunn family through 1910, but city directories indicate that Aaron Simon was residing at the residence in 1904 (see the discussion of Lot 5 of Block 42 for more on the Simon family), and the 1910 census places Bernard Steiman, a 38-year-old, Russian Jewish junk peddler, and his 40- year-old wife Maggie at 606 South Main (United States Department of Commerce 1910). By 1920, though, the property had come under the ownership of Andrew Kearney. - Kearney apparently did not reside in the dwelling, though, as the 1920 and 1930 census indicate that Frank Runk, a 35-year-old, Minnesota -born laborer, and his Minnesota -born wife, Mary, and their two daughters and five sons resided at 608 South Main (United • States Department of Commerce 1920, 1930). The structure on the lot stood until 1932 when it was removed for the road expansion (see Figure 43). St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 75 Approximately 19 m (62 ft.) of Lot 4 remains between the current curb and the base of the bluff. Six shovel tests were excavated within this lot at a 5-m (16-ft.) interval along two parallel transects spaced 5 m (16 ft.) apart. The average profile of these tests consisted of 40 cm (16 in.) of a very dark brown (IOYR 2/2) to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, that transitioned to approximately 10 cm (4 in.) of a yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mixture of silty sand and degraded limestone that gave way to bedrock. Overall, the shovel tests of Lot 4 encountered deeper cultural deposits and contained a more diverse and numerous collection of artifacts than those of Lot 3. Bottle glass fragments were still abundant with the majority being of clear glass (67). Other forms of household glass, though, were also present including three fragments from clear drinking glasses, two sherds of milk glass, and 20 fragments of hurricane lamp chimneys. _ Diagnostic glass fragments included a clear bottle base labeled "H A 80 4," which is the mark of the Hazel Atlas Glass Company of Wheeling, West Virginia that was in operation form 1923-1964, and a square, cobalt blue, machine -made bottle fragment embossed on one side "CARNRICK NEW YORK" and on the other side "[PEPT]EZYME," which was the product of Reed and Carnrick Pharmaceuticals and dates to post-1860. Ceramic sherds consisted of plain ironstone fragments (7), two sherds of stoneware with an Albany -slipped interior and an unglazed buff exterior, and single sherds of plain porcelain, unglazed stoneware, and unglazed earthenware. None of these ceramic sherds exhibited maker's marks, although a fragment of plain ironstone recovered on the surface proximate to Shovel Test 1 of Transect 2 was marked "IRONSTONE CHINA J & G MEAKIN... HANLEY ENGLAND" (c. 1890+) and impressed with the numbers "12" and "95," which may indicate a manufacture date of December 1895. Twenty-one bone fragments, including several cut bones were evenly distributed amongst the tests. Personal items were not abundant, but included a shoe eyelet, an overall button clasp, a ferrous button, a snuff can base, and a large file paper clip. The most unique items recovered from these tests were a single, faceted, clear glass bead that was 3/4 in. long and % in. wide, and a silver-plated pen holder with the monogram "HCP" or "MCP." In addition to household and personal items, architectural remains were also abundant. Wire and machine -cut nails were numerous across the site, but Shovel Test B of the easternmost transect (T2), which was centrally located within the lot and was proximate to the location of the structure, contained a concentration of 118 nails, brads, and tacks, with the majority of these being machine -cut, including 70 t- in. machine -cut finishing nails. This same test also contained a layer of brick fragments. Flat window glass fragments (44) and zinc window caming were also recovered. The abundant bottle glass fragments, fragments of hurricane lamps, plain and utilitarian ironstone and stoneware ceramics, and the butchered bones recovered from these shovel tests are consistent with the use of the property as a boarding house during the late 1800s. The shovel tests within Lot 4 did not reveal any archaeological features, but a stone feature was noted at the rear of the lot during the walkover. This feature consisted of a 5.5-ft. (1.7-m) (north -south) by approximately 6-ft. (east -west) square foundation with 1- ft.-thick limestone walls. This feature (designated Feature 1) was located at the base of the bluff, at the rear of the lot, and directly behind the boarding house's rear addition. The west half of the feature was covered by rock fall and debris from the bluff. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 76 Approximately 35 cm (14 in.) of the feature walls were visible above grade. To the immediate east of the feature was a midden of soil and artifacts that appeared to have either resulted from the collapse of the feature or the excavation of the feature. This midden was comprised of a very dark gray (10YR 3/1), sandy loam. Forty-three artifacts were collected from the surface of this midden. These materials included a fragment of a pie -edged, hurricane lamp chimney, and several clear and brown bottle glass fragments. Diagnostic glass fragments included the base of a clear glass jar with embossed lettering that included the dates "DEC.22.190..." and "JULY.17.19... ;" a clear bottle base labeled "TMFGCO," which is the mark of the Thatcher Manufacturing Company of Kane, Pennsylvania (c.1904-1920); and a clear bottle base exhibiting parison mold seams (1903+). Several pieces of a distinct yellow cased pressed glass vessel were also recovered. Among the .ceramics collected were blue -flow, transfer -printed earthenware sherds (one of which exhibited an impressed "3 05" mark — possibly March of 1905); brown, transfer -printed earthenware sherds; a gilded ironstone rim sherd; a molded sherd of porcelain; a gilded and green painted porcelain teacup fragment; a sherd of salt -glazed, gray stoneware; and a sherd of redware with a brown -glazed exterior and white -glazed interior. Personal items included a 7/8-in. diameter, jet glass button with a water lily design; two sunken face, four -hole, Prosser buttons; and three glass spectacle lenses. A small key escutcheon with an illegible hallmark was also collected. Diagnostic artifacts recovered from the surface of the midden indicate that the contents of the box were deposited at least through, if not after 1905. These materials, therefore, may be associated with the latter years of the Dunn's occupation, but are more likely - associated with the period of Andrew Kearney's ownership of the property and its occupation by the Simon, Steiman, and/or Runk families. Prior to Andrew Kearney's purchase of the property the tax assessment value of the structure on the parcel had F. steadily declined from $850.00 in 1890 to $200.00 in 1910. Under Kearney's ownership the value jumped to $500.00 in 1920 and increased to $600.00 in 1930. This increase in tax value may indicate improvements to the property. The stone privy box of Lot 4 was an above -ground feature constructed of stone and concrete. The interior was lined with concrete and the base appears to have been poured. This construction technique (as opposed to a privy excavated into the bedrock as exhibited on other lots), together with the post-1903 deposits that were removed from within the box, indicate a likely association with Kearney's period of ownership. PjM, Lot 4 Feature 1 = As the dimensions and location of Feature 1 were consistent with a privy, a test unit was excavated within the interior of the feature in order to sample its contents. Unit 1 was excavated within the east half of the stone privy feature (Feature 1) at the rear of Lot 4 (See Figures 42 and 44). The unit was 55 cm (22 in.) from east to west and approximately 115 cm (45 in.) long from north to south (Figure 45). This unit resulted in the sampling of approximately half of the contents of the privy box. �- Excavation was undertaken in 5-cm arbitrary levels. At the start of the excavation, the privy box was filled to within 10 cm (4 in.) below the height of the stone foundation along the south edge of the feature, while the north edge of the box was covered by approximately 5 cm of deposits. The excavation of Feature 1 revealed an accumulation St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 77 FIGURE 44. UNrr 1 OF LOT 4 EXCAVATED WITHIN A LIMESTONE PRIVY BOX (FEATURE 1) of approximately 100 cm (3.3 ft.) of a consistent and unstratified, dark brown (IOYR 3/3), sandy loam within the privy box. Apparent rock fall episodes created concentrations of limestone chunks and cobbles in the upper 35 cm (14 in.), Levels 1 and 2, of the unit, and in Levels 6, 11, and 12. During the excavation of Unit 1 within Feature 1, 242 artifacts were recovered. The largest artifact group was glass with fragments of clear (41), brown (10), aqua (8), milk (2), and green (1) glass varieties present. Fragments of pressed glass (3) and flat glass (10) were also present. These glass fragments and other assorted artifacts were evenly and sparsely distributed throughout the unit with each of the upper 14 levels (0-130 cm below datum [cmbd]) containing an average of 13 artifacts. Level 15, at the bottom of the privy (130-135 cmbd), which contained 66 artifacts, was the exception to this rule. The soil of Levels 14 and 15 contained less rock fall, and was loamier and darker in color (very dark grayish brown [10YR 3/2]), than the upper levels of the unit. The soil of these levels also contained flecks of lime, which is common in privy deposits at it minimized odors and aided in decomposition. Among the artifacts recovered from these last 10 cm of the unit were 37 pieces of hurricane lamp chimney glass; a sunken face, four -hole, Prosser button; and a single fragment of yellow pressed cased glass. The button and cased glass fragment were identical to artifacts recovered on the top of the midden adjacent to the privy feature. This soil change, together with the artifacts present in these levels, indicates that the Bluff Datum I I Tree Roots Unexcavated I I E Poured Concrete I 'a I Floor i a I (135 cmbd) x i v I � I Midden with Artifacts /IT o Datum zo C102 40 0 t10YR 3/3 �jo so mCD dyLoam 0 s0 c= 10 0 KEY o ® Concrete 0 120 Bottle ease p 135 cmbd Limestone •: •r. Mortar 0 centimeters 50 St. Croix River Crossing Block 42, Lot 4, Unit 1 Intensive Literature Search and Plan and West Wall Profile Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 45 Washington County, Minnesota Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 79 bottom 10 cm within the privy box contained intact privy deposits. The excavation of Feature 1, though, had revealed a privy box that had been emptied of almost all of its deposits. The contents that had accumulated within the privy consisted of deposits that had silted in, occasional rock falls, and other materials that had likely sloughed off of the bluff. The lack of new privy deposits within the box indicates that the contents of the box were not removed for the purpose of reusing the privy, but rather were likely removed by someone searching for bottles or other antiquities, which resulted in the loss of any stratigraphic information that would have been associated with the deposits. Therefore, as - most of the deposits associated with Feature 1 have been disturbed, no additional excavation of this feature is recommended. Lot S of Block 42 (612 South Main Street) — McGraw/Simon Residence Lot 5 was the former site of two-story, wood -frame structure with a single -story rear wing (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this property was developed as early as 1864 at which time it was owned by Daniel Elliott. By 1870, though, the property had transferred to Andrew McGraw, who continued to own the lot through at least 1900. On the 1884 Sanborn map, the building on the lot was being used as a boarding house, but by 1888 it is identified as a store (Sanborn Map Company 1884, 1888). Between 1888 and 1891, a two-story outbuilding was constructed at the rear of Lot 5 (Sanborn Map Company 1888, 1891). The structure continued to be utilized as a store through 1898 according to the Sanborn map of that year (Sanborn Map Company 1898). Sanborn maps indicate that by 1904 the building on Lot 5 was being used as a dwelling (Sanborn Map Company). According to the 1870 census, Andrew McGraw was 44 years old and New Brunswick born (United States Department of Commerce 1870). His occupation is given as "works on logs." He resided on the property with his brother, John McGraw, age 50, and John's family, which consisted of his wife Nancy, age 47, and their seven children. Another New Brunswick born "lumberman," Ronald McCormack, rounded out the household. John McGraw is described as a "lumberman," while his Prince Edward Island born wife, Nancy, kept house. Their eldest daughter, Margaret, age - 21, was a school teacher, while their two oldest boys Andrew, age 18, and John, age 16, were assigned the occupation of "works on logs." According to the ages and birth places of the McGraw children, the family had come to Minnesota from New Brunswick, via - Maine, and had been in the state since circa 1858. According to the 1900 census, the building at 612 South Main was still occupied by Andrew McGrath [sic.], who was then described as a 74-year-old, day laborer of English Canadian heritage, who resided on the property with his wife Mary, their son George, and Andrew's stepchildren, Susan and Robert Gillespie (United States Department of Commerce 1900). Susan Gillespie, who was 20, is a dry goods clerk and it is possible that she worked in the store on the property. The occupation of her 18-year-old brother, Robert Gillespie is given as day laborer. Within the next ten years, the property would change hands, as the 1910 tax assessment indicates that Aaron Simon was the owner of the property during that year. Census, tax assessment, and city directory data indicate that the Simon's continued to occupy the structure through 1930 (United States Department of Commerce 1910, 1920, and 1930). According to city directories, the Simon family moved to 612 South Main between 1904 and 1910, as they are listed in the 1904/05 city directory as residing at 606 South Main. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 80 Aaron Simon, a 44-year-old Russian Jewish junk peddler, who emigrated to the United States in 1882, is listed in the 1910 census at 612 South Main with his wife, Gussie, and their four daughters and two sons (United States Department of Commerce 1910). Their oldest daughter Sarah, age 17, worked as an office stenographer in 1910. The 1920 census indicates that Aaron Simon dealt his junk from a wagon, while Sarah was now a bookkeeper for the railroad office, and son Irwin worked for the telegraph company (United States Department of Commerce 1920). By 1930 only Aaron and Gussie Simon remained at 612 South Main, but Aaron was now dealing junk from his own shop (United States Department of Commerce 1930). In 1932, the structure at 612 South Main was removed in preparation for the road expansion (Figure 46). At present, approximately 19 in (62 ft.) of Lot 5 remains from the curb of TH 36/95 to the bluff wall. The south half and east portion of Lot 5 consists of a level bedrock outcropping that is 1.4 in (5 ft.) higher than the current ground level in the north half of the lot. Sanborn maps indicate that the building on Lot 5 had a 10-ft.-high stone foundation. No remnants of this stone foundation were identified during the survey, but a right-angle cut into the bedrock outcropping aligns with the southwest corner of the structure on Lot 5 (see Figure 42). Therefore, the stone foundation may have been partly comprised of the bedrock outcrop. Two shovel tests were excavated within the north portion of this lot. Both of these tests were shallow (bedrock was encountered at less than 40 cm [16 in.] in depth) and contained few artifacts. A vulcanite phonograph record fragment (1900+) was the only notable artifact recovered from these tests. Three FIGURE 46. CRABTREE SERVICE STATION ON LOT 7 OF BLOCK 42 IN 1932 WITH THE DWELLINGS ON LOTS 5,4 (606-610), AND 2 (602) VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND (1M HS RUNK 572) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UR Archaeological Investigations Page 81 additional tests were excavated within this lot atop the bedrock outcrop. These tests were even shallower and hit bedrock at an average depth of 15 cmbs (6 in.). Machine -cut nails and flooring brads were the most numerous artifacts recovered from these tests. No archaeological features were identified on Lot 5 during the survey. The rear of this lot, where the Sanborn maps indicate outbuildings, and where archaeological features, such as privies are commonly located, is buried beneath rock fall. Should impacts be planned for this lot, the removal of this talus should be monitored. Lot 6 of Block 42 (6I6 South Main Street) — Dunn Residence A two-story, wood -framed dwelling formerly stood on Lot 6 of Block 42 (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this lot was developed by 1864 when it was the ~ property of Cornelius McCarthy. By 1880, though, tax records indicate the property was being held by Betsy Dunn, and the earlier 1870 census places the Dunn family on the property by that year (United States Department of Commerce 1870). In 1870, the Dunn family was comprised of William, a 60-year-old, Irish-born gardener; his wife Elizabeth, age 50, who was also Irish-born; daughter Catherine, age 20, who worked as a domestic; daughter Mary, age 18, who worked as a seamstress; and son Thomas, age 16, who "works on logs." All three children were born in New Brunswick. By 1880, William and Elizabeth's son Thomas, age 36, was occupying the house with his wife Mary, age 33, and their sons Thomas, age 12, and William, age 5, as well as their servant Nora McDonnald (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Another family, the Tufts, is recorded as sharing the residence with the Dunns in 1880. The Tuft family consisted of George and Mary Tuft, their son William, and their servant Mary Aickle. George Tuft's occupation is given as butcher, while Thomas Dunn is listed as a lumberman. At the time of the 1900 census, Thomas Dunn, age 45, was still in residence on the property (United States Department of Commerce 1900). Between 1880 and 1900, Thomas had remarried, and his current wife, Anna, age 35, and he had been married for six years. Thomas had also had a career change, for he was identified as a confectioner, an occupation that he was also assigned in the .1882/83 Stillwater city directory (Johnson et al. 1882). Thomas and Anna had two young children, Thomas C., aged 3 years, and Mary E, aged 1 year. Census and tax assessment records indicate that the household of Thomas Dunn continued to reside on the property through 1920 (United States Department of Commerce 1920). While the tax assessment records indicate that the property remained in the Dunn family's name through 1930, the building was destroyed between 1924 and 1932 (Sanborn Map Company 1924). In Runk's 1932 photograph of the portion of "Slab Alley" that included 616 South Main, the ruin of the structure is visible to the north of the Crabtree Service Station (see Figure 46). Lot 6 was historically a more shallow property than many of the other "Slab Alley" lots due to the bluff s proximity to the road at this point (see Figure 42). The expansion of TH 36/95 in 1932 removed much of the lot and today only 7.5 m (25 ft.) of this lot remains and much of it is sloped and comprised of the bedrock outcrop that began in Lot 5. An approximately 13-ft. (4-m) -long section of stone and mortar foundation, or retaining wall, is visible within this lot. Due to the current condition of this lot, no archaeological St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/1I Archaeological Investigations Page 82 testing took place within Lot 6. The rear of this lot, where archaeological features, such as privies are commonly located, is buried beneath rock fall. Should impacts be planned for this lot, the removal of this talus should be monitored. Lot 7 of Block 42 (622 South Main Street) — Elliott Boarding House This lot was the former location of a two-story, wood -framed dwelling (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this lot was developed by 1880 and was the property of James Hefferman. Sanborn maps for the years 1884 and 1888 identify the structure as a boarding house (Sanborn Map Company 1884, 1888). According to the 1870 census, the boarding house was being operated by the Bergen family, who were Irish-born immigrants that came to Minnesota via New Brunswick (United States Department of Commerce 1870). In addition to the nine members of the Bergen family and their domestic, the building was occupied by three other families that accounted for ten people, as well as 26 male boarders whose occupation was "works on logs." The place of birth of these loggers was given as Canada (12); New Brunswick (8); Nova Scotia (2); Wisconsin (2); Ireland (1): and Illinois (1). The places of origin of these boarders reflect the influx of lumbermen from eastern Canada to the Stillwater area. By 1882 the property was the boarding house of Daniel Elliott (Johnson et al. 1882). According to the 1880 census, the Elliott household consisted of the Irish-born Daniel, his wife Mary, who was born in New Brunswick to Irish-born parents, sons James and Frank, and daughter Emma (United States Department of Commerce 1880). The household also included two female servants, and two nephews. Forty-three male boarders also resided with the Elliotts. Of these boarders, 40 were laborers, two were carpenters, and one was a "dealer of woods." In the 1882/83 directory, seventy-two men indicated that they boarded at the Elliott's address. Fifty-five of these men gave their occupation as lumberman; five were carpenters; two were teamsters; two were laborers; one was an engineer; one was a lather; one was a moulder swain; one was a blacksmith; one was a scaler; one specified that he was a scaler for Hersey, Bean & Brown; another indicated he was an employee of Hersey, Bean & Brown; and one said he was an employee of the North Western Manufacturing & Car Company (Johnson et al. 1882). Many of these lumbermen may have only seasonally resided at the boarding house. Of the 43 boarders listed with the Elliotts in 1880, less than 10 were also named as boarders in the 1882/83 directory indicating the transient nature of the lumberman's occupation. According to tax assessment records, Hefferman continued to own the property through at least 1900. After the turn of the century, though, the property changed hands. In 1910 the lot was in the name of Rachel Bernstein and was occupied by David and Rachel Bernstein and their son and four daughters (United States Department of Commerce 1910). David was a Russian -born, 62-year-old, Jewish junk peddler. In 1920, tax assessment records indicate that Moritz Bergstein owned the property (see Long 1994b for more on Moritz Bergstein, who resided in Oak Park). This dwelling appears on the 1924 Sanborn map, but by 1930 the property was owned by Frank Crabtree, who had converted the property to a gas station. Photos of the Crabtree Service Station taken in 1932 illustrate that the earlier structure had been removed and the area graded and landscaped for a new service station (see Figures 46 and 47). Due to these impacts, no archaeological testing took place within this lot and no further work is recommended. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 83 FIGURE 47. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING SOUTHEAST WITH THE CRABTREE SERVICE STATION ON LOT 7 AT THE RIGHT AND THE STRUCTURES ON LOTS 9 AND 12 VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND (MIUS RUNK 573) Lot 8 of Block 42 (626 South Main Street) — Donahue Residence Lot 8 was once the site of a two-story, wood -frame structure that stood upon an 8-ft.-high stone foundation (see Figure 42). According to tax assessment data, this lot was developed between 1864 and 1870. In the latter year, the property was in the name of D. Donahue. The lot continued to be owned by Donahue through 1930, although assessment records indicate the structure was removed between 1910 and 1920. The 1884 and 1888 Sanborn insurance maps identify the property as a boarding house, but in 1891 and thereafter it was labeled as a dwelling (Sanborn Map Company 1884, 1888, 1891). According to the 1870 census, Daniel Donahue was 47 years old, Irish born, and working in the mill (United States Department of Commerce 1870). His household was comprised of himself, his wife Irish-born wife, Fanny, age 36, and their five daughters and two sons, who range in age from seven months to 17 years. By 1880, Daniel's wife was apparently deceased, as only he and his five daughters, and now three sons, were listed on the census of that year (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Daniel Donahue is identified as a stonemason in the 1880 census, and his oldest son, Daniel Donahue, Jr., age 27, is identified as working as a laborer, as is his 14-year-old son James. While no boarders are listed with the Donahues in the 1880 census, sixteen men indicated in the 1882/83 city directory that they boarded at the address (Johnson et al. 1882). Twelve of the boarders were lumbermen; one was a millwright; one was a mason; St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 84 one was an employee of Hersey, Bean & Brown; and another was a teamster for Hersey, Bean & Brown. By 1900, Daniel Donahue's youngest son Robert, age 27, who was a stone quarryman like his father, was residing at 626 South Main with his Swedish -born wife, Minnie, and their two daughters and infant son (United States Department of Commerce 1900). Sharing the residence with Robert Donahue's family in 1900 was Agnes Forseth, a 3 8-year-old, Norwegian -born widow, and her five sons and two daughters. In 1910, only Robert and Minnie Donahue and their children occupied 626 South Main, although their family had grown through the addition of two daughters (United States Department of Commerce 1910). Between 1910 and 1920 the structure at 626 South Main was removed. At present approximately 13.5 in (44 ft.) of Lot 8 remains between the TH 36/95 and the base of the bluff. As with Lot 5 of Block 42, Lots 8 through 11 are largely comprised of a bedrock outcrop that is approximately 2 m (6.6 ft.) higher than the surrounding landscape (see Figure 42). The first 4 m (13 ft.) of the lot are at the same grade as the roadway, but at that distance from the curb, the bedrock outcrop begins. A section of the stone foundation of the rear wall of 626 South Main is visible along the edge of the bedrock outcrop and a large brick fall is present at the northeast corner of the outcrop. This brick pile is comprised of red soft -mud bricks as well as yellow fire -bricks stamped "EVENS & HOWARD ST. LOUIS" (Evens & Howard Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, MO; 1857-1930) (Gurcke 1987:232-233). The rear portion of the lot is covered in slough from the bluff. Due to the limited area that was available for testing within this lot, a single shovel test was excavated within the central portion of the available space atop the bluff outcrop. The upper 14 cm (5.5 in.) of this test consisted of pale brown (1 OYR 6/3), sand that had accumulated since the property had been occupied. Beneath this layer, was a very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2), sandy loam that was associated with the occupation - of the property. From within this occupation horizon, 8 artifacts were recovered including a single porcelain rim sherd, an aqua bottle glass fragment, a 32-caliber cartridge, two wire nails, and an unidentifiable ferrous object. At 36 cmbs, the shovel test transitioned to a yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) layer of sand and limestone that overlay the bedrock. Well, Lot 8 (,Feature 2): Located within the south-central portion of Lot 8 was a well (Feature 2). This well would have been located to the south of 626 South Main Street and just off the southwest corner of the single -story rear addition to the house (see Figure 42). The well opening is 3.5 ft. (1.10 m) wide and consists of three courses of cut stone laid on bedrock (Figure 48). Below these courses, the well is excavated into the bedrock. The soil surface within the well is 1.4 m (4.6 ft.) below the current ground level surrounding the well opening. On the surface around the well opening is a midden of material that appears to have been excavated out of the well by someone searching for bottles or other antiquities. Twenty-six artifacts were collected from the surface of this midden. These materials, which presumably had been contained within the upper deposits of the well, included a small porcelain doll body; a salt -shaker screw top; a decorative metal hinge; a fragment of a hurricane lamp chimney; five pieces of milk glass (including a mason jar liner fragment [c.1869+] and a fragment of pressed milk glass in St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 85 �c:=,�.+� tip' vt'_�� �_-:,. .. l •,�� � ' - . � ���. •r���=' � ." ." •-,'- _-PL �=t. .• •� - n• �--f� �, y'• � (( ,••• - 'y �f Yam`• �'°� � - , � -in .. � <. ��'"� .'�• •- � � Fes. ` r . ��{ f ■ p� _ •'.( %� ��_r /_- •, �-• .ram• r.�•` , 3 ' 1 �,:., ''its �. � .;..•`r}''.' - ��.• Al FIGURE 48. WELL (FEATURE 2) IN LOT 8, FACING SOUTHEAST the form of a hen's tail from a covered dish); four other glass fragments; two sherds of flow -blue decorated whiteware (1840-1910); seven sherds of white ironstone (three molded with annular gold decoration and a polychrome decal [1890+]; one with only annular gold decoration; and two with molded decoration); three porcelain sherds (one polychrome transfer printed and bearing the mark of the Wheelock Pottery Company [c. 1900+1; one with gilded lusterware decoration; and one with polychrome transfer print and hand -painted accents); and a single sherd of stoneware exhibiting black slip on its interior and exterior. The recovered ceramics included both porcelain and ironstone tea wares. In order to determine if the well feature contained intact archaeological deposits, a 4-in. (10-cm) —wide bucket auger was advanced into the well contents. This test excavation was placed along the east edge of the well opening. The initial elevation of the soil surface within the well was 140 cm (4.5 ft.) below the current ground surface surrounding the well. The deposits within the well were sampled to a depth of 320 cmbs (10.5 ft.), which was the extent of the auger's reach when operated from outside of the well. Intact archaeological deposits, though, were still present at that depth and the ultimate depth of the well could not be determined. During the augering, 125 artifacts were recovered from within the well. One hundred of these artifacts were collected between 140 and 280 cmbs St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 86 (4.5 to 9.2 ft.) and the remaining 25 artifacts came out of the material excavated between 280 and 320 crabs (9.2 to 10.5 ft.). The largest artifact group within the well deposits was glass with a total of 81 pieces recovered. Hurricane chimney lamp glass accounted for five fragments, and four pieces of flat glass were also recovered, but the majority of the glass fragments were from bottles or other hollowware forms. Clear glass fragments were the most abundant (52), but brown (8); milk (5); aqua (5), and amethyst (1) pieces were also present. Four fragments of a diagnostic bottle base were recovered that bore the mark of the Fairmount Glass Works of Fairmount, Indiana (1889-1968) indicating that the deposits in the upper 280 cm of the well at least post-dated 1889. The second largest category of materials were ferrous metals, which included two wire nails and fourteen unidentifiable nails in addition to three pieces of wire and nine unidentifiable ferrous pieces. Ceramic sherds included a piece of flow -blue decorated ironstone (1840- 1910); a black sponged, yellow -glazed earthenware sherd; three pieces of plain porcelain; one fragment of plain whiteware; one fragment of plain white earthenware; two sherds of a salt -glazed, buff -bodied stoneware; and two sherds of stoneware exhibiting black slip on their interior and exterior. A fragment of a porcelain doll head with yellow hair; a leather shoe fragment with four eyelets; a sunken -face, four -hole shell button; and two unidentifiable mammal bones were also recovered from the well deposits. While the sampling of the well deposits with a bucket auger did not produce a significant number of diagnostic materials, it did document that the well contained intact and consistent, circa 1900, archaeological deposits. The presence of sherds from a distinct black slipped stoneware vessel in the midden around the well, and in the well deposits from 140 to 280 cmbs (4.5 to 9.2 ft.) and 280 to 320 cmbs (9.2 to 10.5 ft.) also indicates that these materials were likely deposited during a single abandonment event. Should impacts be planned for this lot, this well should be mitigated as its contents have the potential to answer important research questions. There is also the potential for archaeological features to be buried by rock fall at the rear of this lot. Lot 9 of Block 42 (630 South Main Street) — Sutton Residence A two -and -a -half -story, wood -frame structure with a stone foundation formerly stood on Lot 9 of Block 42 (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this lot was developed between 1860 and 1862 at which time it was owned by Rudolph Asbeck, who is also listed as the owner in 1864. By 1870, though, a George Sutton is identified as the property owner. Sutton would continue to own the property through 1930. Sanborn fire insurance maps identify the structure on this lot as a dwelling. According to the 1870 census, George Sutton was 60 years old, born in New Brunswick, and working as a lumberman (United States Department of Commerce 1870). George Sutton resided on Lot 9 with his wife Anna, age 55, who was born in Ireland; son John, age 32, who was also a lumberman; son Michael, age 27, who "works on logs;" son George, age 25, who also "works on logs;" and daughter Mary, age 21. A married daughter Ann Hurley, age 23, and her husband, Edmund, age 29, who "works on logs" also lived on Lot 9 with their two daughters. Other members of the household in 1870 included two other lumbermen and a servant. The birthplaces and ages of the Sutton household indicate that they immigrated to Minnesota from New Brunswick via Maine. In 1880, the Sutton St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 87 household still consisted of George and Ann [sic], and sons John, Michael, and George. Daughter Mary was no longer residing with the Sutton. Daughter Ann Hurley and her now four daughters were still living with the Suttons, but since 1870 Ann had been widowed. Two male boarders, a laborer and a steamboat hand, also lived on Lot 9. By 1900, the Sutton daughter Mary, who had married a Mike Carroll, was residing at 630 South Main Street with her husband and their five sons and two daughters, as well as Mary's brother John Sutton. Mike Carroll, age 53, was a Canadian -born house carpenter, while the Carroll's sons James, age 26, and Miles, age 22, were day laborers; son John, age 20 was a cook in the woods; and son Frank, age 18, was a "woodsman." John Sutton, now age 62, was still a "lumberman." A 1910 census record for the occupants of Lot 9 could not be located. While the Sutton's continued to own Lot 9, the occupants by 1920 were apparently no longer family. In 1920, three separate households identified as renters are recorded at 630 South Main Street. One household consists of William Kempke, a single, 36-year-old, Minnesota -born, general laborer; another household was that of Fred Kimker, a single, 41-year-year-old, Minnesota -born, general laborer; and the last household was comprised of Elizabeth Juilin, a 69-year-old, Iowa -born, widow, and her 23-year-old, Minnesota -born, son Leonard. No occupants are recorded in 1930. The structure on Lot 9 stood until 1932 when it was removed for the road expansion (see Figures 47 and 49). FIGURE 49. A 1932 VIEW OF "SLAB ALLEY" FACING NORTHWEST WITH THE STRUCTURES ON LOT 13 AND LOT 12 AT THE LEFT AND THE BUILDING ON LOT 9 IN THE BACKGROUND (NIHS RUNK 386) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 88 At present, approximately 13 In (43 ft.) of Lot 9 remains between the TH 36/95 and the base of the bluff. Again, much of this lot is comprised of a bedrock outcrop that is approximately 2 In (6.6 ft.) higher than the surrounding landscape (see Figure 42). The rear portion of the lot is covered in slough from the bluff. A small section of a 42-cm (16-in.) -thick stone foundation that is aligned 35 degrees west of north, and which is likely associated with the rear wall of 630 South Main, is visible within the lot. Near the rear of this lot, a circular depression was also noted. A surface scatter was noted near this depression and the surrounding area. Artifacts collected from this surface scatter included two fragments of a blue transfer -printed, ironstone, Benjamin Franklin maxim mug with "[B]EING LESSONS [FOR YOUTH]" "ON INDUSTRY TEMPERANCE" "FRUGALITY" and a portion of the motto "CONSTANT..." on one side, and "THE [WAYS TO WEALTH]..." "D[R FRANKLINS POOR RICHARD ILLUSTRATED]" on the other side together with portions of the mug's motto, which is likely written in German or Dutch, but for which a translation could not be found (Figure 50). Other surface -collected ceramics included a fragment of a stoneware jug with an applied handle, and a rim sherd from a porcelain saucer with molded decoration, a polychrome transfer print with hand -painted accents, and gold annular trim. Collected glass fragments were from brown, blue, and clear bottles. One of these glass pieces was from the base of a rectangular medicine bottle and it bore the mark of the Illinois Glass Company of Alton, Illinois (c. 1915-1929). Three marked bricks were observed near the depression but not collected. These bricks were a red, soft mud brick stamped "EVENS FIGURE 50. FRAGMENTS OF A FRANKLIN MAXIM MUG FROM LOT 9 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 89 & HOWARD ST. LOUIS MO" (Evens & Howard Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, MO; 1857- 1930), a yellow, fire brick labeled "NO. 1 ST. LOUIS" (St. Louis Fire Brick Company) and a brick stamped "MEX... STAN..." (Gurcke 1987:232-233). Four shovel tests were excavated within this lot. Three of these tests were excavated at a 5-m interval along a single north -south transect, with the third test on this transect being placed within the depression, while the fourth test was excavated to the west of the foundation segment (see Figure 42). Shovel Tests 1, 2, and 4, were shallow and exhibited less than 50 cm of deposits accumulated over bedrock. These tests exhibited a brown (10YR4/3), sandy loam, that gave way to degraded limestone and sand over bedrock. The largest class of artifacts from these three tests was architectural debris with 135 pieces collected. Flat glass fragments (66) accounted for most of these items. Nails including wire (17), machine -cut (9), and unidentifiable fragments (9) were the other prominent architectural remain. Seventy non -architectural glass fragments were also recovered. Among these, the majority of the glass fragments were clear (56), but aqua (5), and amethyst (3) glass shards were also present, as well as three pieces of milk glass. Four fragments of lamp chimney glass were also collected. Only 35 ceramic sherds were recovered and the majority of these were plain white porcelain (12) and ironstone (17) fragments. A polychrome, transfer -printed sherd of porcelain, two pieces of yellow ware, and two sherds of stoneware were also collected. A total of 17 faunal specimens were recovered from shovel tests in Block 42 Lot 9. Fourteen of these were unidentifiable mammal specimens, one was identified as a cow, and two were unidentifiable bird specimens. Personal items recovered from within Lot 9 include three brass items from Shovel Test 1 (a gilded brass button clasp; a brass sliding adjuster like those used on clothing straps; and a brass shoe eyelet), and a pocket knife blade, a straight -pin backed button, and a black glass bead from Shovel Test 2. De ressio Lot 9 Feature 3)_ Shovel Test 3 was excavated within the circular depression near the rear of the lot. This depression was approximately 1.5 in (5 ft.) in diameter. Excavations within this test went to a depth of 70 cmbs. At that depth, bedrock had not yet been reached, but excavation was hampered by fragments of limestone and the slumping of loose materials from upper levels into the test. As noted earlier, bricks were present on the surface around this depression. A brick rubble layer was also present within the test, which likely is associated with the 1932 demolition of the structure on Lot 9. Beneath this horizon, the test contained a dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4), silty sand interspersed with limestone fragments. Seventy-two artifacts were recovered from within this test. Like the other tests on this lot, the majority (38) of the artifacts from this shovel test were architectural in nature and included 14 pieces of flat glass, and nails of machine -cut (12), wire (6), and unidentifiable (1) varieties. In addition to these architectural materials, glass, ceramic, and metal household wares were recovered including a fragment of a pressed glass bowl; a rim sherd from a drinking glass; and a complete spoon with a lily pattern that was marked "Derby Silver Co." (1873-1933). While the purpose of this feature could not be ascertained with certainty, its location at the rear of the lot where several small, wood -frame structures are indicated on the Sanborn map would suggest that this location may have been the site of a privy. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 90 An apparent privy is also documented at the rear of this lot in one of John Runk's 1932 photographs of "Slab Alley" (see Figure 47). The excavation of shovel tests within Lot 9 revealed the presence of a general artifact scatter across this lot as well as intact deposits within a likely privy (Feature 3), and a segment of the foundations of 630 South Main. Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 3 should be mitigated as its contents have the potential to answer important research questions. There is also the potential for additional archaeological features to exist within this lot, and therefore, additional archaeological fieldwork is recommended for this property. Lot 10 of Block 42 (634 and 636 South Main Street) According to Sanborn insurance maps, Lot 10 of Block 42 was the site of two wood - framed structures with stone foundations (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this lot was developed by 1862 at which time it was owned by someone with the surname of Ramsden. By 1864, though, the property was held by Elsie Ward, who also owned it in 1870. In 1880, tax assessment records indicate that the ownership of the lot was divided with the north and south halves and their associated structures being separately owned. The structure on the north half of Lot 10 was a 3-story building that had a 10-ft.-high stone foundation (see Figure 42). This was identified on the 1884 insurance map as a "tenement," on the 1888 map as the "Franklin House," and on subsequent maps it was labeled a dwelling (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888). The order of the 1870 census indicates that this structure may be associated with the "Liberty Boarding House" operated by John Ahl, a 62-year-old physician, who was born in France (United States Department of Commerce 1870). Ahl's immediate household consisted of his wife, Lucita, who was 45 years old, born in Switzerland and "keeping house," as well as their two daughters (the oldest of whom was working as a cook in the boarding house), and a domestic. Sixty-five male boarders are listed in the census as residing on this property. The occupations of these boarders were given as "works on rafts" (23); "works on logs" (20); lumberman (5); cook (3); black smith (2); "works in mill" (2); river pilot (2); "cooks on rafts" (1); printer (1); bar tender (1); hunter (1); gambler (1); explorer (1); laborer (1); and stone mason (1). The most common places of birth for these boarders was Canada (23); New Brunswick (7); Maine (6); and Pennsylvania (6), which reflects the influx of lumbermen from the eastern states and Canada to the Stillwater area. In 1880, this structure, which was located on the north half of the block, was owned and occupied by Margaret Kelly (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Margaret, a 52-year-old, Irish-born widow, who was keeping house, shared the structure with her son, Patrick Kelly, who was 14 years old, and her daughter Agnes, age 22, and her husband Robert Carter, and their infant daughter. Robert Carter was a 28-year-old, New York - born, steamboat engineer. Other members of the household included William Kelly, a 20-year-old, Minnesota -born, laborer, whose relationship to Margaret Kelly is not stated; Fred Phaler, a 21-year-old, Prussian -born, steamboat hand; and Charles Allen, a 29-year- old, Missouri -born, steamboat hand. By 1890, tax assessment records indicated that St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 91 Edward Welch owned the north half of Lot 10. Edward Welch would continue to own the property through 1930. In 1900, the Welch household consisted of the 51-year-old, Irish-born Edward, who worked as a fireman; his wife, Ellen, who was 43 years of age, and born in Minnesota to Irish-born parents; their five daughters and one son; and Ellen's mother, Susan Harkins, who was an Irish-born widow of unrecorded age (see below for more on Susan Harkins) (United States Department of Commerce 1900). James E. Walsh [sic?] and his wife Mary and daughter Mable also resided at 634 South Main Street. James Walsh, who was born in Minnesota to Irish-born parents, was 24 years of age and working as a lumberman. No residents of this structure were recorded on the 1910 census and tax assessment records indicate the building was removed between 1910 and 1920. The building that stood on the south half of Lot 10 was a two-story, wood -frame structure with 6-ft.-high stone foundation, and a single -story rear addition (see Figure 42). On Sanborn fire insurance maps the structure is identified as a dwelling. The order of the 1870 census indicates that this structure at 636 South Main was occupied in that year by the Ward family, which also owned the lot (United States Department of Commerce 1870). This household consisted of Thomas Ward, a 44-year-old, New Brunswick-bom lumberman; his wife, Alice, who was 34 years old, New Brunswick born, and keeping house; and their three sons and a daughter. Other residents included James Ward, a 25- year-old, New Brunswick -born lumberman, whose relation to Thomas and Alice was not specified; and Louisa Johnson, a 17-year-old, Swedish -born domestic. According to tax assessment records, by 1880, James Hefferman owned the southern portion of Lot 10. Hefferman, though, did not occupy the lot. Rather, 636 South Main was occupied by the household of Susan Harken (Harkins) (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Susan Harkins appears in the "Slab Alley" area as early as 1860. In that year, the 35- year-old, Irish-born Susan is living with her husband David, a 40-year-old, Irish-born laborer, and their four year old daughter Mary, who was born in Pennsylvania (United States Department of Commerce 1860). Because the 1860 census does not appear to have been taken in an order that allows for the association of households with particular lots along South Main Street, it is not possible to know where the Harkins resided. In 1870, though, the then widowed Susan Harkins, and her two daughters, Mary and Ellen, and her son Daniel were one of the households that were residing at 622 South Main on Lot 7 (United States Department of Commerce 1870). In 1870, Lot 7 was owned by James Hefferman, who also owned Lot 10 in 1880. Therefore, Susan Harkins moved from one Hefferman rental property to another between 1870 and 1880. By 1890, though, Susan Harkins appears on the tax assessment records as the owner of the southern portion of Lot 10 and the property continues to be in her name through 1930. In 1880, Susan was living at 636 South Main with her eldest daughter Mary Frasier's family and three of her other children: Nellie, age 22; Daniel, age 16, who was a shipping clerk at the flour mill; and Flora, age 13. Susan's daughter Mary, was married to Angus Frazier, who was 26 years old, bom in Canada, and working as a laborer. Mary and Angus had one daughter and one son. By 1900, though, Susan, as previously mentioned, had moved to the north half of Lot 10 where she lived with the family of her daughter Ellen, who was married to Edward Welch (United States Department of Commerce St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 92 1900). In 1900, the household of John Welsh [sic?] was residing on the south portion of the lot, which was owned by Susan Harkins. John, was a 74-year-old, Irish-born, sawmill laborer, who lived with his wife, Mary, who was 61 years old and also born in Ireland; their son Thomas, age 28, who was also a laborer at a sawmill; and their two daughters, Mary, age 26, who was a dry goods clerk, and Nellie, age 23, who worked as a dress maker. The relationship of the households of Edward Welch and James Walsh of 634 South Main to the neighboring household of John Welsh at 636 South Main is unclear, but their common Irish heritage and adjacent homes likely indicates a familial relationship. In 1910, only Thomas Walsh [sic], the son of John and Mary Welsh, was residing at 636 South Main with his sister Nellie Gabbert, who had been widowed (United States Department of Commerce 1910). Thomas was still working as a sawmill laborer. By 1920, only Fred Webber, a 68-year-old, German-born, house plasterer was living on the south portion of Lot 10 (United States Department of Commerce 1920). The building at 636 South Main was removed between the Sanborn fire insurance map of 1924 and the tax assessment of 1930. Lot 10 of Block 42 is separated from Lot 9 by a bluff outcrop and a limestone retaining wall (see Figure 42). At present, approximately 15 m (50 ft.) of Lot 10 remains between TH 36/95 and the base of the bluff. Again, much of this lot is comprised of a bedrock outcrop and the rear portion of the lot is covered in slough from the bluff. A depression that is apparently associated with a cellar for the structure at 636 South Main is visible near the front of the lot, while a sealed cave entrance is present in the bluff face at the rear of this lot. Three pieces of a 6-in. diameter porcelain plate with molded decoration, gold annular trim, and polychrome transfer -printing; and three sherds of a Chinese export porcelain saucer with hand -painted, overglaze, decoration were surface collected from the cellar depression. Five shovel tests were excavated within Lot 10 at a 5-m interval along two transects spaced 5 in apart (see Figure 42). The tests within this lot exhibited an average of 26 cm -. (10 in.) of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy loam deposits over a layer of degraded limestone that transitioned to bedrock at an average depth of 37 cmbs (15 in.). Ninety-nine artifacts were collected within Lot 10 from these shallow shovel tests. Bottle glass fragments were the most abundant form of artifact with the majority being clear glass (22) fragments. Aqua (3); amethyst (3); brown (2); and milk (2) glass fragments were also present. Two pieces of lamp chimney glass and a single fragment from a clear drinking glass were also recovered. In addition to these glass shards from the shovel tests, two aqua glass bottle fragments were also surface collected in the rear of the lot near Shovel Tests 4 and 5. One of these bottle fragments was a Jung Brewing Company bottle manufactured by William Franzen & Son of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (c.1900-1929). According to the 1898, 1904, and 1910 Sanborn fire insurance map, the Jung Brewing Company was using the former Northwestern Brewery building on South Main Street for beer storage (Sanborn Map Company 1898; 1904; 1910). The other surface collected fragment of aqua bottle glass was the base from a bottle of mineral water from the Pluto Spring of the French Lick with the molded image of Pluto on the bottom from the French Lick Springs Hotel, French Lick, Indiana (c.1901+). Excavated ceramic sherds from Lot St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/I1 Archaeological Investigations Page 93 10 consisted of plain white ironstone fragments (7) including a piece of a tea cup; molded white ironstone fragments (50; blue, hand -painted underglaze ironstone sherds (2); and a polychrome transfer -printed porcelain sherd. Additional ceramics were surface collected in the vicinity of Shovel Test 4, including four fragments of a white, molded, ironstone chamber pot; a rim sherd from a 9-in. diameter, plain white, ironstone plate marked "STONE GRANITE WEDGWOOD & CO." (c.1860-1965); and a rim sherd from a 6-in. diameter ironstone plate bearing the mark of J. & E. Mayer (1881-1990) and decorated in a brown luster ware tea leaf pattern. The faunal remains of Lot 10 consisted of one deer specimen and three unidentifiable mammal specimens. The only personal artifacts recovered from Lot 10 were a fragment of shoe leather from Shovel Test 2, and a shoe eyelet from Shovel Test 4. In addition to household and personal items, architectural remains were present in all of the tests on the lot. Fourteen wire nails and five machine - cut nails were collected, as well as eight fragments of flat window glass. No archaeological features were identified on Lot 10 during the survey, but a cellar hole and sealed cave are present within this lot. Furthermore, shovel tests revealed an artifact scatter across the site dating to the late 1800s and early 1900s when the lot was occupied by the Harkins and Welch households. Also, the rear of this lot, where the Sanborn maps indicate an outbuilding, and where archaeological features, such as privies are commonly located, is by a talus of material. Should impacts be planned for this lot, additional archeological fieldwork is recommended. Also, should the cave at the rear of the lot be disturbed by future development, an archaeological survey of the cave's interior is recommended. Lot 11 of Block 42 (638 South Main Street) — Welch Residence Lot 11 was formerly the site of a one -and -a -half -story, wood -frame structure that was located at the rear of the lot (see Figure 42). Tax assessment records indicate that this property was developed by 1862 at which time it was owned by Ellen Partridge, who also owned it in 1864. By 1870, though, Michael Welch is identified as the property owner. The Welch family would continue to own the property through 1930. Sanborn fire insurance maps identify the structure on this lot as a dwelling. According to the 1870 census, Michael Welch (Welsh on the census) was 32 years old, born in Ireland, and his - occupation is given as "works on logs" (United States Department of Commerce 1870). In addition to Michael, the Welch household consisted of his wife Bridget, who was 30 years old and also born in Ireland, and their one son and three daughters, who were between the ages of two and ten and all born in Minnesota. A single boarder, Robert Grant, who was a 57-year-old, Canadian -born, lumberman, also resided at 638 South Main. Again, the relationship of the family of Michael Welch to the Welch households on Lot 10 is unclear, but again their common Irish heritage and neighboring residences indicate likely common ancestry. By 1880, the Welch family had expanded to six children (United States Department of Commerce 1880). The eldest son, John, age 18, was a laborer, which was the same occupation assigned to his father Michael Welch in the 1880 census. According to the 1882/83 Stillwater city directory, Michael and son John were lumbermen as was John P. Welch, who boarded at the residence on Lot 11 (Johnson et al. 1882). In 1900, Michael and Bridget Walsh [sic] were the only occupants St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/11 Archaeological Investigations Page 94 of 638 South Main. Michael, age 63, is still identified as a "lumberman" (United States Department of Commerce 1900). No occupants of Lot 11 are identified on the 1910 census, and tax assessment records indicate that the structure was removed between 1910 and 1920. Lot 11 is separated from Lot 10 by a midden of rocks and other debris. At the time of the survey, approximately 13 in (43 ft.) of Lot 10 remains between the TH 36/95 and the base of the bluff (see Figure 42). Again, much of this lot is comprised of a bedrock outcrop and the rear portion of this lot, where the structure on this lot was located, is covered in slough from the bluff. A sealed cave entrance is visible in the bluff face at the rear of the lot. Two shovel tests were excavated at a 5-m interval across the central portion of this lot (see Figure 42). A surface scatter to the south of the aforementioned midden, and in the vicinity of Shovel Test 1, produced diagnostic artifacts including porcelain sherd from a 7-in. diameter saucer decorated with gold annular trim and marked "Made in Bavaria;" an ironstone dish fragment with gold annular trim marked "Homer Laughlin Empress" (c.1900-1940s); a plain white ironstone sherd from a 6-in. diameter dish bearing the mark of John Moses & Company of Trenton, New Jersey (c.1895-1904+); and a fragment of a pressed pilsner glass with an Anheuser Busch logo (c.1872+). The two shovel tests excavated within Lot 11 exhibited shallow profiles of less than 30 cm (1 ft.) of cultural deposits over bedrock. The 30 artifacts recovered from these tests, included 17 bottle glass fragments; one sherd of plain white porcelain; four machine -cut nails; one wire nail; a wood screw; and one faunal specimen that was identified as cow and exhibited saw butchery marks. No archaeological features were noted during the survey of Lot 11, and the archaeological deposits encountered were shallow. No additional archaeological fieldwork is recommended within this lot, but should the cave at the rear of the lot be disturbed by future development, an archaeological survey of the cave's interior is recommended. Lot 12 of Block 42 (644 South Main Street) According to Sanborn fire insurance maps, Lot 12 was the site of a two-story, wood - frame structure with multiple rear additions (see Figure 42). The fagade of the first floor was constructed of brick. The structure on this lot is identified on the insurance maps as a dwelling. Tax assessment records indicate that this property was developed by 1864 at which time it was jointly owned by Ellen Mathews and John Tobin. Subsequent tax assessments in 1870 and 1880, identify Ellen Mathews as the sole owner. By 1890, though, the property had transferred to Honora Sheehan, who also owned the lot in 1900. The property continued to change hands, though, and in 1910 and 1920 it was the property of J. E. Blanke, while in 1930 it belonged to George Hiltz. These multiple owners identified in the tax assessment records indicate that this dwelling was likely a rental property, which is supported by its frequent change in occupants from circa 1880 on, as outlined below. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 95 According to the 1870 census, the Mathews household consisted of John and Ellen and their three daughters, and a Catherine Mathews, who was presumably John's sister (United States Department of Commerce 1870). John Mathews was 39 years old, born in New Brunswick, and working as a lumberman, while Ellen was 26 years old, Irish born, and keeping house. Their children were between the ages of four and nine and were all born in Minnesota. Catherine Mathews, who was 22, was also bom in New Brunswick and was working as a seamstress. A second family consisting of John and Margaret Hogarty and their two daughters shared the home on Lot 12 with the Mathews family. John Hogarty was 28 years old, bom in Maine, and is described as "works on logs." Margaret Hogarty was 24 years old, bom in Ireland, and keeping house. The Hogarty's eldest daughter, who was three years old, was born in Maine, while their youngest, who . - was three months old, was born in Minnesota. It is possible that Margaret Hogarty is Ellen Mathews sister. While census records indicated that the Mathews family still resided in Stillwater in 1880, they no longer lived in the "Slab Alley" area (United States _. Department of Commerce 1880). In 1880, Lucius and Hannah Keen and their two daughters and four sons, were living on Lot 12. Lucius was a 44-year-old, Maine -born, carpenter, while his 39-year-old wife, Hannah, who was born in New York, kept house. Their oldest daughter, Adda, who was 13, was born in Iowa, but the remaining children, who ranged in age from four months to ten years, were all bom in Minnesota. In the 1882/1883 city directory for Stillwater, though, Louis Ambruster, who was a machinist for the North Western Manufacturing & Car Company, was the only person, who identified 644 South Main as their place of residence (Johnson et al. 1882). By 1900, the occupants of the dwelling had changed again. In that year, three households were recorded at 644 South Main: the Carroll and Decurtins families, and Jessie Foley (United States Department of Commerce 1900)_ The Carroll family consisted of James, a 48-year-old, Canadian -born, teamster, and his 45- year-old, Canadian -born wife, Kate, and their three daughters and two sons. There is no apparent relationship between this Carroll family and the household of Mike Carroll that resided on Lot 9 in 1900. James Carroll's father was born in Ireland, while Mike Carroll's was born in Canada. Furthermore, James emigrated from Canada in 1885, while Mike emigrated in 1869. The Decurtins family was comprised of Joseph, a 41- year-old, Minnesota -born, painter, and his wife Clara, who was 37 years old and born in Indiana, and their four sons and one daughter. A widow, Jessie Foley, who was a 38- year-old, Wisconsin -born, seamstress, also resided at 644 South Main. Ten years later, Hattie Maxwell, a 57-year-old, New York -born, widow, who took in laundery, and her 22-year-old, Wisconsin -born, son, Fred, who worked as a teamster for a livery, were residing on Lot 12 (United States Department of Commerce 1910). Herman Krinker, a 29-year-old, Minnesota -born, laborer, and his brother, Fred, who was 32 years old, bom in Minnesota, and who also worked as a laborer, were also living on the property. According to the 1920 census, George Hiltz, a 54-year-old, Minnesota -born, general laborer, was the only resident of 644 South Main (United States Department of Commerce 1920). No occupants are recorded on the 1930 census, although, the structure on Lot 12 stood until 1932 when it was removed for the road expansion (see Figure 49). St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 96 Unlike the Lots 8 through 11, which were comprised of a raised bedrock outcrop, Lot 12 is at the same general grade as the TH 36/95 roadway (see Figure 42). A limestone retaining wall is visible along the south edge of this lot where a bedrock outcrop marks the north edge of Lot 13. Six shovel tests were excavated within Lot 12. With the exception of Shovel Test 1, these tests were shallow and went to bedrock at an average depth of 18 cmbs (7 in.). Shovel Tests 4 and 5 were excavated at the rear of the lot in the vicinity of a possible privy documented on the Sanborn maps, but the tests were shallow. The area of the possible privy is buried by a talus of rock fall from the bluff. Due to the shallow nature of the tests within this lot, and the lack of intact cultural deposits, artifacts were only collected form Shovel Tests 1 and 2. Among the artifacts collected from Shovel Test 2 were a single piece of flat glass; two fragments of lamp chimney glass; three fragments of bottle glass; and wire (3), machine -cut (2), and unidentifiable (1) nails. Depression, Lot 12 ffeature 4): Within the northeast portion of Lot 12, and just to the south of the bedrock outcrop that indicates the south edge of Lot 11, is a depression that is approximately 1.5 in (5 ft.) in diameter. Shovel Test 1 was excavated in the center of this depression in order to assess its stratigraphic profile. Unlike the other shallow tests within Lot 12, Shovel Test 1 was excavated within the depression to a depth of 47 crabs (1.5 ft.) at which depth the progress of the test was impeded by fragments of limestone. A soil probe was advanced further into the test to a depth of 100 cmbs (3.3 ft.) without encountering bedrock. The depth of this shovel test indicates that the depression is associated with a feature excavated into the bedrock. While the purpose of this feature could not be ascertained with certainty, its location at the front of the lot would indicate that it was likely not a privy. Artifacts recovered from within Shovel Test 1 include two plain ironstone fragments; a sherd of grey -bodied stoneware; three pieces of flat glass; a single fragment of lamp chimney glass; 18 pieces of bottle glass; a bolt; and wire (9), machine -cut (5), and unidentifiable (3) nails. While the majority of Lot 12 did not contain intact archaeological deposits, due to the shallow bedrock within the lot, the intact deposits within Feature 4 have the potential to answer research questions. Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 4 should undergo further investigation. There is also the potential for additional archaeological features to be buried beneath the talus at the rear of this lot, where the Sanborn maps indicate outbuildings. Should impacts be planned for this lot, the removal of this talus should be monitored. Lot 13 of Block 42 (646 South Main Street) — Crowley/Ballard/Hitchcock Residence Lot 13 was the site of a two-story, wood -frame structure with single -story rear additions (see Figure 42). The fagade of the first floor was constructed of brick. This property was identified on Sanborn fire insurance maps as a dwelling. According to tax assessment data, this lot was developed between 1862 and 1864. During those years, the property belonged to William Burt. By 1870, though, Lot 13 had been transferred to a Timothy Crowley. The 1870 census indicates that the Irish-born, 57-year-old, Timothy Crowley "works on logs" and resides with his presumed brother David Crowley, David's Scotland -born wife June, and their five children (United States Department of Commerce St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 97 1870). The occupation of David, who was 59-years-old and Irish-born like his brother, was given as "works in saw mill." David and June's four oldest children were born in Canada indicating that they had emigrated from Ireland/Scotland via Canada and had only been in the United States for less than four years. The Crowley's association with Lot 13, though, was short-lived and by the 1880 tax assessment the lot was in the name of J. S. Ballard. Ballard would continue to own the property through at least 1910, but the tax assessments of 1920 and 1930 indicate that it was then owned by D. E. Lyon. According to the 1880 census, J. S. Ballard, a New York -born, 64-year-old farmer, and widower, resided on the property with his two sons (Sidney, age 27, who was a painter; and Eugene, age 22, who was a horse trainer), and his daughter Malissa's family (United States Department of Commerce 1880). Malissa (age 32) was married to August Haney, a 32-year-old, Wisconsin -born, carpenter. The Haney's had 3 sons and 3 daughters under the age of 15. All of the children were born in Wisconsin, including the youngest, Ray, who was just 5 months old — indicating that the Haney family had just recently come to r_ Minnesota. In the 1882/83 city directory for Stillwater, J. S. Ballard (laborer); E. Ballard (painter for the North Western Manufacturing & Car Company); Michael Cunningham (laborer); and Bert Hitchcock (laborer) all indicated that they resided at 646 South Main (Johnson et al. 1882). Although, J. S. Ballard continued to own the property, by 1900 the occupants of 646 South Main were only Albert and Mary Hitchcock and their daughter Nina (age 23) and son Guy (age 16). The presence of "Bert" Hitchcock at this address in the 1882/83 directory may indicate that the Hitchcock family had resided at the address since that period. Census records state that Mary, age 46, was born in Wisconsin to New York -born parents, which would indicate that she was likely another daughter of J. S. Ballard (United States Department of Commerce 1900). Mary's husband Albert, age 47, was born in Wisconsin and worked as a day laborer. Although, 646 South Main stood until 1932, when it was removed, no persons were recorded at this address in the census records of 1910, 1920, or 1930 (United States Department of Commerce 1910; 1920; 1930). It is possible that the structure was vacant during this period. Lot 13, like Lot 5, and Lots 8 through 11, was comprised of a bedrock outcrop that was higher than the surrounding landform. The remaining portion of this outcrop is approximately 11.5 in (38 ft.) deep to the base of the bluff. Within Lot 13 is an 11-ft. (3.3-m) -long, 1.5-ft. (46-cm) —wide, north -south stone foundation, with approximately 3- ft. (90-cm) —long truncated wall remnants present that extend eastward from the north and south ends of the wall (see Figures 42 and 51). The north east -west wall is only 8 in. (20 cm) thick, while the south wall is 1.5 ft. (46 cm) thick. These walls were likely associated with a cellar for 646 South Main. To the north of these foundations a brick and cobble paving was uncovered. Seven shovel tests were excavated within the boundaries of Lot 13. The tests excavated in the vicinity of the foundations (1-4) exhibited shallow profiles that consisted of an average of 28 cm (I I in.) of a very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2), sandy loam that had accumulated over 20 cm (8 in.) of a dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/6) sand and limestone that gave way to solid bedrock at approximately 50 cmbs (20 in.). These tests produced 207 artifacts, which together with the materials recovered during clearing the brick pad, St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations Page 98 FIGURE 51. CELLAR FOUNDATION OF 646 SOUTH MAIN STREET, FACING WEST were largely architectural in nature due to their proximity to the former structure. Architectural debris included abundant machine -cut and wire nail fragments, pieces of flat glass, and two slate fragments. Bottle glass fragments (54) were also present, as were hurricane lamp chimney pieces (19). Ceramic sherds were largely plain ironstone fragments (15); but nine flow -blue decorated ironstone (1840-1910) sherds were also present. Other ceramics included three porcelain sherds (one of which was hand -painted and one of which was molded); and a sherd of plain whiteware. None of the sherds excavated from these tests exhibited intact maker's marks. Few personal items were recovered from these tests, but those that were included a brass eye hook, a brass collar button, and the back of a brass collar button. Three additional tests were excavated within the rear portion of Lot 13. Shovel Test 7 was excavated within a depression in the northwest portion of the lot. Like the previously described tests, Shovel Test 7 was shallow and consisted of a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam that gave way to bedrock at 55 cmbs (22 in.). This shallow test alone, though, contained 111 artifacts, which reflects its location in the rear portion of the lot where discarded household materials accumulate. Numerous artifacts were noted on the surface surrounding Shovel Test 7. Surface -collected materials included a piece of stoneware with an Albany -slipped interior, a yellow ware fragment with a blue mocha and annular decorated exterior; a piece of flow -blue, transfer -printed ironstone; and two pieces of plain ironstone. One of these pieces of St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 99 ironstone bore the mark of the Vodrey & Brothers Pottery Company (c.1876-1896). Over half of the artifacts (58) within the Shovel Test 7, though, were architectural in nature. Twenty-seven machine -cut nails; seven wire nails; and 19 flat glass fragments were among these materials. Glass excavated from within Shovel Test 7 included 20 pieces of bottle glass and a single piece from a hurricane lamp chimney. Of the 18 ceramic sherds recovered from within the test, 12 sherds were plain ironstone. A decal decorated piece of ironstone (1890+) and five sherds of a salt -glazed, buff -bodied stoneware were also collected. None of these ceramics bore maker's marks. Personal items within Shovel Test 7 were limited to a fragment of shoe leather. Shovel Test 6 was also excavated at the rear of Lot 13, but approximately 7.5 in (25 ft.) to the south of Shovel Test 7. This test was situated near the base of the bluff and in an area where slough and debris from the bluff were evident on the surface. It is likely that this slough in part accounted for the depth of the deposits within this test. Shovel Test 6 was excavated to a depth of 100 crabs (3.3 ft.) without encountering bedrock. The soil profile of the test consisted of a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt with limestone fragments present throughout. This test alone contained 372 artifacts. Again, the majority of these artifacts (182) were architectural. Fifty-nine machine -cut nails; 37 wire nails; 46 pieces of flat glass; and nine brick fragments were among the architectural materials recovered. Glassware included three drinking glass fragments; 74 pieces of bottle glass; and 28 pieces of hurricane lamp chimney glass. Other miscellaneous glass fra-=.vents include 3 pieces of milk glass; and 4 pressed glass pieces. The majority of the 45 ceramic sherds recovered from this test were plain ironstone fragments (27). Among the other ceramics were a Majolica -decorated piece of earthenware; six stoneware fragments with Albany -slipped interiors; a single sherd of a salt -glazed, buff -bodied stoneware vessel; three sherds of porcelain; one piece of creamy brown earthenware; and five plain whiteware sherds. Personal items from within this test included a shaving brush fragment; a collar button; a clothing snap ("PAT JUNE 11, 1880"); and a shoe eyelet. Privy. Lot 13 {Feature 5): Shovel Test 5 was excavated in the southwest corner of Lot 13 and near the base of the bluff (see Figures 42 and 52). This test was excavated within a depression that was bordered by a berm of excavated material. Artifacts and lime fragments indicated that this depression was likely the location of a privy that had been previously discovered by someone searching for bottles or other artifacts. Materials collected on the surface near this depression included two fragments of yellow ware and a piece of ironstone; and seven broken bottle pieces including a nearly complete bottle embossed "DR KING°S NEW DISCOVERY FOR CONSUMPTION" on one side and "H.E. BUCKLEN & CO." on the other side (c.1885+). The upper 50 cm of this test consisted of loose, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy loam that had silted into the depression. At 50 cmbs the shovel test transitioned to a yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam that was mottled with flecks of lime, charcoal, and limestone cobbles. From within these intact privy deposits, 162 artifacts were collected. Thirty-eight pieces of container glass, in addition to 26 pieces of flat glass, were recovered from within the privy. The most abundant container glass types were aqua bottle glass (15) and clear St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 100 FIGURE 52. LOCATION OF SHOVEL TEST 5 wrrHIN LOT 13 wrrH A TALUS OF ROCK FALL AND SLOUGH VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND, FACING WEST bottle glass (12) fragments. A neck from an aqua bottle with a tool -finished, applied lip (c.1840-1920) was also encountered within the test. Only 18 ceramic sherds were gathered during the excavation of Shovel Test 5 within the privy. These sherds included five yellow ware rim sherds from a single vessel; a flow -blue decorated ironstone sherd (1840-1910); five plain ironstone sherds; three plain whiteware fragments; two plain porcelain sherds; and a yellow -glazed course earthenware sherd. One of the more unique objects recovered from within Shovel Test 5 was a 4.5-in. (11-cm) —long railroad spike. Very few personal items were encountered, but those that were included a two -hole shell button; a porcelain button; and a shoe eyelet. The number of nails (9) recovered from within this feature was notably less than the amount that had been collected from the other tests within Lot 13. Five of these nails were machine -cut, while the remaining four were wire nails. Another notable difference between the contents of the privy test and the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page101 other shovel tests excavated within Lot 13 were the number of bones recovered from within the privy. Fifteen bone fragments had been recovered from the other six shovel tests on the lot while Shovel Test 5 produced 29 bone fragments. Of these specimens, two (7.8 g) were identified as pig, eight were identified as fox or dog, four (39.1 g) were unidentified mammal specimens, nine (0.5 g) are unidentifiable bird specimens (seven of which are egg shell), five (0.2 g) are unidentifiable fish specimens, and one specimen is an unidentifiable turtle specimen. The bones identified as those of an adult fox or small dog were all elements from the front legs of the animal and were found at a depth of 70 to 11.0 crabs. It is likely the carcass of this animal was disposed of in the privy. Shovel Test 5 was halted at 110 curbs (3.6 ft.) and from that depth to 130 crabs (4.3 ft.) a bucket auger was used to sample the privy. Only four pieces of clear glass, and four fragments of flat glass were recovered from this depth. At 130 cmbs the test went to bedrock and the last couple of auger buckets were sterile. The excavation of Shovel Test 5 revealed the presence of intact privy deposits within Lot 13. The deposits are consistent with a late -nineteenth-century occupation, but no diagnostic artifacts were recovered that would directly associate these deposits with particular years. The general period of these materials, though, indicates that they are associated with the Ballard/Hitchcock occupation. The excavation of shovel tests within Lot 13 revealed the presence of a general artifact scatter across this lot with deeper, intact deposits in the rear of the lot. Intact deposits within a privy feature (Feature 5), and the foundations of the cellar of 646 South Main Street were also documented within the lot. Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 5 should be mitigated as its contents have the potential to answer important research questions. There is also the potential for additional archaeological features to exist within this lot, and therefore, additional archaeological fieldwork is recommended for this property. Lot I of Block I of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (706 and 708 South Main Street) Lot 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition was a large lot located on the northeast corner of Block 1. This lot contained two wood -frame structures located at 706 and 708 South Main Street (see Figure 42). According to tax assessment records, this lot was developed between 1864 and 1870. In the latter year the property was owned by Elizabeth VanEmmons, who would continue to own the lot through 1930. The structures on this lot, though, were relatively short-lived. By the 1891 Sanborn fire insurance map, the structure at 706 South Main was no longer extant and the building at 708 South Main was labeled as old and vacant (Sanborn Map Company 1891). By 1898, the building at 708 South Main had also been removed (Sanborn Map Company 1891, 1998). Due to this short period of occupation, very little information can be learned about the residents of this lot. Also, the lack of an Elizabeth VanEmmons in the census records indicates that the structures on these lots were likely rental properties. According to the 1882/83 Stillwater city directory, the structure at 706 South Main was the residence during those years of Jacob Dreschler, a laborer; John Karst, a junior tinner; Robert Kendall, a lumberman; and N. F. Schwarz, a shoemaker (Johnson et al. 1882). The same directory St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UR Archaeological Investigations Page 102 indicates that 708 South Main was occupied by Angus Fraser, who was engaged as a lumberman (Johnson et al. 1882). This is likely the same Angus Frazier [sic], who in 1880 was living on Lot 10, and is married to Susan Harkins' daughter Mary. At the time of the survey, the area of Lot 1 where 706 and 708 South Main Street were formerly located was a steeply sloped hillside. Because of this slope and associated erosion, this lot did not undergo archaeological testing and no further archaeological work is recommended. Lots 2 and 3 of Block I of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (710 South Main Street) Historically, Lot 2 and the north half of Lot 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition were owned jointly and formed a single property. According to Sanborn insurance maps, these lots were the site of a two-story, wood -frame structure with a stone foundation (see Figure 42). This building was long and narrow and had a single -story porch along the south side of the structure (Figure 53). This structure was identified on the fire insurance maps as a dwelling. According to tax assessment data, this property had been developed by 1862 and the owner of the property in 1862 and 1864 was Dennis Hooley. A Dennis Holly [sic] and family appear on the 1860 census within the "Slab Alley" area (United FIGURE 53. DETAIL OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET FROM THE 1910 SANBORN FHZE INsuRA-NCE MAP St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 103 States Department of Commerce 1860). Dennis is identified as a 40-year-old, Irish-born laborer, and his household was comprised of his 40-year-old, Irish-born wife and their two sons. By 1870, though, the structure had been sold to John Karst, who would continue to own the property through at least 1900. Karst, according to the 1880 Stillwater census, was a 48-year-old, Prussian -born, hardware merchant. His family consisted of his Shetland Island -born wife Isabelle and their two sons, Charles (age 21), who was a clerk in the hardware store, and John (age 19) (United States Department of Commerce 1880). It appears, though, that while the Karst's may have initially resided at 710 South Main, by 1890 they resided at 708 South 2nd Street as recorded in the 1890 Stillwater city directory. Therefore, 710 South Main was likely a rental property. (A John Karst, who was employed as a junior tinner, was residing at 706 South Main Street on Lot 1 according to the 1882/83 Stillwater city directory, but this is likely John Karst's son). In the 1882/83 Stillwater City Directory, four lumbermen and two employees of the North Western Manufacturing & Car Company gave 710 South Main as their place of residence (Johnson et al. 1882). There is no entry in the 1900 census for 710 South Main, although there is an entry for 711 South Main. As there are no structures on the east side of the road that could be 711, this entry is likely associated with 710. Residing at 711 were the Mass and Drewke households. Fred and Anna Mass had emigrated from Germany to Minnesota in 1890. Fred, age 66, was a day laborer, while Anna, age 55, was doing washing and ironing (United States Department of Commerce 1900). The Drewke family was also comprised of German immigrants. August Drewke, age 46, who was a rafter at the saw mill, had immigrated to Minnesota in 1883. His wife, Louisa, was also German-born, but had emigrated in 1885. The Drewke's daughter Lizzie, age 12, and August's brother Charles, a 49-year-old house carpenter, also resided at 711 South Main. The Drewke household also included a three -year -old girl named Mable Garlick, who is listed as a boarder. Mable's place of birth is given as Minnesota, but her parents' places of birth are not provided indicating that she may be an orphan or an adoptee taken in by the Drewke family. By 1910, tax assessment records indicate that Lot 2 and the north half of Lot 3 had been transferred to Robert Sullivan. According to the 1910 census, Eva Rorden (?), a 55-year-old, German-born widow and her two children resided at 710 South Main (United States Department of Commerce 1910). The Sullivans continued to own the property through 1930, but the structure was removed by 1920. At the time of the survey, Lot 2 and the north portion of Lot 3 was comprised of a raised bedrock outcrop (see Figure 42). The remaining portion of this outcrop is approximately 55 ft. (17 m) deep to the base of the bluff. The area formerly associated with 710 South Main Street is an open lot that is 65 ft. (20 m) from north to south with both the north and south boundaries marked by partial limestone retaining walls in the northwest and southwest corners of the area (Figure 54). Along the northern edge of this area is a cellar depression and limestone foundations that mark the former location of 710 South Main Street (Figure 55). These foundations, which include portions of the south wall of the dwelling, the west wall of the main building, and a pier for the porch, were cleared and mapped (see Figure 54). Within the central portion of this lot, and near the base of the bluff, is an 8-ft. (2.4-m) -diameter cistern opening that was identified as Feature 6 (see Figure 54). This cistern is carved directly into the bedrock and is filled to within a meter Bluff Limestone Wall 40 15 !14 !2 -------------- 7, 6„ Wall Segments .�' Cellar a, ,'� Depression 16 � 6' 9„ 0ZD 6 6" ,, Limestone Foundations of 710 South Main Street ! 3 15 !4 Feature 6 Q Cistern R ° U Bluff Slope ! 7 !6 U 0 o N o w !11 !g !8 Feature 8 Privy Box _ 18!1:1 ! 13`• Depression ! ! 10 IE: 17� L r. `•, Depression Limestone - - - - - - KEY Retaining Walls Feature 7 Limestone Bluff ! Shovel Test St. Croix River Crossing Site 21WA100 - Slab Alley Intensive Literature Search and Block 1 - Lots 2 & 3 Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 54 Washington County, Minnesota 0 feet 10 Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 105 FIGURE 55. LIMESTONE FOUNDATION OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET, FACING WEST of the top of the opening with an accumulation of limestone rubble that hampered attempts to sample the feature's contents. Within the southwest corner of the lot is a depression (Feature 7) and a rectangular opening (Feature 8) carved into the bedrock. Feature 8 is approximately 4 ft. wide and 7 ft. long and is bordered to the south and west by limestone retaining walls (see Figure 54). An approximately 12 ft. wide by 25 ft. long single -story, wood -frame, outbuilding is indicated in this location on the Sanborn fire insurance maps of 1904 and 1910 (Sanborn Map Company 1904 and 1910). In the southeast portion of this lot was another large, cellar -like, depression, although, there are no previously documented structures in this portion of the lot. Within the area of Lot 2 and the north portion of Lot 3, 17 shovel tests, labeled 1 through ~ 18 (shovel test 12 was omitted), were excavated (see Figure 54). The majority of these tests (2-9, 11, and 14-17) were shallow and went to bedrock at an average depth of 26 cm (10 in.). From these general tests, 155 artifacts were collected. The most common type of artifact was bottle glass with clear (37); brown (9); and aqua (3) fragments present. Architectural debris included machine -cut (11), wire (9), and unidentifiable (1) nails, as well as 29 pieces of flat glass, which were concentrated in Shovel Test 8. Eleven pieces of a tin can and a can opener key were recovered from Shovel Test 14, which was excavated in the rear portion of 710 South Main Street (see Figure 55). Only 14 ceramic sherds were recovered during the excavation of these general shovel tests. Collected ceramics included sherds of plain, white ironstone (7); stoneware (4); redware (2); and St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase MI Archaeological Investigations Page 106 plain earthenware (1). Personal items recovered from the general shovel tests within Lots 2 and 3 were limited to a black plastic hair pin and a small buckle like that used on vests. Both of these personal items were collected in Shovel Test 16, which was located within the foundations of 710 South Main Street. One 22-caliber cartridge shell; two pieces of lamp chimney glass; a shard from the rim of a drinking glass; seven unidentifiable mammal bones, and a 4.5-in. (11-cm) —long railroad spike like that which was recovered from Shovel Test 5 of Block 42, Lot 13 were also collected. In. addition to the general shovel tests excavated across Lots 2 & 3, four tests were excavated within areas that encountered intact deposits of a greater depth and variety than those documented on the rest of the lot. Two of these tests were excavated within the apparent cellar depressions within the area. Shovel Test 1 was placed in the center of the cellar depression located in the northeast portion of the lot and within the foundations of 710 South Main Street (see Figure 54). This test went to a depth of 70 cmbs (27 in.) at which depth bedrock had not yet been reached, but excavation was hampered by fragments of limestone and the slumping of loose materials into the test. The stratigraphy of this test consisted of loose silts and limestone fragments and it appeared that the test was entirely excavated within debris that had collected within the abandoned cellar depression. The 30 artifacts collected from this test included 16 pieces of unidentifiable ferrous fragments that were apparently associated with a can; six machine -cut nails; one wire nail; one piece of milk glass; one aqua patent medicine bottle lip; a Western brand gun cartridge (c.1898-1932); one unidentifiable mammal bone; and one porcelain doll fragment. A shovel test was also excavated within the possible cellar depression located in the southeast portion of Lots 2 and 3 (see Figure 54). Shovel Test 10 yielded 66 artifacts and went to a depth of 100 cmbs (3.3 ft.). Like Shovel Test 1, this test also did not go to bedrock, and contained limestone cobbles throughout. The upper 35 cm of this test consisted of a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), sandy loam that gave way to a yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), silty sand that continued to the depth of 100 cmbs. The artifacts collected from this test included one crown bottle cap (1892+); 10 tin can fragments; nine machine -cut nails; six wire nails; four fragments of flat window glass; five chimney lamp fragments; three sherds of plain, whiteware; one sherd of plain, white ironstone; 16 unidentifiable mammal bones, and eight bottle glass fragments including a piece stamped "CASTORIA" from a Fletcher's Castoria bottle (c.1868+). While Shovel Tests 1 and 10 contained artifacts that dated to the period of the site's occupation, the. unstratified deposits encountered within these tests do not lend themselves to answering research questions. The remaining two shovel tests within Lots 2 and 3, though, did reveal intact, stratified, archaeological deposits. These tests, Shovel Tests 13 and 18, were excavated within privy features located in the southwest portion of the lot (see Figure 54). Depression. Lots 2 and 3 Feature 7). Shovel Test 13 was excavated within the east - central portion of a depression (Feature 7) located to the immediate east of the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 107 rectangular opening (Feature 8) carved into the bedrock. The depression within which Shovel Test 13 was excavated was approximately 5.5 ft. (1.7 m) wide, from north to south, and 8 ft. (2.4 m) long, from east to west. Shovel Test 13 was excavated to a depth of 96 cmbs (37 in.) at which depth the excavation was halted by a rock. The upper 40 cm (16 in.) of this test consisted of loose, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), silts containing limestone fragments. These loose, upper deposits were likely the result of post -demolition accumulations and slough, as well as materials that may have been excavated from Feature 8 by someone in search of bottles or other antiques. A total of 189 artifacts came out of the upper 40 cm of Shovel Test 13. The majority of these artifacts were glass fragments including clear (40); brown (10); aqua (8); milk (8); and green (6) varieties. Thirty-two fragments of chimney lamp glass and 19 pieces of flat window glass were also collected. Unlike the general tests within Lots 2 and 3, or those excavated within the depressions, metal objects were few in the upper 40 cm of this test with only two machine -cut nails and six unidentifiable ferrous fragments present. Ceramics included four undecorated porcelain sherds; one mold -decorated porcelain saucer fragment; nine white ironstone sherds; one plain, whiteware sherd; six polychrome, transfer -printed, whiteware sherds; and five buff -bodied stoneware sherds. A porcelain doll head fragment; a piece of a comb; a four -hole, sunken face Prosser button; 10 unidentifiable mammal bones; five bird bones; and eight fish bones were also recovered. The most unique item from the upper 40 cm of this test was an unglazed, redware, pipe bowl (Figure 56). FIGURE 56. REDWARE PIPE BOWL FROM SHOVEL TEST 13 OF LOTS 2 AND 3 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 108 Below 40 cmbs, Shovel Test 13 gave way to more compact, dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/6) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), silts. An additional 155 artifacts were collected from these deposits. As with the upper deposits, the most common artifact type was glass with clear (77); brown (7); green (5); orange (1); aqua (1); blue (1); and milk (1) varieties present. One bottle fragment was embossed with "VI-JON LABORATORIES" (1908-c. 1933). Four pieces of chimney lamp glass and 22 shards of flat glass were also collected. Metal objects were again not very numerous with only seven tin can fragments and four wire nails being recovered between 40 to 96 cmbs. Ceramic sherds collected from these deposits included 13 white ironstone sherds; one plain whiteware sherd; and one polychrome, transfer -printed, whiteware sherd. A black glass, closed -back button; two porcelain doll fragments; two bird bones, a mammal bone, and a fish bone were also collected. The depth of the deposits within Shovel Test 13 indicates that they accumulated within a feature that was excavated into the bedrock at this location. Diagnostic artifacts within the test indicated the accumulation of household debris in this feature through at least 1908. The nature of the feature that these materials are associated with was not clear from the excavation, but an 1897 photograph of the project area illustrates a lean-to shed, or outbuilding, in the portion of the site that corresponds to the location of Shovel Test 13 (Figure 57). The artifacts within Shovel Test 13 apparently accumulated within the depression associated with this structure. Privv Box. Lots 2 and 3 (Feature 8): The 1897 photograph that illustrates the lean-to shed within Lots 2 and 3 also documents an apparent privy building in the southwest corner of the lot (see Figure 57). This area corresponds to the location of a rectangular pit (Feature 8) excavated into the bedrock within Lot 3 (see Figures 42 and 54). At the time of the survey, this pit was approximately 4 ft. wide and 7 ft. long and was bordered to the south and west by limestone retaining walls (Figure 58). A midden of material near the northeast corner of the feature indicated that it may have been impacted by someone searching for bottles or other antiques. Shovel Test 18 was excavated within the central portion of this feature. This shovel test, though, was only excavated to a depth of 48 cmbs (19 in.). At that depth, it became apparent that the feature contained intact archaeological deposits that would be better sampled through the excavation of a formal test unit within the feature. Shovel Test 18 produced 114 artifacts. Among these artifacts were numerous glass fragments including clear (39); aqua (10 — including two pieces of a Jung Brewing Company bottle [c. 1885+]); brown (8); milk (5); green (5); and blue (2) varieties. Four shards of a clear drinking glass, one piece of lamp chimney glass, and 13 pieces of flat glass were also collected. Ceramics included 12 pieces of plain white ironstone. A four -hole, sunken face Prosser button; a piece of shoe leather single bird and fish bone were also recovered. Metals were noticeably absent. In order to better evaluate the contents of Feature 8, Unit 1 was excavated within the east half of the feature. The unit was 50 cm (1.6 ft.) from east to west and 100 cm (3.3 ft.) from north to south (Figure 59). This unit resulted in the sampling of approximately one St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 109 FIGURE 57. AN 1897 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE HERSEY & BEAN LUMBER COMPANY WITH THE ROOF LINE OF 710 SOUTH MAIN STREET AND A LEAN-TO (LEFT ARROW) AND PRIVY (RIGHT ARROW) VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND, FACING EAST (MHS RUNK 189) quarter of the contents of the privy box. Excavation was undertaken in 5-cm arbitrary levels. At the start of the excavation the privy box was filled to between 42 and 62 cm below the height of the surrounding natural bedrock. Large limestone boulders found in the test unit appeared to be the result of rock fall from the bluff located to the west of the feature. This test unit resulted in the excavation of six soil deposits, or strata. Stratum A, located in the northern portion of the test unit, is a consistent, very dark brown (10YR3/2), silty loam with limestone cobbles. This Stratum was excavated until a plastic bottle was recovered at the base of Level 17. Because it appeared that this portion of the feature was previously disturbed by someone looking for bottles or other antiquities, excavation of the north half of the unit was ceased. All of the other strata (B through F) were located in the undisturbed southern portion of Unit 1; however Levels 1 through 17 of Stratums B, C, and D, also contained artifacts from the disturbed northern portion of the unit. Stratum B was a very dark brown (10YR3/2), silty loam with large limestone cobbles. This deposit appears to consist mostly of soil that has fallen into the feature off of the bluff. Stratum C was a brown (10YR4/2), silt with some limestone cobbles. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/11 Archaeological Investigations Page110 FIGURE 58. FEATURE 8 OF SrrE 21WA100, FACING SOUTHWEST Stratum D was a black (10YR2/1), silt that also contained some limestone cobbles. Stratum E was a dark brown (10YR3/2), silty loam, and Stratum F was a slightly lighter brown (10YR3/3), silty loam. Both of these strata have fewer limestone cobbles than the upper levels, and flecks of lime were observed in both strata during excavation. Level 1 was excavated within Stratum A and a total of 58 artifacts were recovered from this level. These artifacts included two ironstone fragments, 21 container glass fragments (clear, green, brown, and milk), 11 window glass fragments, 10 lamp chimney glass fragments, one porcelain button, one Prosser button, one screw top bottle cap, one piece of iron wire, two metal fragments, and five animal bone fragments. As this stratum was impacted by a previous disturbance and rock fall from the overhanging bluff, these artifacts can not be definitively associated with the site and its former inhabitants. Levels 2 through 6 were excavated within both Stratum A and B. A total of 292 artifacts were recovered from these levels including three stoneware fragments, six ironstone fragments, Bluff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Limestone Retaining Wall I Bedrock UNIT 1 M 10YR 4/2 Silt (145 cmbd) Datum' i • 10YR 3/2 Silty Loam, Loose (Bottle Hunter Pit) (145 cmbd) Datum --0'- T Bedrock Fedrock A 10YR 3/2 Silty Loam (Bottle Hunter Pit) B 10YR 3/2 Silty Loam C 10YR 4/2 Silt D 10YR 2/1 Silt E 10YR 3/2 Silty Loam F 10YR 3/3 Silty Loam KEY Limestone ware Limestone Boulder Unexcavated Bedrock Glass 0 20 47 60 80 100 120 140 160 170 0 centimeters 50 WjkSt. Croix River Crossing Churchill and Nelson's Addition, Lot 3, Unit 1 Intensive Literature Search and Plan and West Wall Profile Phase I /II Archaeological Resources Investigations Figure 59 ashington County, Minnesota Two Pines Resource Group Field Notes, 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/11 Archaeological Investigations Page112 one yellow ware fragment, nine tin can fragments, 107 container glass fragments (clear, blue, green, brown, aqua, and milk), four tableware glass fragments, 31 lamp chimney glass fragments, one brown Bennington marble, one fragment of a porcelain holy water font (Figure 60), one pencil ferrule, one boot heel, two buttons, 42 window glass fragments, eight nails (three machine -cut, two wire, and four unknown), two wire fragments, one brick fragment, 22 slate roofing tile fragments, and 42 animal bone fragments. Stratum B also appears to be composed of material that had accumulated within the feature after its abandonment, and, therefore, the artifacts collected in this stratum cannot be positively associated with the former occupants of the lot. Levels 7 and 8 consisted of the transition from Stratum B to Stratum C in the southern portion of the unit and Stratum A in the northern portion. A total of 164 artifacts were recovered from these levels of the unit. These artifacts included nine ironstone fragments, one porcelain fragment, 61 container glass fragments (clear, blue, green, brown, aqua, and milk), one tableware glass fragment, two Prosser buttons, one two -hole shell button, one 1907 Indian Head penny, one piece of leather, 10 lamp chimney glass fragments, one metal handle, four machine -cut nails, two wire nails, 26 window glass fragments, 13 unidentifiable metal fragments, and 30 animal bone fragments. Level 9 is within Stratum C in the southern portion of the unit and within Stratum A in the northern portion. A total of 84 artifacts were recovered in this level. These artifacts included one fragment of FIGURE 60. HOLY WATER FONT DECORATED WITH AN IMAGE OF THE CHRIST CHILD FROM LEVEL 4 OF UNIT 1 OF LOT 3 OF CHURCHILL AND NELSON'S ADDITION St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 113 clear glass stemware, 26 container glass fragments (clear, blue, green, brown, and milk), one key, nine lamp chimney glass fragments, 19 window glass fragments, five machine - cut nails, three unidentifiable metal fragments, and 18 fragments of animal bone. Levels 10 through 13 encompass the transition from Stratum C to Stratum D. A total of 299 artifacts were recovered in these levels. The artifacts included 18 stoneware fragments, four ironstone fragments (one with polychrome decoration), four porcelain fragments, five tableware glass fragments, 103 container glass fragments, 15 tin can fragments, two pieces of shoe leather, one Prosser button, one four -hole shell button, two Bennington marbles, one cigarette filter, 10 lamp chimney glass fragments, 37 window glass fragments, 13 nails (wire and machine -cut), one bolt, one piece of barbed wire, one railroad spike, 22 unidentified metal fragments, and 57 animal bone fragments. Levels 14 through 16 were within Stratum D. A total of 112 artifacts were recovered from these levels including two fragments of gray earthenware, nine fragments of stoneware, two fragments of ironstone, five fragments of tableware glass, 54 fragments of container glass, two tin can fragments, one bottle cap, two white Prosser buttons, five fragments of lamp chimney glass, 5 fragments of window glass, eight nails (wire and machine -cut), five unidentified metal fragments, one clear plastic fragment, and 10 fragments of animal bone. Level 17 encompasses the transition from Stratum D to Stratum E. A total of 40 artifacts were recovered from this level including two fragments of stoneware, four fragments of ironstone, 17 fragments of container glass, two tin can fragments, nine lamp chimney fragments, one window glass fragment, two unidentified nail fragments, one brick fragment, and two fragments of animal bone. Levels 18 and 19 were excavated within Stratum E. A total of 76 artifacts were recovered from these two levels including, four fragments of ironstone, one fragment of porcelain, 17 container glass fragments, one porcelain figurine, one ball clay marble, one key, one Prosser button, 25 lamp chimney glass fragments, nine window glass fragments, one machine -cut nail, nine unidentified metal fragments, one piece of plastic, and five animal bone fragments. Due to the presence of large limestone cobbles which impeded the excavation process, a shovel test was excavated in the south half of Unit 1 on the surface of Level 20. This shovel test aided in removing many of the cobbles and the south half of the unit was excavated to a depth of 165 cmbd. This 20-cm level was recorded as Level 20, and encompassed the transition from Stratum E to Stratum F. A total of 182 artifacts were recovered from this level including two fragments of stoneware, two fragments of ironstone, ten fragments of whiteware, one fragments of earthenware (blue willow), three fragments of tableware glass, 47 fragments of container glass, three buttons (two Prosser), one fragment of a nail brush, 46 fragments of lamp chimney glass, 46 fragments of window glass, three nails (two machine -cut, one unidentified), three fragments of a brass ring, six unidentified metal fragments, and eight animal bone fragments. An average of 57 artifacts was recovered from each 5-cm level excavated in Unit 1. The levels excavated in Stratum C produced the most artifacts. An average of 78 artifacts was recovered from each of these levels. As previously stated, Stratum A appears to be fill collected within a portion of the feature that had been previously disturbed. The presence of a plastic bottle found within this St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 114 stratum at 135 cmbd indicates that a hole was dug in the northeastern portion of the privy feature after the privy had been abandoned. Large limestone boulders in this portion of the feature also indicate that the hole may have not been back -filled manually. Instead, the hole was apparently gradually filled in by rock fall and soil from the bluff. Stratum B, which is consistent with Stratum A in soil type and color, also appears to be the result of slough from the bluff that collected in the privy depression. Stratum C and Stratum D both contained a large number of artifacts, particularly glass and animal bone. The stratigraphy of these levels is uneven; Stratum D is thick near the center of the privy feature and thins out along the edges, while Stratum C is thicker at the edge of the feature. These levels likely represent trash deposits that occurred after the feature was no longer being used as a privy. Both machine -cut, and wire nails were recovered from these strata, as well as a crown bottle cap (1892+), and a clear glass bottle base with a suction scar (1903+). These artifacts indicate that Stratum C and Stratum D were likely deposited around the turn of the twentieth century. Stratum E and Stratum F are level deposits that appear to be intact privy deposits. Flecks of lime, common in privy deposits, were observed in both levels. Diagnostic artifacts recovered from these levels include white Prosser buttons (1849+), machine -cut nails (1875+), and bale wire style glass jar lids (1877+). Stratum E and Stratum F are, therefore, intact privy deposits that likely date to the late -nineteenth century. These two strata indicate that intact deposits remain in the feature. A total of 177 (1157 g) faunal specimens were recovered from Feature 8. Of the 85 specimens identified as mammal, six (513.9 g) were identified as cow, five (54.3 g) as pig, five (60.5 g) as deer, one (1.3 g) as dog or fox, and three (0.7 g) as rodent. A total of 68 (409.5 g) mammal specimens were not identifiable to taxon. Also recovered from this feature were 10 (15.1 g) bird specimens identified as chicken, 29 (39.1 g) unidentifiable bird specimens, and 53 (71.1 g) unidentified fish specimens. The faunal specimens recovered from Feature 8 offer the largest and most diverse assemblage from site 21WA100 (Slab Alley). This is likely due to the fact that the specimens were excavated from a test unit placed within a privy feature. The sampling method itself increases the chance of a greater rate of artifact recovery and privies were also common waste disposal areas. Lots 4 of Block 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition (722 South Main Street) A dwelling is recorded on Lot 4 of Block 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition on the 1884, 1888, and 1891 Sanborn fire insurance maps (Sanborn Map Company 1884; 1888; 1891). By 1898, though this structure is no longer standing (Sanborn Map Company 1898). The 1890 tax assessment indicates that this structure was the property of Joseph Dahm and was linked with the south half of Lot 3. According to the 1882/83 Stillwater city directory, D. P. Damon, a laborer at the St. Croix Mill, boarded at the address (Johnson et al. 1882). No other occupants can be definitively linked with this property. At the time of the survey, the south portion of Lot 3 and the area of Lot 4 where 722 South Main Street formerly stood was a steeply sloped hillside. Because of this slope, St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase MI Archaeological Investigations Page 115 and associated erosion, the location of this former dwelling did not undergo archaeological testing and no further archaeological work is recommended. Analysis Archaeological fieldwork within site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) consisted of a walkover of the area, shovel testing within the boundaries of individual lots, and, based on the results of this initial testing, the evaluation of identified features through the excavation of test units, shovel tests, or bucket augering depending on the depth and accessibility of the feature. Intact archaeological deposits were excavated from within seven features including three privies, a well, and three depressions of indeterminate function (Table 3). The intact archaeological features of "Slab Alley" yielded an abundant number of artifacts from within stratified contexts and there is a high potential for additional intact archaeological features to be present within the lots, but buried under the talus of rock - fall and slough that is present along the base of the bluff at the rear of these lots. Storage caves associated with these lots, which were sealed in 1932, also have the potential to contain intact archaeological deposits. Surface collecting, shovel testing, and the evaluation of archaeological features within "Slab Alley," produced 4,344 artifacts. A complete artifact catalog is included in Appendix C. Of these artifacts, approximately 54 percent (2,340 items) were associated with household activities, while approximately 32 percent (1,401 items) were architectural materials. This section presents more detailed analyses of the cultural material recovered from Site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) including glassware, ceramics, personal items, toys, and faunal remains. TABLE 3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE "SLAB ALLEY" NEIGHBORHOOD Feature Plat Block Lot Feature Measurements Temporal Probable Number Tye Range Association 1 Stillwater 42 4 1 Privy Box 5.5' (N-S) x Post-1903 Post-1900 to 6' (E-W) contents 1932 renters 2 8 Well 3.5' diameter Circa 1900 Donahue contents Household 3 9 Depression 5' diameter Post-1875 Indeterminate depression contents 4 12 Depression 5' diameter Post-1875 Indeterminate depression contents 5 13 Privy Indeterminate L.19'- Ballard/ century Hitchcock contents Household 6 Churchill and 1 2 & 3 Cistern 8' diameter Indeterminate Indeterminate 7 2 & 3 Depression 5.5' (N-S) x Circa 1900 Indeterminate Nelson's Addition 8 ` - contents 8 2 & 3 Privy Box 4' (N-S) x L. 19""- Indeterminate 7' (E-W) century contents St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 116 Glassware The most common artifact material within the "Slab Alley" assemblage was glass. A total of 2,291 artifacts, or approximately 53 percent of the artifact assemblage, was glass fragments. The most common type of glassware was container glass (1,124 artifacts), which made up 49 percent of the glass group. Glass fragments that exhibited a curvature, thickness, or color consistent with the composition of a bottle, jar, or canning jar liner were assigned to this group. While most container glass fragments did not provide any clues as to their former contents, those that did exhibit evidence for contents through form or labels included 13 fragments of medicine bottles; six beverage bottles; and three miscellaneous bottles. Labeled medical bottles included two bottles from the St. Croix Drug Company (Figure 61); and single bottles of Fletcher's Castoria (1868+) (a castor oil substitute made of senna, sodium bicarbonate, wintergreen, taraxicum, sugar and water that was marketed for children [Grutchfield 2001]); Mentholatum (1889+); Peptenzyme by Reed and Carnrick Pharmeceuticals (c.1860+); Glyco-thymoline; and Dr. King's New Discovery for Consumption produced by H. E. Bucklen (c.1885+) (a tuberculosis medication comprised of a mixture of morphine and chloroform [Digger Odell Publications 2000]). The six labeled beverage bottle fragments included two Coca-Cola bottles; two bottles from the Jung Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and individual bottles from St. Croix Beverages and the French Lick Springs Hotel (mineral f A i "CM FIGURE 61. MEDICINE BOTTLE MARKED "ST. CRorx DRUG COMPANY STILLWATER, MINN." FRoM SITE 21WA100 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 117 water). Other labeled bottles included a Sanford's glue or ink bottle; a Vi-Jon Laboratories bottle; and a Johnson and Johnson bottle. Flat glass fragments (534 fragments or 23 percent of the glass group) were the second most common form of glassware recovered. These ubiquitous shards of glass represent the remains of the windows of the "Slab Alley" structures. Pieces of glass from hurricane lamp chimneys were also present throughout "Slab Alley." Lamp glass was the third largest class of glass with 289 fragments collected (13 percent of the glass group). The majority of the lamp glass (155 pieces or 54 percent), though, came from Unit 1 that was excavated within the privy box (Feature 8) of Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. Shovel Test 13, which was excavated within Feature 7 in the same lot, produced 36 additional lamp glass fragments. Therefore, 66 percent of all of the lamp glass recovered from within site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) was associated with the structure at 710 South Main Street. The preponderance of lamp glass associated with this lot appears to be the result of the excavation of intact archaeological deposits from within the privy box (Feature 8), as the majority of the lamp glass on this lot was collected from the intact privy deposits encountered in the lower levels of Unit 1. During the excavations within site 21WA100 (Slab Alley), only 39 glassware fragments were recovered that could be identified through their thickness or form as having been used as tableware. Thin bodies, finished lips, and wide mouths indicated that the majority of these fragments were pieces of drinking glasses or other thin -bodied glassware. Twenty-two of these glass tableware fragments, or 56 percent, were excavated from within the privy box (Feature 8) of Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. Among these pieces were six stemware fragments, which were the only ones encountered during excavations within 21 WA100. Again, this apparent concentration of materials within Feature 8 is likely the result of the excavation of a unit at this location that encountered intact archaeological deposits (30 percent of all of the artifacts recovered at 21 WA100 came from Feature 8). Ceramics During excavations within site 21WA100 (Slab Alley), a total of 448 household ceramics, such as plates and storage vessels, as opposed to porcelain buttons, etc., was recovered. Of these ceramics, the majority (355 artifacts or 79 percent) functioned as tablewares, while 71 sherds, or 16 percent of the ceramic assemblage, were stoneware fragments, which are typically associated with storage vessels such as crocks or bottles. Approximately half (34 sherds) of these stoneware fragments came from Unit 1, which was excavated in the privy box (Feature 8) of Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. Of the tableware sherds collected within 21 WA100 (Slab Alley), undecorated ironstones were by far the most numerous in the project area with 165, or 46 percent, of the sherds being plain, white ironstone. Ironstone was first introduced in Staffordshire, England in 1813. Occasionally referred to as "granite ware," ironstone was an improved china that was harder than earthenware and stronger than porcelain. By the second half of the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page118 nineteenth century, English potters were exporting durable, plain ironstones to an appreciative American market. It is not surprising that these wares, which were economical and could withstand frequent use, were the common choice of institutions such as the boarding houses within "Slab Alley." Not only could ironstone pottery withstand daily use, but replacing breakages was made easier by the lack of decoration. Soon United States potters, like Homer Laughlin, were making "restaurant china" and "hotel china" ironstone pottery. Moderately decorated ironstones wares, such as molded and annular banded sherds were also present at 21 WA100, as were highly decorated hand -painted; transfer -printed, and decal decorated sherds. These decorated ironstone sherds (46), though, accounted for only 13 percent of the total ceramic assemblage collected. The marked ironstone ceramics (Figure 62) from 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) reflect the history of this utilitarian ware. Those ironstone marks that could be identified include those of English potters Charles Meakin (c.1883-1889) and J. & G. Meakin (c.1890+), both of Hanley, Staffordshire; and Wedgwood & Company of Tunstall, Staffordshire (c.1860-1965). American potteries represented include Vodrey & Brothers Pottery Company (c.1876-1896) and Homer Laughlin (c.1900-1940s) of East Liverpool, Ohio; John Moses & Company of Trenton, New Jersey (c.1895-1904+); and J. & E. Mayer of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania (1881+). Three partial marks that could not be definitively associated with a pottery bore the phrase "Royal Ironstone China" (1) and "Ironstone China" (2). FIGURE 62. EXAMPLES OF CERAMIC MAKER'S MARKS FROM SITE 21WA100 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 119 In order of frequency, the other ceramic types present within the archaeological deposits of "Slab Alley" were earthenwares (including whitewares); porcelains; yellow wares; and redwares. Even within these other ware types, though, including porcelain sherds, plain, undecorated sherds were the most common. Due to the small size of many of the ceramic sherds recovered from site 21 WA100, vessel function could not be determined for many of the sherds. Those that could be identified included ironstone plates, mugs, lids, teacups, cups, dishes, saucers, and a pitcher; porcelain teacups, plates, and saucers; and whiteware plates and bowls. Those sherds that could be definitively identified as teawares, including cups and saucers, were more often porcelain (13) than ironstone (5). Personal Items Excavations within "Slab Alley" also produced over 70 items of personal use or association. Unlike the previous categories of glassware and ceramics, which would have been primarily purchased by the boarding house owner or the head of the household, these artifacts, such as clothing and items of adornment, were items that boarders and residents likely purchased for themselves. These items, therefore, provide insights into the daily consumer choices of the residents of "Slab Alley." Button& Studs, and Clasps: Buttons were by far the most numerous artifacts within the personal items category (Figure 63). Prosser buttons were the most common type of button present, which are a highly vitrified porcelain button produced through a process patented in 1849. Seventeen Prosser buttons were collected during fieldwork within site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley). Sixteen of these buttons were four -hole, sunken face buttons and the remaining Prosser button was a two -hole, sunken face variety. The most common Prosser button size was a 7/16-in.-diameter button with nine examples recovered. The most unique button was a black, jet -glass example with a lily decoration recovered from the midden adjacent to the privy (Feature 1) in Lot 4 of Block 42. Other clothing related items include collar buttons (3); ferrous overall buttons (2); button clasps (2); a garter stay (1); a sliding adjuster(1); a snap (1); a probable vest buckle (1); and an eye hook (1). Two beads were recovered during the excavations within "Slab Alley" including a faceted clear glass bead from Shovel Test 2 within Lot 4 of Block 42, and a black faceted glass bead encountered within Shovel Test 2 of Lot 9. Footwear: Of the personal artifacts collected during fieldwork in "Slab Alley," 15 items were related to footwear. The majority of these artifacts were shoe eyelets (9), but pieces of shoe leather (5); and a boot heel were also recovered. None of these items were of a sufficient size to permit the identification of the style of the footwear with which they were formerly associated. Hygiene: During excavations at 21 WA100 (Slab Alley), three personal hygiene items were recovered. These artifacts included a fragment of a wood shaving brush handle with a brass collar ring and remnant brush hairs that was recovered from Shovel Test 6 within Lot 13 of Block 42. A small piece of a comb, possibly made of bakelite, was St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 120 . n �• 1 n4 E FIGURE 63. EXAMPLES OF BUTTONS FROM SITE 21WA100 collected from Shovel Test 13 that was excavated within Feature 7 of Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. Within the neighboring privy box (Feature 8), a copper nail brush fragment was recovered from the intact strata of Unit 1. Miscellaneous: Other personal items encountered during excavations within site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) included three spectacle lenses, which were surface -collected from the midden adjacent to the privy (Feature 1) in Lot 4 of Block 42; two pocket knife blades, one from within Feature 1 of Lot 4 of Block 42 and one from Shovel Test 2 within Lot 9; a straight pin -backed button, which was also collected from Shovel Test 2 within Lot 9; and a black hair pin from Shovel Test 16 in Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. One of the most unique personal artifacts recovered was a monogrammed, silver plate pen holder from Shovel Test A within Lot 4 of Block 42. Lastly, a vulcanite phonograph record fragment (1900+) from Shovel Test 1 of Lot 5 of Block 42, and a redware pipe bowl and bone pipe stem recovered in Lot 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition hint at leisure time activities within this working-class neighborhood. Toys During excavations within site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley), 16 artifacts related to children were recovered. The majority of these artifacts were porcelain doll fragments (Figure St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 121 64), although, porcelain figurines, rubber doll fragments, clay marbles, and toy dishes were also present. The majority of these childhood artifacts were collected during excavations within Lots 2 and 3 of Block 1 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition to Stillwater. Marbles were the second most numerous class of child -related artifacts present. Four marbles were collected during the "Slab Alley" excavations. These included three Bennington marbles and a larger, ball clay "shooter" (Figure 65). All of these marbles were discovered within Unit 1, which was excavated in the privy (Feature 8) of Lots 2 and 3 of Churchill and Nelson's Addition. Other child related artifacts recovered at site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) were a fragment of a dish from a toy tea set that was encountered in Shovel Test 3 (Feature 3) of Lot 9 of Block 42, and the two sherds from a child's mug decorated with a blue transfer -printed, Benjamin Franklin maxim, which was surface -collected within Lot 9 of Block 42 (see Figure 50). FIGURE 64. DOLL AND FIGURINE FRAGMENTS FROM SITE 21 WA100 (LEFT TO RIGHT: BISQUE PORCELAIN DOLL HEAD FROM THE SURFACE OF LOT 12; PORCELAIN FIGURINE FROM LEVEL 18 OF UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND 3; RUBBER DOLL HEAD FROM LEVEL 9 OF UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND 3; AND A PORCELAIN FIGURINE FROM THE SURFACE OF LOT 8) St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 122 FIGURE 65. THREE BENNINGTON MARBLES AND A BALL CLAY MARBLE FROM UNIT 1 OF LOTS 2 AND 3 OF SITE 21WA100 Faunal Remains Authored by Julie A. Kloss A total of 336 (1991.1 g) faunal specimens were recovered during the Phase VII archaeological excavations within site 21WA100 (Slab Alley). The specimens recovered from the site were heavily fragmented, resulting in a high number of unidentified specimens. Of the 336 faunal specimens recovered from site 21 WA100, 49 specimens (14% of the faunal remains) were identified to taxon. The taxa that were identified in this faunal assemblage include cow, pig, deer, dog or fox, rodent and chicken (Table 4). The majority of these faunal remains were recovered from privy features. This section addresses the overall faunal assemblage from 21 WA100, while the remains from individual lots have been included in the discussion of the excavation results for each property. Species Representation: In terms of individual specimens, the majority of this faunal assemblage (59%) consists of mammal remains. Most of these mammal remains are from medium to large sized mammals. Fish remains constituted 21 percent of the collection, bird remains constituted 19 percent, and a single turtle shell fragment was less than one percent. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Page 123 TABLE 4. SPECIMENS PRESENT IN 21WA100 FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGE Common Name Taxon NISP MINI Weight ) Cow Bos Taurus 13 2 838.1 Pig Sus Scro a 7 1 62.1 Deer Odocoileus vir inianus 6 1 62.3 Dog or Fox Canis domesticus/Vul es Vul es 9 1 15.5 Rodent 4 1 0.9 UNID Mammal 160 - 840.5 Chicken Gallus gallus 10 1 15.1 UNID Bird 55 - 69.3 UNID Turtle Testudines 1 1 6.0 UNID Fish 71 - 83.9 Total 336 1991.9 Several factors can influence the rate of preservation in faunal assemblages. The bones of small animals are believed to be subjected to a higher level of destruction resulting from the activities of carnivores and scavengers as well as a faster rate of weathering and fragmentation. This is due to the much lower density of the bones of small animals (Lyman 1994:397; Behrensmeyer et. al 1979:17). Another factor that may cause this preservational bias is that the higher surface -to -volume ratio in the bones of small animals results in a higher risk of acidic dissolution (Lyman 1994:398; Retallack 1988:338). This causes a more rapid deterioration of small animal remains when compared to the remains of larger animals. Sampling methods must also be considered when quantifying species representation in faunal specimens. Bones that are small at the time of deposition and are then subject to a comparatively higher rate of deterioration and fragmentation are far more likely to be missed during recovery procedures. Many small animal bones or fragments of bones will pass through '/4-in. mesh hardware, and therefore be excluded from the assemblage. While nearly all of the larger animal bones will be collected during the screening process at a site, a lower percentage of small animal bones will be collected. This may result in a misleading dominance of larger animal species in an assemblage. While there is certainly a bias against small animal remains, both in terms of preservation and sampling methods, the abundance of medium to large mammal remains is significant enough to suggest that these animals were an important source of protein for the inhabitants of "Slab Alley." Bird and fish remains, although less in quantity than mammal bones, also make up a significant portion of the faunal assemblage and must be regarded as significant food sources. Both domestic and wild species were identified in the faunal assemblage. The domestic animals include cow, pig, and chicken. Wild species are indicated by the white-tailed deer and the fish remains. Many of the bird remains may also represent wild species. The presence of these wild species may suggest prevalent hunting and fishing activities among the inhabitants of "Slab Alley." St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase VII Archaeological Investigations Page124 Species identified in the collection that are not generally associated with consumption are the canid specimens, and the rodent specimens. The canid specimens are likely from a fox or small dog that was deposited in the privy of Lot 13 of Block 42. Rodent bones are also commonly found on historic domestic sites as consumers of refuse left by humans. This is also exhibited by five faunal specimens with rodent gnaw marks. It is noteworthy that all of the fish remains recovered from site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) were recovered from privy features or possible privy features. No fish specimens were recovered in excavations not related to privy features. Although it must be considered that small bones, such as fish bones are subject to a higher rate of deterioration due to lower density, the complete lack of fish specimens in non privy related tests suggests a specific pattern of the disposal of fish remains. Butchering, Cooking. and Consumption: Fifty-five faunal specimens collected from 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) exhibited evidence of butchering. There are five main types of butchery marks that are generally found in historic faunal assemblages. These include scrapes (shallow straight marks that minimally gauge the surface); cuts (straight narrow incised lines that are deeper than a scrape); chop (where a small wedge of bone has been removed); a shear (a straight edge where a bone has been chopped through); and a saw (which is like a shear but bears parallel striations on the edge) (Landon 1996:59). These different marks generally result from the use of different tools in the butchery process, for example, the use of a knife would result in scrape and cut marks, the use of a cleaver or ax results in shear and chop marks, and toothed cutting tools like a saw produce the parallel striations found in saw marks. Three of these types of butchery marks (cut, chop, and saw marks) are present in the faunal assemblage. The butchering of animal carcasses occurs in three stages, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary butchery involves the slaughter of the animal as well as the evisceration and initial dressing of the carcass. The removal of the hide (or skin) would also be performed in this stage. Secondary butchery consists of dividing the carcass into the major portions, or meat cuts. Finally, tertiary butchery takes place immediately before and during the consumption of the meat portions, and involves the further division of meat cuts into consumable parts (Landon 1996:59; Lyman 1978:5; Rixon 1989:49). It is possible for all of these activities to take place in the same general area; however, it is more common for primary and secondary butchery to take place in specialized locations, while tertiary butchery takes place in or near the home or kitchen. Thirty-six of the butchered specimens are unidentifiable to taxon. Two are bird specimens and the rest are from medium to large mammals. The unidentifiable butchered mammal specimens consist mostly of rib, scapula or vertebra fragments. Of the identifiable butchered remains, most are from the domestic cow. Thirteen specimens identified as cow exhibit butchery marks, including four medial humerus sections approximately 1/z-in. thick and sawed on either side, two distal humerus sawed through the shaft, one proximal and one medial radius both sawed, three medial femur sections sawed approximately 1/2-in. thick, one distal femur sawed through the shaft, and one St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 125 scapula fragment sawed and showing one chop mark. One butchered specimen was identified as domestic pig, a scapula fragment sawed on two sides. The four remaining identifiable butchered specimens are from the white-tailed deer. These include a third phalanx (hoof) with a small chop mark, a distal tibia, a distal humerus and a cervical vertebra, all with cut marks. The majority of the cow specimens consist of arm, foreshank and round sections. These portions of meat are somewhat tough and lacking in fat content, but do contain a small portion of flavorful marrow. They are commonly used in pot roasts and stews. The domestic specimens identified in the assemblage suggest that some primary or secondary butchery may have taken place at the site. Cranial elements and lower leg bones are often removed from the carcass and discarded shortly after the slaughter of the animal. Although these kinds of elements are completely absent among the cow remains, they are present among the pig and deer remains. Of the seven specimens identified as domestic pig, three are lower leg bones and two are teeth. Of the six specimens identified as deer, one is a lower leg bones and one is a cervical vertebra. This may indicate that primary and secondary butchery was taking place nearby and the refuse, or less desirable portions of the carcass were discarded along with other household or kitchen waste. While this is possible, two factors must be considered as alternate explanations. The first is, once again, an issue of preservational bias. It has been suggested that certain elements of a skeleton will deteriorate at different rates according to their shape. Studies show that small compact bones, such as podials and phalanges, are more resistant to weathering and trampling than bones that are flat or cylindrical (Behrensmeyer 1978:152; Lyman 1994:358,380; Yellen 1991:165). Teeth are also subject to differential preservation. The enamel and dentine that forms teeth is the part of the skeleton that is the most resistant to deterioration. As a bone deteriorates, portions continuously erode or flake off its surface, reducing the bone to dust. Although teeth are brittle enough to break, the low porosity of enamel and dentine resists the severe eroding that destroys bone entirely (Lyman 1994:80). If teeth and compact bones, such as phalanges, are more likely than other skeletal elements to resist deterioration, their relative abundance in the assemblage can be explained. The second factor that must be considered is the value of the head and feet of an animal as a food source. Saw, shear, and chop marks found on foot bones can be evidence of the division of the foot for recipes such as "foot pie" (Landon 1996:82). These smaller bones may also have been divided and added to soups and stews for flavoring, if not for their actual meat content. The head of an animal was valued as a food source for many as well. Landon states in his study on the foodways of colonial Boston (1996:68) that the combination of historical recipes and the evidence of cranial butchery marks make it clear that the heads of animals were consumed and cranial elements should not automatically be considered butchery waste. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase MI Archaeological Investigations Page 126 Faunal Results: The faunal assemblage recovered from site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) indicates that the inhabitants of "Slab Alley" consisted of middle class households whose protein sources were primarily meat from domestic mammals, but also included substantial contributions from wild mammals, poultry and fish. Meat cuts were generally mid -priced, high -yield cuts, such as the round and arm beef cuts, or low-cost cuts, like the pig feet, shoulder, and head. These findings are consistent with other faunal assemblages recovered from other archaeological sites related to working class neighborhoods such as those excavated at the Bridgehead site and the New Federal Building/United States Courthouse site (both late -nineteenth century working class neighborhoods) in Minneapolis (McCarthy and Ward 1996, McCarthy et al. 1996). Synthesis The west side of TH 36/95 from the location of the present River Oasis Caf6 north to the Wolf Brewery, was the site of a former neighborhood referred to as "Slab Alley" - (Peterson 1996:9). Named for the stacks of lumber or "slabs" piled around the mills, this cluster of approximately 20 structures was a working class neighborhood where lumbermen and laborers lived during the height of the lumber boom. The examination of bird's eye views, tax assessment records, and historical maps indicate that this neighborhood was developed during the 1860s and that many of the buildings remained through the first quarter of the twentieth century. While the structures and front portions of the lots were removed in 1932 in preparation for the expansion of TH 36/95, the backlots of many of these properties still remain. The archaeological examination of these backlots, through the excavation of 57 shovel tests, two test units, and a bucket auger test, revealed archaeological features and intact archaeological deposits within the lots of this former neighborhood (see Figure 42 and Table 5). Because much of the "Slab Alley" neighborhood was constructed on bedrock outcrops at the base of the bluff, archaeological deposits across much of site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) were shallow. In general, tests towards the front parts of the lots were shallow, contained more architectural materials, and lacked developed stratigraphy, which would be consistent with a single demolition episode. Shovel tests toward the rear of the lots bore more household materials and demonstrated intact and developed profiles. Archaeological features that were documented during the Phase I/II investigations, consisted of privies, a well, a cistern, and other depressions that were excavated into the underlying bedrock. The rear of many of the lots, where privies and other features were likely located (based on observed examples and Sanborn maps), are covered by a talus of debris from the bluff (see Figure 42). Therefore, there is a high potential for additional intact archaeological features to be present within the lots, but buried under this talus. Storage caves are also located at the rear of these lots. While some of these caves may be natural, the direct association of the caves with former lots and structures along "Slab Alley" and the creation of new caves between 1884 and 1891, as documented on Sanborn maps, indicates that many of the caves were carved into the soft stone for the purpose of creating storage. Should impacts be planned for these lots, this talus should be removed and the caves opened in order to permit the archaeological testing of these areas. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 127 TABLE 5. SummARY OF THE RESULTS AND RECOMMENIDATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS wITHIN 21WA100 Block Lot Fieldwork Results Recommendations 42 2 No archaeological testing— majority of lot If impacts will occur to the caves at the rear of removed in 1932 the lot, they should undergo field survey. 3 Shovel testing revealed shallow deposits and No additional archaeological fieldwork is no features recommended within this lot, but the cave at the rear of the lot should undergo an archaeological survey before any impacts. 4 Shovel testing revealed a general artifact The archaeological deposits within this lot have scatter. A test unit was excavated within a the potential to answer research questions. If this privy box (Feature 1), which lacked intact lot will be impacted, additional fieldwork is deposits. recommended. 5 Shovel testing revealed shallow deposits and Archaeological features are potentially buried by no features rock fall at the rear of this lot. Should impacts be planned for this lot, this talus should be removed and the area tested. 6 No archaeological testing —majority of lot Archaeological features are potentially buried by removed in 1932. A segment of a stone rock fall at the rear of this lot. Should impacts foundation, or retaining wall, is present be planned for this lot, this talus should be within this lot. removed and the area tested. 7 No archaeological testing — disturbed No additional fieldwork is recommended. 8 Shovel testing within this lot revealed a Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 2 general artifact scatter. A well (Feature 2) should be mitigated. There is also the potential was sampled and contained intact for archaeological features to be buried at the archaeological deposits. A stone foundation rear of this lot. If this lot will be impacted, is also present within this lot. additional fieldwork is recommended. 9 Shovel testing within this lot revealed a Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 3 general artifact scatter. An apparent privy should be mitigated and additional (Feature 3) within this lot was sampled. A archaeological fieldwork within the lot is stone foundation is also present in this lot. recommended. 10 Shovel testing within this lot revealed the Should impacts be planned for this lot, additional presence of a general artifact scatter across archeological fieldwork is recommended. Also, the lot A cellar hole and sealed cave are also if impacts will occur to the cave at the rear of the present within this lot. lot, it should undergo an archaeological survey. 11 Shovel testing revealed shallow deposits and No additional archaeological fieldwork is no features recommended within this lot, but if impacts will occur to the cave at the rear of the lot, it should undergo an archaeological survey. 12 A depression (Feature 4) within this lot Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 4 yielded intact archaeological deposits. should be mitigated. Additional archaeological Shovel tests in other portions of the lot features are potentially buried by rock fall at the revealed shallow deposits. rear of this lot. Should impacts be planned for this lot, this talus should be removed and the area tested. 13 Shovel testing revealed an artifact scatter Should impacts be planned for this lot, Feature 5 across the lot with deeper intact deposits in should be mitigated_ There is also the potential the rear of the lot. A shovel test (5) was for archaeological features to be buried by rock excavated within a privy (Feature 5), which fall at the rear of this lot. If this lot will be revealed intact archaeological deposits. impacted, additional fieldwork is recommended. 1 1 No archaeological testing — steeply sloped lot No additional fieldwork is recommended. 2 Shovel testing revealed an artifact scatter Should impacts be planned for this lot, the 3 across the lot. This lot also contains identified features should be mitigated and foundations, a cistern (Feature 6), a privy box additional fieldwork should take place within (Feature 8), and a depression (Feature 7). this lot. Features 7 and 8 contain intact deposits. 4 No archaeological testing — steeply sloped lot No additional fieldwork is recommended. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 128 The intact archaeological features of "Slab Alley" yielded an abundant number of artifacts from within stratified contexts. These artifacts have the ability to answer important research questions regarding the daily lives of the workers that lived along South Main Street including aspects of their lifeways such as sanitation, hygiene, health, meal choice, consumer choice, and religious practices, among others. Furthermore, documentary research revealed that from the 1870s through circa 1910 there was a general consistency in the ownership and occupation of the lots within 21WA100 (Slab Alley). Typically archaeological features associated with boarding houses and rental properties are not considered good prospects for answering research questions because the contents cannot be definitively linked with particular site occupants. The stability of ownership of the boarding houses and residences within "Slab Alley," though, permits the examination of consumer choices made by boarding house owners and their families in addition to the study of the general artifacts associated with the boarders and residents of "Slab Alley." Documentary research also revealed that many of the families that lived along South Main Street shared common origins in eastern Canada and Ireland and intermarried with other families that resided in the neighborhood. The archaeological deposits and features of site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley), therefore, provide the unique opportunity to examine a working-class neighborhood that was directly associated with the St. Croix valley lumber boom, and the development of the City of Stillwater during the late -nineteenth century. Significance Site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) consists of intact archaeological features associated with the occupation of a Stillwater working-class neighborhood that existed from the 1860s through 1932. This neighborhood rose and declined in direct correlation with Stillwater's lumber industry, and in particular, the Hersey and Bean Lumber Company's mill (1853- 1906) that was located opposite the site on the east side of TH 36/95. Site 21 WA100 is, therefore, considered significant for its ability to illustrate the direct correlation between the development of Stillwater and the logging boom. Furthermore, the archaeological features of this site are considered significant for the opportunity they provide to compare archaeological deposits from individual households with one another, and their related ability to answer important research questions about the lifeways of the inhabitants of this neighborhood. The only other domestic assemblage from this period that has been excavated within Stillwater is associated with the residence of the prominent Stillwater businessman and lumber mill owner, Isaac Staples (21 WA89). Therefore, the archaeological deposits of "Slab Alley" provide the unique opportunity to examine a working-class neighborhood within the urban setting of late -nineteenth century Stillwater. Hence, site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) is recommended as eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its association with the development of the City of Stillwater during the lumber era and under Criterion D for its ability to answer important research questions. Furthermore, as site 21 WA100 is located within the boundaries of the NRHP- eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District, and as the site illustrates the district's theme of "the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase MI Archaeological Investigations Page 129 community," site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) is recommended as a contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Period of Significance Tax assessment records indicate that lots within site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) began to be developed during the 1860s. While no intact archaeological strata were encountered from this earliest period, features, such as foundations, associated with pre-1870 structures were documented. The occupation of this neighborhood continued through 1932 when the remaining structures were removed in preparation for the expansion of TH 36/95. Therefore, the period of significance for site 21 WA100 is the 1860s through 1932. Integrity The archaeological survey and evaluation of site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) revealed the presence of intact foundations and other archaeological features associated with intact stratigraphic deposits. The integrity of these archaeological resources is considered to be excellent. Furthermore, because the site area has undergone very little activity since 1932, it retains good integrity of location, materials, and association. Site Boundaries Horizontal Site Boundaries: Site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) is located entirely to the west of TH 36/95 and to the north of the alignment of Willard Street (Figure 66). The site consists of the eastern portions of Lots 3 through 13 of the Original Town Plat for Stillwater, and Lots 1 through 4 of Churchill and Nelson's First Addition to Stillwater that are located at the base of the bluff. Vertical Site Boundaries: Since the area of site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) has seen little activity since 1932 there has been little accumulation of later material atop the archaeological remains associated with the occupation of the neighborhood. An extensive surface scatter is visible throughout the site and many archaeological features, such as structural foundations, retaining walls, privy boxes, and the documented well and cistern are visible on the surface. The area is also marked by the presence of shallow archaeological deposits (50 cm [1.5 ft.] or less) over bedrock outcrops. Many of the documented archaeological features are in fact excavated into the bedrock. The deepest feature encountered was the well within Lot 8, which was sampled with a bucket auger to a depth of 3.20 in (10.5 ft.) below the surface without encountering sterile soils. I k St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/1I Archaeological Investigations Page 131 SAY AND RECONMENDATIONS From May to September of 2004, Two Pines Resource Group, LLC conducted an intensive literature search and Phase I/II archaeological investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project in Washington County, Minnesota. This work was preformed under contract with the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). The purpose of this project was to provide supporting documentation for a Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) being prepared for the project. As the SDEIS will address the Section 106 and Section 4(f) issues of the project, the purpose of the literature search and Phase I/II archaeological investigations was to determine whether the areas of potential effect (APE) for the four crossing alternatives (B-1, C, D, E) to be addressed in the SDEIS (not including the no -build alternative) contain any previously recorded or unrecorded intact archaeological resources that may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRBP). The APE for archaeology is limited to the construction limits of each of the considered alternatives (see Figure 1). The archaeological APE encompasses approximately 45 acres (18 hectares) within Minnesota including the existing TH 36/95 corridor through the project area. The architectural history portion of this project was completed under a separate contract and is summarized in another report. The intensive literature search consisted of extensive background research in order to identify potential precontact and post -contact archaeological sites within the project's APE. The Phase I/II archaeological investigations consisted of background research. at the SHPO on previously identified archaeological sites and surveys, a thorough visual inspection of the entire project area in order to identify areas of moderate to high potential for containing intact archaeological sites, systematic shovel testing of those areas identified as having the potential to contain archaeological sites, and the excavation of formal test units and backhoe trenches within the boundaries of identified sites in order to better characterize the site and assess its integrity and significance. Fieldwork took place from July 20 to August 6, 2004 and Dr. Michelle Terrell served as the Principal Investigator. During the archaeological investigations for the St. Croix River Crossing Project, two previously identified archaeological sites, 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) were evaluated, and one new archaeological site, 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) was identified and evaluated. 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean .Sawiniff) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill) Together, archaeological sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) have been previously recommended as a contributing property to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. The archaeological remains of these properties are included in the district because the mill was among the earliest, most successful, and longstanding of Stillwater's logging industries. Furthermore, these sites illustrate the key themes of the district including "the St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations Page 132 community's visual and historic relationship with the St. Croix waterway, the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community, and the manner in which logs were transformed into lumber and related wood products" (Henning 1999:4). The purpose of the Phase I/II archaeological investigations was to evaluate the archaeological remains associated with these sites and to define the horizontal and vertical boundaries of each site. The results of the archaeological testing indicate that both of these sites contain intact archaeological resources with excellent integrity. While the mill structures were documented in photographs and on historical maps including the Sanborn fire insurance maps, these documents do not provide details of the structure's interiors or the arrangement and location of the machinery. As the Hersey and Bean Lumber Company (1853-1906) is noted for its incorporation of new technologies, including the use of steam engines and its adaptation to the introduction of the railroad, these intact archaeological features that document the mill's location and the internal layout of its machinery serve to increase our understanding of the significance of this property and its contributions to the Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. Therefore, sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) continue to be recommended as contributing to the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. furthermore, each of these sites is recommended as individually eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion A for their association with the lumber industry that shaped the community of Stillwater and under Criterion D for their ability to yield information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. If these resources will be impacted by development plans, Two Pines Resource Group recommends that the appropriate level of treatment for these cultural resources be determined. 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) Site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) was identified and evaluated during the course of the Phase I/II archaeological investigations undertaken for the St. Croix River` Crossing Project. This site consists of intact archaeological features associated with the occupation of this neighborhood from the 1860s through 1932. As the contents of these archaeological features can answer important research questions about daily life in this working class neighborhood that rose and declined in direct correlation with the lumber industry, site 21 WA100 is recommended as eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its association with the development of the City of Stillwater during the lumber era and under Criterion D for its ability to answer important research questions. Furthermore, as Site 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) is located within the boundaries of the NRHP-eligible Stillwater Cultural Landscape District, and as the site illustrates the district's theme of "the importance of logging and lumbering to the development of the community," site 21 WA100 is also recommended as a contributing property to the Stillwater Cultural Landscape District. If site 21WA100 (Slab Alley) will be impacted by development plans, Two Pines Resource Group recommends that the appropriate level of treatment for these cultural resources be determined. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 133 Stillwater South Main Street Archaeological District It is further recommended that sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site), 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site), and 21 WA100 (Slab Alley) be grouped within a contiguous archaeological district (Figure 67). While each of these sites could be recommended as individually eligible for the NRHP, grouped within a district, the sites of the Hersey & Bean Lumber Company's sawmill (21WA91) and planing mill (21 WA92), together with the working-class neighborhood of "Slab Alley" (21 WA100), provide insights not only into the technology of turning logs into lumber, and the nature of working-class life in nineteenth-century Stillwater, but also the direct correlation between logging and lumbering and the development of the Stillwater community during the period from 1853 to 1932. This archaeological district is, therefore, recommended as significant under NRHP Criterion A for its association with events, such as lumbering and neighborhood development, that shaped the community of Stillwater, and under Criterion D for its ability to yield information that is important to our understanding of the technology of the lumber industry and the history of Stillwater. Interpretive Potential The land upon which archaeological sites 21 WA91 (Hersey & Bean Sawmill Site) and 21 WA92 (Hersey & Bean Planing Mill Site) are located is the property of the City of Stillwater. As the City has proposed to develop the Aiple Property Park upon this parcel, it should be noted that these NRHP-eligible sites have excellent interpretive potential. Several passersby during the archaeological excavations expressed an interest in the incorporation of the ruins into the proposed park. The ruins of the mill, particularly the massive gang -saw base, evoke the enormous importance of the logging industry to the development of Stillwater. Exposed ruins, signage, and a historical interpretive trail are all possibilities for this property. Two Pines Resource Group recommends that the City of Stillwater consider developing an interpretive plan for this potential park that highlights this significant aspect of the City's past. 1 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/1I Archaeological Investigations Page 135 REFERENCES CITED Andreas, A. T. 1874 An Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Minnesota. A. T. Andreas, Chicago. Anfinson, S. F. 2001 SHPO Manual for Archaeological Projects in Minnesota. Revised version. State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. 1990 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront: Part 2. Archaeological Explorations and Potentials. The Minnesota Archaeologist, Volume 49 (1-2). Barrett, E. F. 1887 Stillwater City Directory, 1887. E. F. Barrett, Stillwater, Minnesota. Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1978 Taphonomic and Ecologic Information from Bone Weathering. Paleobiology 4:150-162. Clouse, R. A., and E. K. Steiner 2000 Archaeology at the Marine Mill Site, Marine on St. Croix. WA-00-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Digger Odell Publications 2000 June 2000 Questions. http://www.bottlebooks.com/questions/June2000/ june_2000_ questions.htm Dunn, J. T. 1960 The Minnesota State Prison During the Stillwater Era, 1853-1914. Minnesota History 37:137-151. Easton, A. B. 1909 History of the St. Croix Valley, 2 vols. H. C. Cooper , Jr. and Company, Chicago. Empson, D. 2000 A History of the Hersey Staples & Co. Addition Residential Area: Stillwater, Minnesota. Empson Archives, Stillwater. Grutchfield, W. 2001 Fletcher's Castoria. http://crutch.home.pipeline.com/castoria.hbn St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 136 Gurcke, K. 1987 Bricks and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology. The University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho. Henning, B. J. 1999 Cultural Resource Investigation, St. Croix River Bridge. Prepared for the Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. Johnson, Smith, and Harrison 1882 Stillwater City Directory for 1882-83. Johnson, Smith, and Harrison, Minnepolis. Kane, L. M. 1952 Hersey, Staples and Company, 1854-1860: Eastern Managers and Capital in Frontier Business. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol. 26 (4):199- 213. Landon, David B. 1996 Feeding Colonial Boston: A Zooarchaeological Study. Historical Archaeology 30 (1). Larson, A. M. 1937 When Logs Ruled Stillwater. Minnesota History, Vol. 18:165-179. 1949 History of the White Pine Industry in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Long, B. B. (now Henning) 1994a Cultural Resource Investigation, T H 36 and Stillwater/Houlton Bridge Project. Prepared for the Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. 1994b Cultural Resource Investigation Phase II T.H. 36 Stillwater/Houlton Bridge Project. Prepared for the Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. Luecke, J. C. 1990 The Chicago and Northwestern in Minnesota. Grenadier Publications, Eagan, Minnesota. Lyman, R. L. 1978 Prehistoric Butchering Practices in the Lower Granite Reservoir, Southeastern Washington. Tebiwa: Miscellaneous Papers of the Idaho State Museum of Natural History 13: 1 25. 1994 Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, New York. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 137 McCarthy, J. P., and J. A. Ward 1996 Archaeological Investigations at the Bridgehead Site, Minneapolis, Minnesota: The 1994 Season. Volume 2, Site Area B: Residential and Commercial Occupations in the Vicinity of 1 St Street North: Working Life in an Emerging Industrial District. Institute of Minnesota Archaeology Reports of Investigation Number 367. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. McCarthy, J. P., J. A. Ward, and K. W. Hagglund 1996 An Archaeological Evaluation and Data Recovery Investigation at the New Federal BuildinglUnited States Courthouse, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Material Insights into Working Class Life in the Late 19th Century. Institute for Minnesota Archaeology Reports of Investigation Number 369. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) 2004 Mn/DOT's Cultural Resources Unit Project Requirements. Cultural Resources Unit, Office of Environmental Services, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration 2004 St. Croix River Crossing Project: 2004 Amended Final Scoping Decision Document. On file with the Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) 1993 Tier I: Broad Statewide Contexts - Post Contact Period Contexts. In Preserving Minnesota: A Comprehensive Preservation Planning Process. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul, Minnesota. National Park Service 1983 Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. Current version available online at http://www.cr.nps.gov/ local-law/arch stnds O.htm. National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Nystuen, D. W. 1972 The Minnesota Trunk Highway Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Annual Report —1971. THY-72-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Peterson, B. 1996 Slab Alley a forgotten portion of Stillwater. St. Croix Valley Press, March 14, 1996. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/1I Archaeological Investigations Page 138 Peterson, L. D., T. A. Olmanson, and W. W. Radford 1990 The Minnesota Trunk Highway Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Annual Report —1989. THY-90-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Peterson, L. D., K. A. Skaar, and W. W. Radford 1994 The Minnesota Trunk Highway Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Annual Report —1993. THY-94-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Peterson, L., W. Yourd, and L. Gonsior 1988 The Minnesota Trunk Highway Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Annual Report —1987. THY-88-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Prosser, R. S. 1966 Rails to the North Star. Dillon Press, Minneapolis. Pryor and Company 1876 Stillwater City Directory, 1876-7. Pryor and Company, Stillwater. Railway Publishing Company 1903 Stillwater, Minnesota: The Metropolois of the ST. Croix Valley: Her Natural Advantages and Resources as a Manufacturing, Logging and Milling Center. Railway Publishing Company, St. Paul. Rixon, D. 1989 Butchery Evidence on Animal Bones. Circaea 6 (1): 49-62. Roberts, N., and J. Fried 1985 Historical Reconstruction of the Riverfront: Stillwater, Minnesota. Prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. Ruger, A. 1870 Bird's Eye View of the City of Stillwater, Washington County, Minnesota 1870. Merchant's Lith. Company, Chicago. 1879 Panoramic View of the City of Stillwater, Washington County, Minnesota 1879, Beck and Pauli Lith., Milwaukee. Reprinted by Empson Archives, Stillwater, Minnesota. Sanborn Map Company 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations Page 139 1888 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1898 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1910 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1924 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. 1956 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Stillwater. Sanborn Map Company, New York. Stark, W. E. 2004 Phase I and II Architectural History Survey for the St. Croix River Crossing Project, Stillwater, Washhy ,-Ion County, Minnesota. Prepared for the Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul. United States Department of Commerce 1860 Eighth Census of the United States: 1860. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1870 Ninth Census of the United States: 1870. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1880 Tenth Census of the United States: 1880. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1900 Twelfth Census of the United States: 1900. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1910 Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1920 Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/H Archaeological Investigations Page 140 1930 Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Vinar, K. R. 1980 Soil Survey of Washington and Ramsey Counties, Minnesota. Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Warner and Foote 1881 History of Washington County and the St. Croix Valley. North Star Publishing Company, Minneapolis. Yellen, J. E. 1991 Small Mammals: Post Discard Patterning of !Kung San Faunal Remains. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10: 152-192. St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations APPENDIX A MINNESOTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL LICENSE I H I k HRC:HE:UL06IST ID: JUN 28' 04 9:01 No .001 P .01 MINNESOTA STATE LICANSE TO CONDUCT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON STATE OR STATE SUBDIVISION LANDS (per MS 138.31-.42) - ;W 4 ]'big license, number: 04-027 ill effect througb: O)l.31,2005 is issu4d to; Michelle •Terrell, Phft cry Prin0pal Irrvagigalor Two Rival's Rosourcc Group, LLC 17711 2600 Strett. 8bafor, MN 55074 Work shall be conducted according; to the'Fernls and Conditions established by the Slatc Archaeologist anti the Dircctor oftbe Minnesota historical Society as specified in (hu, Field Archaeology Act, MN ST 1.38.36. C cmc taly alttLc ntications should be referred to the Office of tile, State Areltrteologist, Hmnan remains arc not to be disturbed in may, lllatuler; if MCI) rernains are located, inunedimuly contact flit 00-1ce of tile State Arcllaaologist or local police for additional infol,nation, FOR: site identification told evaluation - S1, t"t aix Rlvtr GrtlxxltlE RE: Washington County, T/Mections - various, see application; liar MnDOT (SP 8217-12); see Also appended 11POV,ytiwl Materials; SHf O nU.: 2003-343I1 ,SPECIAL CON,I1)TIONS: NH: Fxclivatioll is to be by cultural of rltiltrral sWitti, nr tip &raster than 5 colltinleter arbitrary ittceeraunts in soils which contain or tllighl raayonably be expuetecl to contain archaeologieal materials Of (catures; if greater then S ctrt increments, trust document rationale in Methods/Field Procedures suction of resulting report. All pralew documents {field notes, photographs, etc.) and recovered cuIttitral tttatcrials shall be corated cat all institution which meets federal etiraticin stwidards (Minrlcsnta Histo"ral Society Mr etrratiott 89rec1101110. All Artifacts and documont' shall "ecelve apprapritltc f icltl And past -field cangarvation and treatmc-nt. 1'Jtis license» ur IM' must be cited on the repotl cover and any and all correspondcnrre relat-ing to llle project. Failure in OnFrfc)rnr to the Terms and Condirtolij, of this licprzvr is ,ctf cir..nr fhr rcvnr07iort and r /eaAo iasrac+fin flier llacrrya:s. �sin7�a,��r STATE ARCHAF:c)LOGIST oh'^rasC�� 1 Date J 14 MINNI'SfjTA lfIS'l'0RICAl. S0(:ll;`1"y Dale MMMULPA40m (E& l`+ St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations APPENDIX D ARTIFACT CATALOG FOR 21WA91 a Fr N L pO c m o m U E m 3 m o z � E _ + 0 a m U UW0_ m C x N ' F N .U. 0— - m fn amid 0- v 0 Es a a N a and a m N N C c d t L 3 m L c c N N m m 0I C .co`mc`o En`o_ Em c o c m mC n C O m n O W m m `mom ° 0l9 C O1 C" C C E m w O) O N V U CD m U U C W m 3 C m U 3 C N r N a m L 3 C C U C m O) m M -OM L m L m m m m E m W= O W L U 1l C L 0 C L 0 U m m v s m .3 C L o L ° m E U m U a m Q m maimmaim a W Q m a m m Ww °� W m a w E W E m E E w W E m E m L O wE O W C O m C a3ic O C m L m N r l0 C �O N �O C S r W al m LL7 inE3mEo'mQ3c 3 min co IT'tIto IN N v co cli E 0 3 N ` -2 3 -2 3 -2-2-2 3 3 3 3 a 3 '2v 3 v 3 'E 3 v 'm 3 3 a s c 0 U c 0 V c 0 U v m L v W N L as L L m F m L m L m L m L m L W L m L W L m L o V L IO m W W W m m m W W W W W W m W y �p O a O a O U a 0 �i �i -6-6 3 U �i V 3 (J 3 U 3 U 3 U U U U U U U O U U 00 U m O F m O L aLi O L L U W N =O L L L U U m m L U W L U W L U m L U m L U m L U m L U m L U m L m m L m W L m m L m O L L 2 2 W i U U V U O W W W N O W N O N D N O N 3 O N O N 0 N 0 N 2 O N 2 O N 3 m N 3 m N 3 m N 0 N N J 2 m 0 w cmi W w w w w w w tz w w w d w w rn w w n o n m n o o m ID 0 o w o w o 3 o 3 o p E o 0 0 E 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 E E 0 0 0 tO 0 6 in 0 6 !0 o o �n c0 n r �n n r _ c O m c o m c o m c o m c o m E o m m`o a m o a d w`o a m`o a m`o a m o a m`o a m`o a d c o c 0 c 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 "� 0 0 0 0 0 o E m o 0 E m o f o E m o f o E m o f o E m o f o E m o E m o E m `0 `0 0` o 0 W oCD w A vlV-�„_, W W v�,,.m„_,m"- w w 3 o m 0a 3 o m oa 3 o m 0a 3 o m 0y 3 o m oa 3 o m ma 3 o m 0a 3 o m 0a- 2 2 2 2 2 T m° W° W° m° m° m° m 0 m 03: m 3' w3: m ami Z 2 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z m U C N N N N N N m m m a m U r U m F- U aci F- U m (LJ m U m L N m pi 10 6 m N r O i0 m LL7 r C6 r O m m N N m �o m N m m co r a m V m O 7 N m m r� m O E .m O m m N m N V m C7 to N N O v W lll� 0 O U m O m N m 7 N m OJ c7 m C7 O 7 7 a U m m IN N m n n a7 C O 'm m U m U m U m U m U m UE Er m m N N m m N m m m m m m N 0 y W m m m O O m O m O m O m O m O m m L2 m m L$3 m m L m m L m m L m m L m m L3 m m L m m L m m L m m L3 m m L m m L m m L m m m C J O O O O OWmNN T N WN TNN m �+ Wm _C C C U) fn CO cn (n U7 LL m LL m LL M RL m lL m EL m Z. LL m LL MI LL m LL m LL In U. m LL m W W C O 'y N O Cl! N O N N O N N O N N O N N N 00 N N N O N N O N N O N N O N N O N N O N N O N N O Cl! N O N. N O N N O N N O Cl! N O N N N O O N N m Z 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 O O U Q N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N ° zLD O O) Q 41 Q Q1 O) Q O) W Q O Q O) W O) Q 0 m Q O] O) Q Of O Q O O) Q O Q W W Q Q m >Q N N N >Q N IN IN >Q N N IN >Q 1 >Q N 1N >Q N N >Q N N >Q N N >Q N N (V N N St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase UII Archaeological Investigations APPENDIX C ARTIFACT CATALOG FOR 21WA100 E Wa J m E E � - E U n _ a¢a E EoEc a - aOf m m m OZ �¢mw $ S maOo 3 -•. msa E Oa pa -2I -a:1 � fi o gam $ -3 S z - u - 'a ado - - 1 _-2 3 2 ' _ _ r m 3 3 e E �c �y 1. 2-915 VIM ..ors_- 5� 3 g - ' - - - - - m 32, - - 1 R E E E E E E - - - - - - - - - 9 '�r'� 9 ilia. Y 4 t . . L L L Y L t d $ i Y E 5 N 2 a VYJ N y p7 y� IT U V Zf C] Z TITm Y Y V Cyy r V V .V C V V Y V V f Y ?4 V Y V V V V <<< O O Y V V > O O <YY H �zogill Q Ir' H S 9 C N G N V S g pe pe p pO y 3 i S a a 3 a a a a a _ a 3 4 4 4 3 ^ S a �H i Mot` N St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Ifll Archaeological Investigations Site No. Accession No, Block Lot Bag No. Catalog No. Count Weight ( Prover:rnce Level Stratum Depilb Feature Group MLL Class Type Morphology Comments 4 4 26 d s houearmld oath oaf dew hou JjWq fmoment 21 WA100 2004.204 42 4 29 29.1-3 1 1.7 UNIT 1 15 130.135 ombd privy (1) ceramic household tableware fmnWo" Ea em- white 'tune' Etted N green, pyA61a makers d1Wk 21WA100 2004.204 42 4 20 29A 1 0.7 UNIT 1 15 130-135 r-mic ceramic household unknown porcela n Tragmerm- blue hand-palyded, two plerced holes 04. O Em our store lin (ON 21 1 4 1 1 4. 1 } oerrcus Wfams unknown lovm ant m 42Al hoosehold da oar IN can nrR[ 21WAfog 2004204 42 4 20 28-14 1 7.4 UNIT 1 15 130-135 ombd r' 1 ass household known 1pressed glass sh agments- white me orlye0ow exterior -see also 5. 1 A 0 7 1 4 ,15- 1 1 om is ■ nt! a a bags iH to RNK W 2DOe. 2 d .1 C 21 is rts er icontalner rdwii gllla a s rR 2DAII.2 1 .3 -UNIT1 1 f -1 o 1 s= pousehold ldsNer Weer battle au Tra eat f d 4 2B. 1 aa+ itdMddlllra , 1WA70 4 210i 1 A 1 o p 1 H YGe r q ra /ill -rep osae eaqua 21WA100 2004.204 42 30 30,1 1 2B.1 ST 1 surface lass (household o0leg asssec sherd-two-partnnlsh, burnished neck. machine made, "Davis-typou leis loth is as 201h eery MA100 M.2W 30.2 1 Mil at 7 %Wace Oass household card! of oar bonle otilms neck ilw4 erdvm o.1 + :21 WA100 2004.204 42 5 30 30.3 1 193.5 ST 1 surface glass (household container clear bottle gKon bass end Mly sherd t. ro x everages painted label on slue, "Dure las 7 55 1 0.67' on bottom :21WA100 2004.204 42 30 30.4 1 189 ST 1 surface lass (household cordalner clear bottle glass neck an body s ord- machine made,' osl'seam from arlson mold c-1 Bg3t 21WA700 2004204 4 6 3 30-5 1 02.1 ST 1 surface lass .medical container E !r me a le grit/ and rack theta machine made 9ed on bath sides of bo . 1 A7 �4. 4 30 30, 1 1 t 6, S aoe ass household conta ner ack a■ ba+al sherd• machine made A . O. ' on bottom 21 WA100 2004.204 42 5 30 30.7 1 24a. ST 1 surface lase household tableware amethyst drinking glass mug bass sherd- handle I ment attached, machine made 's.1676A933 1 1 1. a one mamm/ hoN m/dt/ re" nt sa srt R mi 21 42-5--31 31. .1 f uSmvm MleY WM 2{ 106 42 3 Eerimd v fa moot 1.4- ty 2e ST 1 0- coal■ mi ari ocNa ibuctura ;fragment 7 A DD 2004. 4 31 31. - I 1 dm owe tax"Wh ome 4 31- ! 2, ST 1 Qx••3xx0� ou/ unlagwn Naha ad a m 1 4 3 0 rmlos /fWdvftursl haf ■m e•EId n d entd 1 1 2 1 hurous arc eiuy hardware 1 n. nail raddenl e 1w-AT 3 .i 1 errdw/ amWa are s rd 00 1,1 1 2A 1 30 curb+ rrou+ ect bar are wir■ ! mord 1 A 1 3,1 d e ereW1/1 -etrealrgn rlow a mdra 2 QO 3 31. 1.1 1 "IM cvdaMar brawn a lee a 1 4 26 1 a as hoof d Coma net batl a +s ffawmint MAIM 04. d M.21 1 1 �30 Emba s9 household conhlMor dlav bollla He fragment 1 4 -1 D•12 s trout Arc 4iWa� Mar andLwaniffimbla 2 q 2aW.i0d 4 5 .2• S o t/ dHs coda r v a lea fr rd DO 2�jC, ,ti Cube a0 8 0 lib dWlra an/hma manF dyer- aL0 A / e19 1 4. 6 3. !-taus of a -W Islfdd-are erg l meld 1 1 0041A 1 A ¢ crn anon/ a /slur! tar are Mnlw&cut Madwood a aril 1 1 20L4,2 4 e U01clufa p7 brad 1 4 .If 0-2 0 (eROYs ar edhura hardware in. oorinq ra 1 20042 .16 3S .7. 1 _R 0. im69 Grin arch eclur�l ,medhNe-Wa mill A Ogg. 04 d �. '. L-1 o S w/ /rcMeZM n a n/ m 21 A 00 fOR-204 42 5 33 1 S c a rcus smh6ad Ural h ■ .6 msc na•out not I 4 1 s *-(O NEhdeclwrs hu e fragment 21W K 2004,206 4 5 39 33.3$M 1 1 .7 5 0.25 cm6a tau+ arohhe lWal ro uNderAQabla 1 coo 2�Yt 4 3 . 9 owe weRiclural her fe u di e 2 WA 0 4 3 .37 1- ST 0- 5 chlb/ forrous orC it"ImJl Thar are she d$a rd f o d 33 drab$ braes Personal Otmulr s a H 2 0 31 0 a- ST 2 CNM aH houla r o ear o11 u a d. 1 4 34 gf■fnk rA r"M: Iona ert- Qaw Ilrlor 2,OQ 3e. 0 1 oath+ fanoua 0*" are In. m■ out p 4 / dart/ and Ocu- }Y[ fa f aged a nt WA ab 4 .6 a ass ua4 Cora v own I s ra 1 36 ,6 Se of 11 2 1 d ombt (mammal onknown M mahena 'f1W�i1 4 A dubs dart/ Willi6vd1 Ynknoavd e Emilio d 6 acts a adural hardwua , Mli a! Mill x i .x um . ectural r na 1 100 04. R 3 35. 1 1 �9 S 6 o-S ferrous N cot ardware 2 n. mac Ise -cut nail !'� 1 $d d 6 7 arrow a cturak re a cots A 1 3.4 8 S Jembs errous a aelura m m.ehme-cut solia�minr 1 2004,204 4 35,17 17. S 4B bads/ a clonal hardware a pa4, and washer 1 WAf OD 2004206 42 35.1 1 11.4 RB iWous runknm unknown unklerATible 7 4 &x0 S 6 - rraw arc euur a nail6 eat eraihawe . iWA10 20b4- 004 4 35. 13 -B errous unknown unitlem able21WA 00 20P6-204 2 35 1 B p9 b ovdr clew es ha marl 21WA10Q 2006.20d 4 6A 1 oeramlc household lableware resia s a"i" tWA300 2004.20A 4 B 36 36-gk . 4 I 0.3 ambs fano0a arcrdeNrlol hardv,9tre wlrc naA BKA 100 2Q04204 4 4.l d tenors arcl@eclrral hardware RT. MA 2fi K1,15 zia 5 435 1000 1 Ferm" s G5 S1. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase III I Archaeological investigations SRDNo- Accession No- Block Lot Bag No, CatalogNo. Count Welght f ants PruvarYence Level &WM _Depth Feature GroupIII. Class TO M0r hole Comments 21 WA100 2004.204 4 8 38 30-8 1 1. ST 1 (3-35 ombs brass arms arum mItIon 32 cahbar cartrld a "U-S. 32 S & W" Smith and Wesson (c.1B52+ .Z ► -9 1 5 cmbs ss ouseho d com+rwr e aqua l @ rya re ;21 WA100 2004.204 42 8 37 37.1.2 1 8.0 we oe a a around well ceramic household tableware whlteware rim sherd- flow -blue 21WA100 2UD4,204 42 B 37 37.3 1 35.1 We surface around well ceramic household container nmew+ra fro mean bra* slipped kaagprlelaedor sarne.eisel as 384+pd 38.2 ;21 WA100 2004.204 42 81 371 37.4 1 3.51 wen a CB around well ceramic household tableware Ironstone rim sherd- gilded annular decoration 21WAIDD 20D4,204 42 9 37 37.5 1 12.9 wet surface around well ceramic household tableware +din rkn •hard-islerwan, ad dw6r&UDn possl6la leac 21 WAIOO 2004.204 4 8 37 37,8 1 34.1 we su ace around well ceramic household tableware pOr4 Rp r4me prone Of molded decoration ... o ... (M.8 0ex otte company, c,1900+ 21 WA100 2004,204 4 8 37 37,7 1 2Z I we isurface around we➢ ceramic household tableware (porcelain teacup rim sherd- peychroms transfer print w" hxnd ago ao4ante. melded decoration possible match to 41.2 saucer 21WAJD➢ 2004,204 42 8 37 37.A 1 1M wet eu ace ,around well ceramic household tableware Iroworie fie M[-wed. melded decoration 21 WAIOO 2004.204 42 37 37.9-10 1 108,1 well Hsu ace around well ceramic household tableware Ironstone teacup vdm Handle- wrote interior/exterior, molded decoration on handle 2 refs 21WAJOO 2004.204 42 37 37J1-1 1 70.1 well Hsu ace ,around well ceramic household tableware Ironstone 1 fragment• sea aped a gtng, annular gold sdo1, o chrome decal, molded decoration 3refit; 1090+ 21LVAI➢➢ 2004.204 4 31 37.JA 1 9. well surface around well ceramic Ihousehold it orcelaln doll- 1.51n. white. missln head 21 WA100 2004.204 42 37 37.1 1 1.1 well surface around wall metal household food servingtin sell shaker screw top 21VVA1➢0- 2➢04,204 42 31 37A 1 -3 w su ace around wail ferrous household (hardware decorative hinge 21 WA100 2004.204 42 8 37 37.1 1 5. We 6a ace around well lase Ihousehold ila /I MI dear so run short hprrlcane China" 21WA100 2004.204 42 37 37,1E-10 1 348 We su ace around wag lass household =known milk lass fragment 21 WAI OO 2004.204 42 8 37 37.20 1 19.3 we surface around well lass Ihousehold container Mgr is An+hsrd. threaded moohim mode 21 WAI UD 2004.204 42 8 37 37.21 1 15-3 we ourace around well lass household container Mir lass lone[ sherd- Mil mods '...FOR MASON JARS" c.1889+ 21 WAI OO 2004.204 42 8 37 37.22 1 34.6 we su ace around well lass household eontalner amel bottle lass basal sherd- machine made "113" c-1876-1933 21 WA100 2004.204 42 37 37.23 1 64.3 we eu ace around well lass :household container amsl"t bottle glass neck erd• bumlehotl Ile. nplcNntl mode 'a.1876-1933 21 WA10D 2004M4 42 37 37-24 1 97.5 we surge-9 around well lass household container clear bottle lass basal sherd oval machine made ONE PI on side, " 1 8 -8" on bottom, Owens suction scar 1903+ 21WA100 2004,204 42 37 37.25 1 53 we surface aroundwal lass household unknown 11fos eased coin+ nt :21 WA100 2004.204 42 9 37 37.28 1� 117-2 we surface around well lass household food servin (crease m8k loses hen to ragmerd tram covered dish 2 1 4R .1 vN f40.29D o a leather personal footwear s afro wAh o is ] 1 4 9 A 3 fvs q emba Ora ; Deno mammal umber vertebra fragment sma r mamma p+1 BMW-Oi 6 4 3 39. 1 Wa8 14 cmbs W R bons um¢lGM Woo belie 4 9 38 Yfa 14 -� creDa we ) eal4mk he>urah cam+ sterreware ire era- s 4da lags same sa s 2 WAIDD 2DN.204 42 8 38 38. 1Ys 140.28D cmbs will par c I+O a WAS PoBalbre laaaw 42 vte 4 om s 1wD carom e Mousahold lableware srd FINXI 42 36 3117 1 1- WIN 14 280 cmbs Ors paramp hFWWQq I face molded "Itow hair tWA1 4 8 w f cm 4 wefi ceramic Ousehotd tab .ware WhillorWIF40 fragment. WMIQ 42 380 1 0. wag WO."Dantis well 2 Ceramic house tableware atton moot• 6 4rior o4ofty 21 Mil 4 311, 1 we woo I car+ in useholtl are ETcallin teahpnft fragment. WMO 2 - 113 we puamle a tollawara earlhanwara k4amitilt- MICK Irpongad, Yecoed MAIDD 09.2 4 .1 -1 Ora q w arrtlus aren8eeur re viva fr¢ meht 21 1 9 ,1 we 14 2110 p 2 irrous ab. a r 21 A 20 .2 42 a 39 30•R • RUM—WFF woo t2) erlw o architectural hardware unldam abk Hall it enl MAIM 42 8 .Z - 0 we 14M220 w1bi we ferrpa6 whvm 1110110M urouenr IWAf OD 20 .200 4 8 39 AM A-AX emb4 erroue archilwAwal hardwart 2 4 . 1 -11 14 D a s well ( ferrous ordftckal arOWao 2 in. poll unkloriftble _ 8 381 39. 4 • embs wa8 a sc{wal hardware 0 In, YAM Hx! 42 0 38 38.34 1 16LI 1 0.280 0 wee errdue _Vela re bt. a n+ 2 4 8 .3 140-250 cmbs we Isla unknown elnderlcllnker 2 1 W. 42 a 0 -4 5 , q embs wei () 4s household rontalner brawn bollk sa fralmrit q 4 4 8 W 1q -M&F a a9 household anlalowm pfBeatld 91a44 _ ed. WA 1 20�14 L 4 42 4 8 p 3 3e X51.11 p 1 19�- em cmbs ws woe es A0 arc • sa aural ;Rm er ffi lass fro@mein a Lottleiaas fragment 1 A 0 9 38 4 cmbs we 2 ass s C ear glass fraymmil, Mirriearna 21WAIOC4 well 14065'6--0 a W [) Oueehae old Or fts Irdillstained 6MOrATIOn 21 WA100 2004,204 42 3 38,5"1 4 58-8 well 140-280 cmbs well • lass household container clear bottle basal sherd -onto coal, machine made • on Inchon 0 an bd m FalmnwA* Glass Works, Fairmount, IN (t991 1p804 reek :21WAIOO 2004.204 42 3 38,62-88 9 41LO weA 140-280 cmbs well (2) -class household oontainer clear l8o plass apmer+a- squ +does, maelhino (made 1 38.1 �9.:4 _ we }ar2$� ones wee I4ss us oomaNer clan r! a lassfirmor C-8 St. Croht River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Ull Archaeological Imesligatlons Site No, Accession No. Block Lot Bag No, Catalog No. Count Weight rams) I Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Group Mtl" Class Type Mo bolo Comments 21 WA700 2004.204 42 6 3 30.100 1 . we 140-200 embs •wCA s medloal container clear maddris Willi, nook chord• lwrm, psleot , (machine made 100 d .1 we 4 32 Cm H�a 1 e nY s a swYren ce pOr hole _-204 Wi 4 3 2, we Cmba we uralltib houe9 Container 1=1 r jm R■ ra- ks add9e#ertar came WSW as 37,5 and .4 �1 SfA100 4 6 the omits wet corm id Flousehold llableware o0a e1R• 2 A10o 2004, 8 3 — g"4 we 284.320 e 1ve! carmmt household tabiewvn Ironstone fragment- white with flow blue decoration A4 d 6 ,`.t-2 5 M 20 cmlif wad edr4h cord elmlewara Irwrill ca 0 1 ■ we • $ e arc oWund hardware fragment e e )WA1 2004" 34 4 8 1 we -3 wait a 1+ouse coot! bottle as m d B ,1 1a 1 wa _ -& !! a imaginer aku the 0.5S 2004. d2 38 A. wY 320 omits wep 2) lase iouseho d coma nor a e d 20 4.204 d 8 1 1we crn wait Behold cst !Nv amel Ia , C- / 20M4-2W 42 39, 1 1 we 20 am we 6a ra4tnovm c ee l-61chad daddra n r,2y6VW1,W— 2004, d 3 ,27r24 0.9 wa 3 ash Nr■1 () L19% Wlf s 6 cleat ee rd- MI cane pm ■ 4, wd well. artmedwall strucluntil dm gun fraormtra_ Ironstone fragment, child's mug - wh8e with blue transfer rinl 21WA100 2004.204 42 9 40 40.1 1 73 surface south edge, •4m N of depression ceramic (household tableware S TO WEA TH]. 'D] FRANKLIN'S POOR RICHARD ILLUSTRATED]" •"GRES.. TCHESNOMKE" on side (2nd half 19th c, with artifact 41.1 21VVAJ00 20114.204 42 9 40 402 1 180-11 surface 'outh edge, 4m N of de ression ceramic (household container stoneware fragment- sae glazed, A bang brown slip IntMoildnottized 6Merlor buff bodied, applied handle posallbty Red Wing Pottery 21WA100 20044204 4 9 40 40,3 1 6.1 surface seu01 edge, 4m N of depression glass household unknown bi praised glassf mart 21WA100 2W4204 42 9 40 40.4 1 57.3 surface :south edge, 4m N of depression Iqlass :medloal I:ontalner clear medicine bottle basal sherd- rectangular with reuMed caters macNrw mode "CC' an side, 'A 9 LYRIC ?"on bottom, Illinois Glass Comparryfilton, IL c.1915.1 B29 21 WA100 2004.204 4 0 40 40. 1 BD4 ourface soutn edge, dm N of de ression lass medical container clear medlcine bottle tlpdy and neck shard - rattan ular she a, 7lued Diem lip, machine made �osel6le two- lace mold 21 WA70D 2004,204 J 9 40 a 1 2BB2 surface south edge, im N of de ression lass household +canlalner clear Coke bottle body and basal sherd- machine made "MIN.CONTENTS 6112 FL,OZ. PROPERTY OF COCA -COLA B0 T,CO.' on side, '42 42A (ROOT 20' an heel C,C' on bottom 21 WA100 200d204 42 B 40 40-7 1 516 utvface :south edge, dm N of depression glass household container brown bottle glass neck sherd cap seat bore, machine made 21WA100 2004-20q 4 A 40 40.0 1 114.7 surface slut age' 4m N of ession glass household unknown clear pressed glass basal siwrd- slarbun! decoration Ion Will ha%0 oes and Idwiias on side 21WA100 2004-204 42 01 41 41"1 11 14,3 surface depression 3 oeram+c household tableware Ironstone fragment, chads mug -wide With blue transfer rim Franklin M m Mug frapmem,'( 1 ILESSONS[FOR YOUTH]' 'ON INDUSTRY TEMPERANCE' 'FRUGALITY'"CONSTANT,.' 2nd hall 191h c" with artifact 40,1 21WA700 20K 204 42 9 411 411 1 23.8 surface depression 3 neramic household tableware ports a n saucer m s gird -while, molded decoration, (gold annular trim, polychrome transfer prim with hand pointed accents match to 371 acu ) 21WAIDD 2004,204 42 9 All AJ-3 $11 1 ■ 'm Liep esslm caramlc hioussivold abJewwo diorcan annular! 21VVA10D 2004204E42 ➢ 41 41-4 65,5 surface depression 3 lase household container tlee so a s r(6 oym wild two WA isides machine made WMPW—RR6dKLC0N!N-- an elide, I- Ip-92/L'on boil l 7 4 42.1 1 A ST 0 cmbs rrq ra u mamma 21WA7 200.1,204 9 d 42-2 a bone mamma :unknown i a mom ter emammal 2 1 11104. 4 4 0-40 me radowrm drta . a e :medium mammal butchered cut21WA100 20 4" 4 ■ 4•i 1 1 W6e ceramic hour I e M. o 94 42 6 0 oeramlc housMo carte Stoneware ritment- brown azed 21WA700 d a 4.5 ST 1 0.40 Cos ceramic household t ofcdald m-white 1WA7 4" 4 i �40 i carer hour t re owran e • broad refit 1 IOD 2M4,204 42 9 d 2, cmbs mason Architecture slow �brick fragment 1 DO 42 4 4 " 1 41, a Dement arc aclarst NructOnl oemaw fra rnoR 1 Y! d 9 4 4 1 e brass a c!a! wml on as ed braes st! od de refit 1WA100 �,1 a 1 o cmbe sass a ar endaa I 1 N7 0 3 4 q 4225 1 .5 -4 n +mknown unknown un entdla a gmem 21WA100 M12 d 4 42.20 DO S 1 0-40 brass cersonal clothinggeweiry slldln adjuster 21 QQ'1. 4 4 42, -53 i 8.1 ST 040 MW _ rrous archN hardware unidentifiable Flat fragment IIWAlbu i 4 ! Ws lr elf Po , vWa 1] bred 1 1 .20■ 42 9 4 4 . ■,6 ST 1 Q o:rtous arc k ware ,mac •cut .1 11 .2f 4 d "7 ST 4 ercMadtasd !hardware 2.51n. wire nail 21 AF00 044 4 . 211.4 S7 1 0 pots iron orchk a n 4, 1 1 4 4239 smba _ arch/ mdwaro 2 In. WIN nail 21WA100 4 4 4.6 arChtectts a ma n0.a 4 4" 7 o s a rrotrs iirchilectural (hardware 314 . Wire na % 4 4 9.+14 J stubs eW arc epos a e 1WA1 42 ,/ o Ernbe moos arc co unf m a 25 4 4,s t cfnhs arteus was slara ean0 r 3 M 2W44 4 .4 sums n unknown mdk Mir M yf�d d 1, 1 40 se Wa cordahmr a W I'll ass e 1 A100 20 A _ A 1049 IGM 2L=— plo—ulaw lc�aplolffir c eaiMUG got rim e ar C-7 SI. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1111 Archaeological Invesllgallons Site No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Caialn No. Count Weight (grams) P,-wn me Level Stratum De th Feature Group Mtl. Class Type holo Comments .2 10 4 4 T 4p ass OldYgrafd Ia1rdQYrn nit-M.-1 ilear as fN r4- ato d d .1Qh 1 1 4 42 19.10 6 11 gm hoymboll Coma a bottle ss WOOK 1WA1 4 42 63-57 6 10.8 p curbs all hou" w00 Cards aer clear bottle lVasi frarmani s11 WAW 2RW3U Q 4 47.0 S i 1 0.4glass sorsoftnal sinctunal 5af glass fragment 21WIN M.PO4 42 8 43 43A 1 11.7 1 4 a me ary eosur zuctur a am 4 a FFU 'trans Citation hardwora milruad a 1 -TO, { 4 0 41 2. •9 emadi afchyecturs hardware fl�lsm un ent ale 43 1 4.1 4 55 ur%b4 we lectwa hi ro A* Qk[ nag rinlionrifint WA100 3 vrous uchlast i w re 2 A100 20W4 42�9 47 7. 40.57 Qmbi I forrm anchltaulural hardware maanlne.cul nab RLM 1 4 4 ! rrgts ucnlltctw■ I m 2--1WA- d 43. 1 a0.55 m%ba Mnrl ar "tuq 4 B 43 4 .11 0.0 d s4 horn o container a a s rq e F�MWO C er b011 t4 rg A4a decoration 21 A 4 B 43 .3 1 4 S 1 5 crnh! household curia clan boltta w nr T S00 4 0.� 8 ar tnpa ilru u ssi n 1 44.1 T nr%ea of unlamm unknown f 4 4 44,24 41 ST 2 GrW manninal W&MM Vain. ebratraIn r m nlm eratl Ma e 1iAfi 2 41.4• .1 6 Mammal me ad db fr■ rda II a mammal, five butchered fra menls saw R1 1404 4 44 1 S 5 s mammal unknown un n!%AQh1a mina 7Gr fad s YIWA7 4 M 44. 1 24.7 4 cmGs mammas ovl n a homerus m Oak out TW 4 8 44 44. 1 s harts unknown bone fragment munrinat"DwRis 21WAIDO 200421)4 42 9 A4 44J4-15 2 16-2 ST 0-45 rmbs ceramic household tableware Iporcelaln ragment-while with polychrome transfer printed 221 AI 44 1 17 22A ST 045 M" UNWO hounihm tableware broslons fr■ erg• wMe MAIM 20042IN 42 0 4 Qm cad how"hood doraQlQer VQnewira ira and- Y0110W kilOad 21VVAICU loam 42 0 44 44. .3 S mas strivollaral phishorfrarom 211WA1 4 044 44. 2A ST 5 omh household contalner Drown bottle Opp 10 21WAfpp 20W.W4 d .--D-4b crabs KAm too packet knilts bliadi 211IM120 MIN 4 B 1. 15 ifW fe fence staple 1 D0. A 9 44 44.V4 .1 a ferrous un own uNuiawrt LL d ci 2 4 {4 Add 4. 45 s endue Dose hudrnr■ a 21 A180 904.2p4 9 44 44AI 0.45 Q c backa budon 21 Al mod. 4 44, 4 ammo ue Commsrca C COINo 1 4 4 44A4-4 0.45 ansibs fwm unknown lunknown brass circular objects ZIWAIM 4 0 44 44.4 5 cram M structural trim posiftle wltld0w ca 4 0 44 4463 1 45 R. unknown Cass Ron ! ct 21WAf00 4 8 65 curbs erraua WWW" uaklown awaffiffiatAl 1 1 44.55 1 4. 0. 5 1ura1 hardware nd 21WA1 0 2004. 4 9 44 44. 1. •4 cmbi OFF" a[ actd rpr ire W&M nd to ern 4 8 44 44. - Qmk farce archilectural W&RAre 3 in, wdq Also 21YARM 20114, 42 5 cffkbs Maus own uWaWfible 1 1 4 9W 44.7 4 4 ST Y74- C roue ardIoNclural (hardware maChMlFVA (Sao frooment 1 f 45 iWA WN3 srdftRFPlu re :na a medt unidentifiable 7fWA7W-8 44 44, - 1. furoui WC11INCLUM111 liMidWN-D I df4 M,WW1 21WAICIO 200t=4a 44 •a of fe 2S. 21WA1100 20D4.204 4 8 44 44.9 1 U. c lass Ipersonal QMI black bead- damansulons 211MIGO 4, ems is ae su"Ifla" Ss Gpf sderro- mu a made c.186 +1 2 f 4 M H.B&01 4 .1 8T 0.45 cm a a as amtalner hie ad Af 67 ♦re 21 WA100 2004.204 42 9 441 44,92 1 169 S7 2 0-45 curbs glass household ponlalner ear bottle glass basal sherd- reclangu ar .rounded sides imold blown 5 i so household Container Qpu book nook r ersca ed ED. pracNne m■ 1 4 0 Ad 44.04 1 1 A s lass se CatiA AT-"- tams s 6s Ward o.187 i ST c.4 i itl household cwdafnar a bulge es ni a, 21WAICO 2004.204 d 44 97 4A S 4 s s usehe cede n a s bottle as Tra nt ? 4 44 4413133 8 87. 8T c s 9lass CiA dear belle 6s 21 ARM M f 2004, 4 4 8 0 44 44. 7 A S 4 4 e dmbs as4 se rousehold structural c3var sa ha em-hurricen4 a Ch2nnay 011 Gsa ra em 21WA 2gm. 4 45 4, 8 s de raesio0 S pits Wd unknown I I bills, abaNWKSark t A cm6a da e6alsM1 a nad tar a bird, robab turke 1WA1 a d 0. p callbs res910n 5 tons mammal lunknown aCa Wa 11l d earl medhlm rr%am s yMO 04. d 5,4 s rim n c labkware m o hde or ■zte or, see a so 4.14 121 WA100 2004,204 42 9 45 46.5-4 2 24.T ST 0-70 rmbs depression 3 ceramic household Iableware Ironstone Him sherd -white glazed, molded decoration, hand P a_imed..brown transfer print w1 ink accents 2 refit 21 WAIOD 2004204 42 9 45 453 I 2-2 ST 0-70 ombs depression 3 ceramic household 6o paarrooW n fact shwo. whits qlaaed yang sm dla.1W raised dots possible to lea set 1 A 00 4 d 1. 0. s es n ceramic blouse -hold %ware IraniTone e Z 2l Al 4 9 4 3 0.70 s qi resson 3i mtw hourQBGtl Dude I on wit II on -1-m m ea. a an. 21 I�[1'4,. --$ Air [ 3A _ COS s n bra4s Ihardware ima 1° art, ass. lock, ew7 21�71VA1 DID 2Dp4.2u4 4 4 ll ps•e70 trite e s n % afd O-2 o 42 In. re nail ,Clock. 20➢4,aG 4 4J.�4 4 . 8. k-!D wf%be o irlon 3 Tertaus w kartiviare tittle nal 21 1 2004.204 42 45.10-1 13. ST 040 e n ] ferrous a (hardware 1,75 in. machine•cut nail 2 2004.204 4 4.1 4. 0 ombs efroul a ectursf 2.5 In. machlne-cul floorin nail c,1B + WA1 • : 4 , 1 s errous arc Ilectural f s toi WA1 2004. 51& 0. dmbi resslon regale architectural (hardware 15 in. maehorv"m M nay 27 1 2D04.204 4 4 . 1 3A •70 em ; a 1 a hardware ma cut na7 fra ent 2] WA10020p420dd 7 irrihe less on ensue towire nall frmend .204 42 4 2& 4: 0. a do aadan et - if Qetw■ tlwara wee item a ant GB St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1111 Archaeological Investigations Site No, Accession I 40. Block Lot Bag No. Catalo No. Count Weight rams) Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature GroupMill. Class T e Morphology Comments 21YVA190 42 4 43. 3 TRIM es On s al Wal e 2 .ma cutnia 1M1 ___4TN 4, ii nb forrous ard049 Ihar re 2 n- mac " n nAll iC-1875s IUD 2W. 47 ____4 43 4A 3 0.70 cmbs de es ueliedural Hardware. 1 n. machne•ctsl NO m 21 4 4. a ¢s on arrows a u e n! rahp e a e 1 ,7A4 4 4. 1. 3 R c de esslon 3 s¢ous a Wr a 5 . msc cut lady 1 { 45.4 c! 4 ¢ 3 ¢-rows l s enl 21 WA100 2004204 42 111 45. 45.39 1 63.3 ST 3 D-70 ymbs depression (3 lass household rood serving dear moklad. gadand sn4 ray paltsm, 4. in. bowl one ha 21WAIOO 2004."4 421 9 46 d Oy70 14 01,0 ST 3 7 crabs doprectlovi l) glass watneclurs! aructeraf a a [ ss fro 21WA10D 2004204 4 45 45.54-54 3 211 S 3 �0.70 ¢robs de resslon 3) lase (household -container oqua'-a Hie 03as hapmere. on! o or shoulder I W 1 a 4 . ! eu ss is ra dear ss rim shard 2 1 4 e t ed ocr! r bear ip y er ! 1 1 _ 9 ! rasslon ya hauafh cord! r dear, (loaded?) iVasselp rl 2 4 4 45.0 3 .9 a easlun lliln Clew fi m. a, et 1 4 0• Mtn ralsfcn ms ar edurai kruchra stucco fragment wr7 plaster f00 4 4 4 d 4 0. a rea n rrµ1 aRlura ysr a eM brh"'a' 21 WA10➢ 2004.204 42 9 491 46.il 1 18- $T 4 0-30 cmbs 'metal unknown unknown . 51n. meta part, n cke p sled slee , poss e eleoldeRelegraph bracket. Ground screw with wire wrapped on top over plerced ball flange with flared bail withgrommet flan and screw We In bdtam 4 16 4 0. Pm n haumahold Gootow ONUIRr m b0kie ha ant 2004,204 42 9 4a 46.5 1 1. 1 Sr 4 cum Iwus d m ed glass :21WA100 2004.204 42 10 47 47.1 1 696.3 surface surrounding ST4 ceramic household tableware ironstone plate rim shard- 8 n. na. brown userSTORE 'annular band around rim, brown luster flower sprig in Center MAYER." on bottom, similar ware in 1897 Sears catalog .681 21WAID0 2004,204 42 J11 47 47 1 1420 surface surrounding ST4 ceramic household (tableware I'ronstpne ate rim sherd-whda Bin. die -Co" -_STONE OMNA jWEDGIWOOD & Ce printed on bottom, 'STONE GRANITE WEDGWOOD & reseed on bottpm c-1B60.1085 :21 WA1e0 2004.204 42 111 47 47.3-0 631 'surface surrounding ST4 raramlc household sanitatlon ronstone cha r pat a rd•'" ens n, white. 10 In. dla.. 21 WA100 2004.204 4 10 47 47.7 1 128- 'surface rurrounding ST4 lass (household container a dd0e H 6ip! ihorG maNt s, made ItJung on side, S 1 MIL' on bottom, William Franzen & Son, Milwaukee. WI c.1900-1929 2)WA700 20➢4.204 11 48 48.1- 4& surface cellar hole ceramic hmrsehold kableware pbiaela n sherd- 11kl. plain wma wait ffmmd decoration, gold annular trim, polychrome transfer a rinl 21 WA700 2004.204 4 1( 48 48.4- 3 29 surface cellar hole ceramic (household tableware porcela she- saucer, po rums an palmed over laze. Chinese porcelain 3 refit 1 4 1 +- 1 ! Uoulown 149 1 nt 1 0 . 04 4 0 49 49.2 7 1 0.35 inason simclural re mem 1 100 2004. 49 49,5- 4. cm owwbiC (household (tableware - Ironstone enlwhite 509. d 1 d 49.1Q1 4 7. c H use container car bode ss 1 -4-19 4 1a 4 S erg a! EMU,-, 4o v iqq��++4��badle ci a meM tWA 4 7 49 4 .1 0.35 ho ml s ka ed 2 100 7Wui,204 4 10 i 4 ,1 1 ,1 0.35 e s as h krm m m tear lass -hl ane ism chlitiney fWAV 2 d 10 4 sht6a f a r shoo Di! a era 1 0 1 c ne mamma vertebra nt mammy, there C[a) 1 A10 2004.204 a 10 5 50. .7 Si 4 Crabs mal4 architectural structural ra sntwm raptor 10 50A 04 crabs s house cop w Il a can rim shard t])' 00 4 10 50. 0 mlbs faiyouo. atc OecWrai hardwareNURAMR- 5VA-1 0 04 4 0 5 ,1- ,4 3 surface eeramlc howsa la leware Irmlon Ommem. blua hM rotm Z1V1A1D0 2004.204 42 10 52 52.1 1 1.9 0.30 crabs bane mammal cerdd ffara phalanx white4allod deer, Hnr9 chop mark 'FII�iA1�0 IT4 4 1 2. c s afoul Roil r I. W. _ . 04 42 10 6: 52.3 f 2.1 V3 0- 0 c ! ,rrous No hardware laddartklfdble Possible nall ADD 52.4. - wrrbs oua arc edunl hard_ mEel s 21WA700 2004204 42 10 52 52.6 1 2.4 ➢-30 crabs • lass bousehcdd container c ear bottle glass rim she-d threaded 8p, machine made 21 A10 .. 4 P Cm se coma car WIN glass m 21WAID0 2004204 4 1 52 621 i1 2 1 ST 0.30 curbs es a d +6udura m 1 se ire nt 1 a 1 .1 am a arcllladafY wulsural clear 1 ee m 4 1 53 0• o ulow" i<o Try me .2 4 e msmma udaroxn dam e T meta %W lm0 out mark 1 A 4 o Cm nefamYe use Sa aware an4 lea bdia! e 21 A100 200 A; 3 63.5- 20. 0 70 a eerAMIC 01 sahold tabiswora IsOrmaAa "A- molded decomon, vMTk 1 10 'M. 53,t0 ceramic tableware a ome harwf4r 21WA1D0 14t 511 1 0. ST 4 0.70 crabs Gass aruund faotwow slave ale! '�1Pf00 .1 4 WailF&IWAl ro e 4 0.7 o ferrous are 3in. wire nall21VYAIW -204 6illi 1 cm6e hardware .mac a-sul na2 [ 1 4,4 erlt& rdware 74 In. macwWwim2 IOD 2004.204 5116 0.70 mlbs rrau! srawarn ffal. ma6Kno•aN1 4 1 .1 4 0 aM[s arrow a in, wire nag .1 1 1. 4 70 crrtha far a 1.5 lnr wlrs nall.'r A700 4 10 1 9 maw cmousl ar re'wne nab gment :21WA700 20w.204 4 ib 5 53.2 0.70 elmous l hardware nail fragment ] WA 4 10 4 0 cmbe 'mow hmdwore unidentifiable fragment. bent into a U 421 W a o=$ arp. u Teen a+f ifwrare u mmaoa 69 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I)II Archaeological Investigations Site No. Accession No- Block Lot Bag I No. Catalo No. Court ( rams Proveaierxy Level SiraWm D tit Feature Coro kill. CJase 7 a Morphology Comments 1 1 A ST 4 7 Upbs ferrous MCMIMOrld hardware unldentlflable 1 4 to Gml�i Cafl ken aril P. U49 raiva smbdr Mil go 4 0 S. S d 7Q s howahow wpnown as fro x1if 2004. e. 4m nhousohm coma brown DaIV6 grass 21WA100 2004,204 42 10 53 5326 1 2.1 S1 4 13-70 embs pas household container aqua a loss rim shcrel. threaded SIP, maahkm triads 2MA100 2WWd 42 10 7.2&31 3. S7 d 70 ambs se him contain r am battle ap o. 076. 1 d �a A. 0 si 1.Uatl Nor Dwo plows fragTM :21WA100 2004.204 44 10 53 53,39-41 3 3.9 57 4 0-70 embs glass household oonlalner wr bols Rws rim i l6tvaclad wp, made 1 4 i .4 p C e/ ouLa cam OF a e qss meat N 04.2 4 0 3A 1 1. d 0 glass househa unknown O es9ad ass tiro shekel 21WA700 20 _K4 4 8 53A4 1 4 70 amM is household aallob or chair bottle ss 6a enl bddedat+ble embossed Wnl on %de 2 WA10Q d t0 .A 1 S c sa house Ss eNYry ar IlLs rd WA10 4 346 embs 9 94e 0.r 99 alit. Ilr[1Clrle 0 21 WX1 4 Sp 5 8 4 .40 4 Wb/ 9a archaecty l a Mqu0. l 2111YA1OQ 45 10 60.50 1 0.1 ST d A 0 wslk ullotovrn IaOlrwxn elk 21WA100 2004.204 42 10 54 54.1 1 71.4 ST 61 surface lass household oonlalner a ua mineral water bottle basal sherd- machine made 'P 7 PLLrrW with ploun of dev! on bo"m. French Lick Springs Hotel Co, 0,1901+ 1 WAII0D 0 56 S&I 6 ST Sera o Irerge IabUwwV on! AT M. 4 S� .b "1 funds fdwa No 100 4 F 55 5 dA curbs rraro +f is w. ro 00 2004. 4 f0 0 s arrow ar aalll/a re 61. o FW 5 .7 ,8 5 eRous u Oc hat + e 1 1 4 f 5� 1 Omba efroui are wed Far'Nara .9 In. Wks hall 21 100 4 1 6 Q 0.40 straw sr W-W re a n4tl 1 4 1 d 9! 0 r /i! tare 9H M 1WA1 4 14 1 sits we ootura MI d4u t sn i ei OwaroC household 1 wua OMMOMWO eo %norX Malogol-ida-CO-Fau-j- :21WA100 200C204 42 11 56 510 1 105.3 S1 1 surface neraniic household container stoneware fragment- Albany brown slip ljnariorlun lazed exterior, buff bodied 21 WA100 2004.204 42 11 56 56.3-4 2 79,11 S1 1 surface deramlc (household tableware PDr IJ r grrbnl- 7 in. din- w4Kte saucuvah gold annular him around rim "(M)APE IN (BA)VARIA' on bottom, 2 refit :21WA100 204.204 43 11 50 56.5 1 49,0 67 1 surface Ceramic (household tableware ironstone dish rim and basal sherd- white with gold onriWar trim E 4HIN EMPR SS SSW an bottom c.1900-1 g40's 121 WA100 2004,204 42 11 56 56.0 1 69.4 ST 1 surface ceramic household tableware ironstone dish rim and basal sherd- 6 In. dia. white 1S104+ 1 42 11 M W.1 1 121 Fir I Cdpti rRA flimiar rtiq-mTn-itFWa-aEwCI pp. MChlni Made em ;21WA700 20D4,204 42 11 56 56.0 1 20,1 S1 11 surface glass .household container fta ase baron neck and 15n indro. patent wp. MUNN media 21WA100 2004204 42 11 56 66,11 1 35.8 ST 1 surface glass household container Clear bottle glass neck and rim sherd- Davis -type fl , machina made s- We 10-aarly 2QIh cant olao 1 1Q0 210041204 42 11 5 _____T6J4 7 28.5 S 11 1 ourface 69 Woe co r clear lass base 1 004. 4 11 .11 1-e lorf+eo as haute toblow m clear essad sa m USER 9LI8 e.1 t 2 Mil 00 Z41 42 7 1 sa house n Slesr�reosed ss II• slasburat eoan 2 16➢ 4 5 .t 4 nit mifrwna b maNal-IlumaNe fa room btockwed 30. , VARR C44 20p�-MOII 42 1 1 1.0 ST 0 enrols Wkwom un urwadmawl ct MAIN 2 4 11 57 6 S 2 ambs is hour cordalner owii nallte ill tralmOrA 21 4. 42 1 Om aL ors doN! ar Y ear boltio rs Tra rk 1 1 2008. 42 1 .& a oa e o or 00.6018a u rlt 21VUAIOQ 2004.204 42 11 11 60-1 C affaeee house la o fit /M-n1AYe 2iWAIM 200420,11 42 11 W 58. 0 c braffa e ur+ a ant 6 f $1 e. or 0WA 31n-mschfnMut nd MAIM 42 0.4 curbs arch�+clum hardware M In. muAwOull n 2 1 11 605 2.0 embs kammss archUditiol hardur+ra 2 ki. ma out nall 1WA1Q0 42 111 62 1.e 1.9 ST 2 O-20 embs ferrous aromeolwal hat re ma na merit 211VUM 4 1 .8 9 c Mous aftmedural hlrNwra I IIL flat hold m screw 21WA1 4. 4 C bbs a weaur blydw+ra No WA11Q 42 5 -9 ,7 C51bi rraos fr W_ e e 2iVwq� 2904. I 1 1 ST 2 0 ambs Rona Oasksal hardware - 1"M hook 21 A700 -'�q 4 snWa Grrows archeeciWW hardware ITL unldant abteabeel 21WAf00 2 42 11 68.5 ,3 $i em ass our! aodilner ow-nba 3aS'l7 me+A 21 00 2004. 4 15 5 8.13-f4 1,4 2 D- curbs • lass household container aqua bottle a lass fro merit FI-VTA�- 4 e w ceramk houa 1 warn 11401A rm saucer rim shard- w e fl 21 WA100 2004.204 42 1 59 59. 1 307.3 surface ceramic household tableware anirade ire➢mart-Pkdtw dle. .with molded decoration an handle 2flA]A1f10 M204 42 I 6 19.3 ee sera durd t / e IWA1 ,204 4 1 60.1 1 7.4 1 040 cmbe de dJfwn ar0 edur+l structural bdck merit 2WATW_ 4 __1�. f ambs lei9kn d cors hmshold lablawua Iffloatono Magi 21WA100 1WA1 4. 20pd2�d 42 1 UN4 �� 40 Crow ambs, fdo 4 do r!s owomn sf7aui uC a urn amalirisir hardware tlo mre Sra ant- a bodied. re -1>e K, 5 n, 1 1 09 4 1 _ Oo. W A. 1 �0 Cmbe de @salon 4 ferrous ..Nil turl hardware 2.5- maclam•w linx nu a.1876+ 21W1� 4 1 1 cm05 &prow Of/sass am olu[a fir- ! 275 M. RkOrm-MA not IiMoif 7 2 12 1 6 0 e s esslon 4 evous are o r rru •cna nd i 4 1 de xae4h 4 straw sac Ot , m/0 n! 2r1W d .1 A 1 9 arnbe ma n MOM a solun! riWo a rt0. 1 1 4 .1 1 0 e a 4] Ormuz er eel A10 ill. 4 3 1 2004 4 60. 3• 0.3 Oi Curbs roadon 4 farrow arc dun r .6 eiu0 C-10 St Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase III I Archaeological Investigations She No- Accession No- Block Lot Bag No. Cslalo No- Count Weight rams Provenience Level Stratum Dep1h Feature Group Mtl. Class T e Morphology Comments 2 A 4 1 3 0-4 C res76h i ferrous arc p .' e l�W4.2 d _ i7 -1 iff __7 0.40 cmbs d a01hon 4 fmon AFdAO9V1u r4rdwerl 1 W. Wi.Mol TiMOD 64. 4 1 .1& c a efSion 4) ow are edturld rW,vra .51n-wve 21 100 2064- 4 } 80-M 3 came os on 4 orto6s X411189MI ha[ [arfl IYil uNdala 'L11 A_%W 2➢04. 4 1 E0.23 S 4 a Won 4 emn archkowbaral tawa rdrs wire fr■ r4 WA5 0 a a�0.. I po Cat6a sloe 4 Gloat household rid bin r brdym bNlk ss 211ANit00 2004.206 4 f 4 dston 4 ,ts 111cueffhow ortialflor Vine tml s mdM "AW1033) _ MWAI 4 1 4U VI 1 0*8 $oh 4 FF-Usea-El container rJ or boll e u 21MIGO M.2 42 2 60,45 1 04 a res an d is houlow Wilting" a 67 1 -A _2DX2D4 1 4 _ 1 4 cmbe so •GWGS household ar as ra• aha 0 1 42 12 Go 80,4 ,2 dr[Iba depres on 4 I66 a e Wral sunwitral ■ ■ flit PU VARLMI'M 21 42 1 1 61,1- 4.9 C a at eskmal hardware (machine -cut nail fragment 2 Soa .204 42 -ol a rd a now 1WA1 209 4 § 1 1 61.4 1 1.7 ST Ew- s 4rfa6a ardwilacturm hardware 2 In. Wre nail 1 1 04.204 2 curia hlrrous r(mwe Ornm 11 �i 4 1-el -12 4-11 1 f ca4 a Awal hardware PAO agmerd II WA1 w.2O4 d 011. - au us cads r a ass eh1 1 1. R on ua ulftown Baer p 1 61 6. au a New P one e 4 1- 0. aws of aclurki strulawai ! x Vagment 21 WA10➢ 2➢D4,204 42 1 62.1 t Bill 0.10 1cmbs wwalk=yofirarruc ramic household Tableware konamee Td & sherd- wmo 21WA100 2004.204 42 1 S 62,2-4 19,4 0-10 ramic household (tableware Ironstone fragment 21WAIOD 2004.204 42 13 62 62.5- 4 7.1 13-10 ramic !household Tableware Ifoeatort■ka era -whit■ with flow bWdaeafalkn 21WA100 2004.204 42 13 82 62 1 S ID-10 curbs expose expose brick brass architectural (hardwarepear- 2Im dla, 81 WA100 2004.204 42 10 6 62,10 1 119.1 U-10 crabs exposed brick walkway ferrous ,architectural (hardware unidentifiable tool :21WA100 2004.204 4 13 62 62.11 1 153 13-10 curbs exposed brick walkwa famous (architectural (hardware untdem6Awhre tool.7.25 N. 21VVAIOO 2004209 42 13 62 62,12 1 37 ID_10 cmbs exposed c walkw lass (household container clearhetUa gaps ne and ft Shard- patent Up. machine made :21WAIOO 2004-204 42 13 62 OZ13 il 5-8 ID-10 cmbs exposed bnc walkway lass (household container olearbollie lassshoulderfra enl-machine made 'FE..:' ;21WA100 2004.204 42 13 62 62-14 1 26,6 0-10 crabs expose rick walkway lass (household unknown ramethyst glass rile nm seer molded annular decoration gosslble lld fr man! fr.1876-1033 :21WAIOO 2004,2041 42 11 62. 82-15-16 2 53.3 13-10 cmbs exposed brick walkwa lass Iheusehald unknown ■ esled Glon froLment 21 WA1D0 200420d 42 13 83 63.1 1 132.3 isurface near depression 'ST7 maramlc (household 4ableware kwuleae phid rim chard rdala, 10 in, dla- p11 of Wlidanrdl" madt an logo 21WAIOD 2004.204 42 13 B 03-2 1 91.4 Surface near depression (STO oeramle (household container stoneware basal sherd- Albany brown slip Inteddrr ■r1!■I gWO16dellor 21WA100 2004.204 42 13 63 63.3 1 1S Surface Haar llepresslon 'ST7 ceramle (household tableware konsto to ere-wfiYd "(IR)ONSTONE CHINA (WARRAN)TED" Vodrey &Brothers Pottery Co. c.1078-1698) MA700 2004,204 42 13 63 63.4-6 21 surface near Iiepresslon 'ST7) ceramic (household tableware yellow ware fragment- clear glaze Ilderloriblue mocha .and annular decorated exterior (c.1850+ 21 WA700 20D4.204 42 13 63 63.7 1 128 Surface near repression (STY) ceramic !household tableware Ironstone fragment- flow blue transfer print "0.." back starric 21 WA10D 2004-204 42 13 63 63.8 1 21 Surface near depression 'ST7) ferrous ,architectural hardware idoor knob lock plate, upright, 4-5x3-751n. 21WA100 2004.204 42 13 63 63.9 1 6- surface near depression Wine household container cobalt beW■ t3onutis 1WAf06 2004.204 42 3 a4 M,1. manfily 4urcuactufal.sl 1WAf08 ZM,2041 42 13 64 04.4 1 3" 1 To ua a� caramle (household tableware µ111tt5vara hagm , A100 2 13 S4 04,51 5 SY 1 0.5 cm 75 a sohaak Wr re brass thumb screw Y111VA 64 04.6 >•.1 _ cmhs ofita arrhaeciura N s fragment eslble foe 1 R .13 1 D rrr>ba prChiteduro haf a 31n. machine -cut It nail e.1 7 twn"s3L42 13 d4 e4 e 1 63a'- cmbs (ferrous 24 Kins at nr C.1975+ 1 A106. NINA 42 IS 1 0 smhs arcislEot in. madell!-Sint Mg 27 A i 1 2. 1 D roue arc aotura hardware -6 -ma no woo itlsllts 1 d 13 641) 7 ferroft ifpfi■rt 1 In. machine -cal ftnlshln Hall 21 1 1 1 F -, dire architectural her ■ a 4 4, nilhe farron amhwemural ii(Owwore nor! 21 Al effeus arsisis hardware +,wire nail fragment PAWKWI4 - 2.2 1 1341ragment 142 100 2dm. d2 1 3 e4 040. ,30. f .i S 1 _cmbs L: O _ cmha us ati IousvhWd +�dulp 1�ot'd' e4rAainer o611ti er ,aura[ t bottle glassAajment ar twt a ss 2 i 21 Al •20d 4 1 64 6d.32.7 6 �-j 0 0. 0� rnr Siif�jP lass a5 a aahx crch4ectu� gruclu[a r�lruclural N.gmv a p tli+�f�l�rz 1L.! dear Ai: Isss ire mnnl C-11 St. Crobc River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Illl Archaeological Investigations Site No. Accession No. Block Lai Bag No. Catalog No. Weight Corot ( rams Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Grp Mtl. Class Type Me hole Comments i 1 d .1- 1. S -50 cares ]one mammal un Own unldenl ed fragments rrmdm manomol, etra cut mark 'I 1 a 1 B.4 ST 2 0-50 cmbs elate architectural struclural slate fragment- out possible roofing tire R-I WA100 2004,204 4 13 65 65.4- 2.R S 2 0-5D a ceraml b0usshcld tables am tronstone fro Went- while VA1� 4 3 6518 f Eon riau d ! [awaM a rd rk" e 1 1O0 2004.204 d 3 2 e 10rrous archeatbna araware 31n. mach ne-cut nab Af O0 20D4,294 13 65 65. 9.3 S 2 D-50 s ferrous anhaeclural hardware 2.51n, machine -cut Hall 1 .204 4 13 8 65.9-11 8 Two- erreYs arC adtoml holoware maC R-cYl iH 1 1 a r 64s fen6us arc aGwa daare 2.5 kt. rc y MAX e 6.1 1.2 5 7 c o W archneGws dw4ra 1. re ry 100 d .ld T ` cirabi ferrauf drtaktKWfil (tar re 11n. wire 9nlsning Han 1WA1 ,4 ST cmbs ss house -entailer brow b0111! m- 1 i 85 .16-19 4 ,a FYES - ea ouse container aom ! e M. a M 1 T 4 65 2 2-3 Wr 2 household -Conti er a bWt af8 100 4 1 v 1 ass noYy7p�dT' Writ char bgro sa fro env I 42 8 . 1.28 4.2 0. 15 MIrCM1dWW AFUdaW a'Wa rat glis9 fragingM 4 cmbs ma or edurau -lewd Mick Ira 1 1 d 1S 60.4• 3 ha mammal bnolo" WIMOMMID Aw4ros commad 21WAIOO 2004,204 4 4 0 839 cm nramh household mill kcastbrw ab 1 A 2 4 68 a F, K 1-9 6 3. cmea I Cararnw ettGo to Irwiv0 onftane fro arty- w bbts 4 '(0 8 0.4 [mba Ommic oA is rs se ran s r mat Eorslwn, e 88 66.21 1. ST eerArnie ne f-a rcdla ON" ra h ecOr on 100 0.-0 drabs unknown unknown otl nt 1 M4 42 3 60 d623 f 14.1 3 0 errwa efrdaa ar4h8ecrenl .4 n, re nail 1 1 4 66.24 s Ferro" amiumcT l �• rR ]. a nail 1 1 2004.204 4 1 68.26 49 S 3 Ern eclwal a ns 1 1 04. 4 1 8 2&7 .1 --0 c a re 1.5 in. vnre nail 1 100 13 .31 04 a ra wins nt 2 WA 2004. d 3 68 68. 4 0Os rdwwe . ma a•ctR N 21 WAS 4 0.4 Ferrous-archilloctuml hardware 15 In. ma9 0_C nab MWAiQG 2004, 42 -13 d686.34. 17. 3 O Onles fery" artileclura hardware 3 !ha e-A t malt 21 1 4 8 ROrn AlLh4falpr ra Is. m I-e rt nA 4 13 6 B .STIM 2 122 3 "0 &i6V ferrous orblitfficlursol. hardwom ma4 ut 2.iWAIW 20M. 4 s errata VD W ?Nara 13 Iry, madbids•ara ns 1 is da 08A14 4-5, S ccnba wawa hard--- $.25 hi. slue -de rusk ZIWAIVD 10M.204 4 S 1 1. E e7oea We rwrual r re S. maa e-mut Han :21yVA100 1 4 S O•i cmbs ferrous ar 4 hude m mas a -cut naa fraurnart 21WA100 20M,204 4 1 EBAVA 18 3 C s sfMUIL unknown uel M M ra mend 42 13 5a 6OA ! 4 10.2 St 3 040 cmbs ferrous arcsobral hadinre mac na-cl6 fragment 2 d 1 7. C srtEYa sr[ eGW9 har re ru n m e 3 _ -a 1 ,1 Sir 0.4 cents ss twuaa acraAnsr n Wlle ss ha eM 1 1 d 60 66. 1 C 6 f Yee eW4a er a [ e eas d and :21 WA700 2004.204 42 f 3 BB 6fi.70 1 17._ S7 3 OJ40 cmbs ass household container aqua bottle glass neck fragment- two-part finish, bwNshed neck. machine made. 'Davis- 'c. late 19-ea 20th centuries 21WAf00 211d13 71-7:emits so haute adrA flv broom boble sal iFwTd 21 WA100 2004204 42 13 66 0073-7- 2 28.0 ST 3 040 crabs glass household container _env na clear battle glass basal Sher molded G stlebed bottom Y1riA100 1 47.3 Si 3 ifs household container bMWFI i IgMWA 1 1 .2D4 4 3 ^T6.$ -25 231 ST a 91M household comakiar dear WIllo An offlart YIVWI 2004. 04 4 13 8 fib. -129 -11 9.6 ST S 04D lass hi0usehol closer uMosna diereurdy 2jVWW WzW4 } 8fi 66.1 0.11 6 .4 S 040 gials architectural structural s M s 21MOD 4 3 79 ri n d ODIC .1 .3 rase oerspna dG Dow bow 2 4Z Isl Wr Co. 140 Mass vn hi cellar bullen• back :21 WA100 2004.204 42 13 61 87.1 1 22.7 uurface Possible privy •ST5 -ceramic household tableware konsdane fro ment- %life possible Charles Me akin makers mark 1851+ 21 WA100 2004.204 42 19 67 87.2 1 48.8 uurfaca possible privy ISTS) cardoilc household tableware plim ware gment- clear glaze ImarlwAblue moefia sett annular decorated eaeflor 0.1850+) 21 WAI00 21 WA100 2004.204 2004.2041 42 41 12 13 87 87 67.3 87,4 1 1 102,0 87.7 surface (surface possible privy T5 01.1. poss1 a privy •ceramic (Household household food servingIkellle container yellow were meet- R~#m brown glan in spout, mWded decorsllen aqua bo0ia ss eacs s er faGan WcNe mos Gs4e r; 1850 - 1910 "J,° on side. "3onbofipm, a.1850- es 21 WAI DO 2004.204 42 13 67 07.6 1 50.s hurfaca pSoTss e ST5 9111, household eontalner rowfn am8amrm ama ne made with possible separate base part '... D & CO. 84" on bottom :21 WA100 2004,204 42 13 67 67.4 1 35.9 ourface puss le privy ST5 household Cmtalgar brown bottle glass nee V. machine made :21 WAIOO 2004.204 42 12 67 07.7 T 151 surface possible privy ST5 lass Ihousehold eontalner ckxf hole shord. harid mmolciltip (bottle la c.1M0-1B20 21 WA100 2004.204 4 1 87 87. T 30.4. (surface posse le privy STS) lass household montalner camel o l e g ass necks er red p inis , post hsltolll mule machtha made c.19761933 21WA700 2004.204 42 13 67 67.9 1 53,4 surface -'ST5 possible privy lass !household container grdas Oeak Or No. two. parr - h, msMI ,made 21WA700 2004.204 1 07 67.10 1 159. 'surface possible privy 'STS lass ,medical container aqua bottle glass near complete- 'Davis -type' lip, Nachme made DR RING'S NEW DISCOVERY FOR CONSUMPTION" on one side, "H. E. BUCKLEN 8 CO.' on one side, "J.4." on bottom, (c-1605+) Tuberculosls medlclne of morphine and chloroform :21WA700 2004.204 A41 13 68 68.1 1 427 S7 W 5 lolass Ihousehold •container clear bottle ass neolt sher8- iwo part sit, possible Flask machine made C-12 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Illl Archaeological Investigations '�' :iE] �:i�C�i'� • f".u.'�i{j=f��[R'.r�:'.Slllllllllllllllllllllllllti Fii;�� � ORMAKii � 11M- 1 i1m==' M - r�3Z{�� •.. la+��;-rri ,rr. . Malmo M Mr-IML i1]']E3�iE�� F'�F3 LxTJ wr�I ssRLIJOil��f*^I{�®IC17II4AT� tlPiGiLL✓■tz''''�I'��ik}�I:�z'x'EE�E�7 EjE�E�L^wi�'OC�'7Si�QlfL�3 s •L F��{.IT' :�E's"�.lYa."' l�siG'�i7�'3i1� E7��9��E•'.��•T��7f�iu^I{1�P� •° lT e�'3y� .: c .. .: - Eu s'JE ImEmI] Ull� ery E- —`- 93E�E]s��]�E�r•3rti�IZu'7Q�rmEE'3Lii'� . . 1�7"T' C'1GEL� �..''� tiiiLIIi��] Si�f�rt.. L.^ r*^r . SPiF]rrfJ�I]�ili�•"'_i�iE�E�� �* i[ f� M11 MUM 7 iE]�il moils E ��il ®�ITw^ICi�i ����E:%:5���iE] ��iF7Q �1����71TuS'IFSS�fI '�r•^[z'�!T'�Tr�+:.i:..;• . "F31LrcSL'i�E#i':�i:fE�fiE#$] E�E�fdi�•3JE�E�E��I�rrF1L.;�'IF3� "C3.ui,�L*-R'nr.!*.t• [s!-.:.rrrrr�a+rrr.-:��rrril: . ITw^IF7�M=M'=,:, ��N MKDE= M. E WT'- V,*IE 3�f�} E I6:lE�E � E i�E SE�E�YI�I C�ir17lF�"i{4�4 L� "k7 T T Lr iI�+7•s�L! �C; � �.jl��Q�l��� C��.rL'Zf•.} �E�� r*i i'ii'''1Fi'_'I��E��' ��]��-- ' �uu� ••jt�.;,,r�rrt�2;e!'znr'--ri - M i.'�IiJ��331Ei�il•3ir1_ WMf�f� FS'�''rE�}Efil�di167i1t���Y[ 3n 1i�y�f�1fE� l a , F�i'LII��z E#LIE�iE•Y,�1=LE�lE�]E��Fl3sr= ��1i''a'.�'a��l���i�'�FI�]��E]�'ii'�L'✓tt� �ri{•}��iau�.�L''li��Gli� . .. s��{ir'SL???�lr riPi7_Ra7ii:�'_R' '_!E'� E#i! iL,1E �iL'.r'i �u, ['fR"T"'� • • �_i�%?il• s"u ���������>;�—����u'+'� �I•,'.'•r.11'7i"1..IIIIIItir'7">7.�'?.� . :; ....I' I E�IEfIiE�f�liLi�l�ilE��E��t['�il:�E�I�I��� -.......: ' r ��i�►00Kw, M;,-E� 'T!'fci`e;{L"T17MMI F^='�'T'46!±�SR'TFTS+�[,'.j IT'Rf?''."•ti���7711Cr"11"!" �i��`��iEjE�7E��6C�iC��� r^+r► Drir rsr . ems.' `:}�i�Fa�il�' '�li��Si�'tl� Y�''-�'�f�m,'�I•.�wi�L'•L'� unidentifiable fragment -117 C-13 SI Crok River Crossing Project Intensive Lheralure Search and Phase [III Archaeological Investigations Site No, Accession No, Block Lot Bag No. Catalog No- Count Weight (grams) Provanlence level Siratum Depth Feature Group MII. Class Type Morphology Comments 4 B• 4. B cpVTOs tableware ironstone fro merd-wh0e ��-�400 flI-TWIN 4 0 _n 3 : ache tors la re 600na Isla a rolli 21WA[00 2004. 1 .x - 6 0-4 a son f ode■h 1a�7 aware epntdne lvac� a ■ 4 refit 1 A e reramc re I awue �baral Ala rim awti. 21 Af 7 12, •45 f mas ar aWrea Rtuelwa! brick ira ment 21WA100 2004204 42 13 73 73.34 1 15,5 ST a 13-45 omb9 lorass VuwebD persm glaos shaving brush ragmem- brass wdh wood and brush halr Al 20M,204 42 1.2 cmhstaross rterla n snap 21WA700 2004.204 42 13 7 73.3a 1 ST}45 •cmhs brass ersonal mlolhin ewel collar button- leather attached an back, 2 dvets an side 1 A100 2004.2134 + 3 9.s 0 iiu_ue wome truaw ruppsa ira erd 1 W 1 2 6 viln Tormaa list to kOK6 spoult YfWff�4 il 4. a 4S cmhs ue mmadmi Oxf-pime 1 WA100 2 3 3,40.4 1 5 B F4 Fn ew dwakair tin can "gMent A 00 4 1 7 u 0-45 Gmbs 1wou-s- a[d p "I ffi& 43 75.6i. 24.3 W1106 (Wout Wkwan urp■Ibnd Iau 1.11le ct 2904. 04 1 3 4.9 0d5 farrbua i tune hs rod n yYV9 [ "fd6'd. 4 1 ow ua ectur a ! In ncal oo act- 2.51n. Ian 1.25 in. oia, 2004.204 42 13 73 73.5 1 13.2 ST a 10-45 cmhs !ferrous archheclural hardware wR me1a1 washer -plop GMKI atled md- 13,51n. to .251n. din. .704 42 3 3. 1 0 cmba erro0s ar6mactural par wire rK LA sales ertow ar eatwa r r■ In. re hall P06304 3 3.T1= 6 6 TdA 0• p1116r wa afceee0luril wafdware kr.xNanu .I albs moue at adM ■ 1- hil 2004. 1 3 9bt 1 dO e W cmhs emhue ar eflur . m all rra a ■ e ous arc dOww rs 4 , mo a-vut rl■ %J 1 ST embus itKlura dwarf2.26 ki.•ud rp 1 1 amaGe rdunl a .mall sul ZIVYAIOU 4 a 4i 2 i e Moue arc eLllrral re . IrL mad atd na tWA100 4 13 3.97.1 7 11 4 .11 [Oftl mirws I hardware a<et np R1 1 1 73LID8 1 10.92 + as grownI 1 4 1 .1 5 ass uu dpni of of reen 6011 ei[erd 1 ted A84 t+ ra wit 7 .1 1 1 1 1 7S { 1.d 4 ss al conk arm! It" erd•1 1 ,204 421 3 311 1 1, 0.45 ann home com■low een battle grass ira 4ma4 all u9e ■ ar raven Ilia lass Ha IVVAF 6 1 3. 1 .d 0.4 Cmba an u as nl 2iWAIQC 2M.2041 42 Q 73114 1 2.3 ST 0.46cmhs peg hoG uaknplNn I e "IS, FrOWOMI 21WA100 2 42 13 73 73.11 117 1 , cmhs ss household cordalner r14@0 a a es '2 1 004, 4 1 3 3.11 1 4 S R• cm66 saes hadnewd coiaalher Near bum mass M-ck 21WA1 4 } 43.0 SY a 0•45 cmhs ass r deer a wait fig mars fl0 0 [ .1 1 11 1-1 45 cabs fans a ear n nt• one chOmm 21 VJA1 260d,241 42 3 .14 16 4 .9 n s yfaan 4tdlRsuu rtructural a I� lees rn 1mlod' 4 4. 70 46.100 c bon Marrueal urpf06vH era m■mm�,toftred 2 NNW- 4 4. 1 1 4 i cabs trtme moan Imknovm 2 a ra mammw !W 4 4 J .1 a rnasnnal unknorm calcified MAW- 4 4- x 4e-700 cmbs ma uni strwwal led 21 WA100 2004,204 42 1 74 74.1 1 119.7 ST r45-100 pmbs oeramlc household conlalner ataewar■ bar chat& Abort' ■wrr k6arlfr/clear azad extaribr, huff bbdrd :21WAIDD 2004.204 42 13 74 74.13 1 9-e ST •45-100 ombs ceramlc Household container stoneware lragmem- hang awn de■r glazed exterior, buff bodled :21WA100 2004204 42 12 74 74.14 1 23. ST a 45-100 cabs ceramic Household oeptafner stoneware lragmerd- salt glaze, clear glaze Inlerlorlexterlor, buff bodled 1 M 2004.204 4 + 74.15 1 2AJ ST 5 emb7 oink se" la re purcekk 7h"d NWAIOD4 4. d 1 ails oanimk IUusehpld lab WMIL pFC11511 tee m- 1 x +. 42 4 7 - - 0.0 ST if pmb7 fire household tsblesara Ironstone fiat ent- clear laze I 106 1 4 B 1 MIN- c e n[a c aura la rr uHlpnrlr ---fro eriL-9vn1-at pis MAW- 4 1 4 74. 1 5.100 iio_W %saes la a PrOrKMe ran Mord. bUrri 21 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 cr&s ceramic a lobtaware w t�Ware 4t 1 1 2134 74.3 .d a Ma W.h.W I:blewara swam w MAW 4 1 4. 46-100 crnbi forron haclaolhold hmrdwm wire hawl, em 21 4 4.14 4. + e Ferrous arcNt"knel nmrdMIFO 4 e d In. Ion 2 W 100 2004,204 42 13 4 A. 100 alb■ rarran arChkeclfral Ilrf[Oemo boatt Sin. !1 196 1 4.3 12,11 ST 4 4 1 011lb■ effmm mfchqxtuxal hardware flat ow 4 1 4 74.3 1 7. smbe embusrdxl [ re L act 2 1 41 1 A 4S1 s unknown 1ebplown Ln4 Impim 1 2 74 d B d _omTq7 fercrus ec he m thumbscrew 1 In :21WA100 2004.204 42 13 74 74.40 1 3.1 ST a 45-100 •cabs [ferrous mchheclw-al [hardware loge wO d screw ho es, screw ragmenls sl attached. .751n' 7 1 2 3 4.4 4fi-100 1cfflft I x;0% moral polyr4� u moo 0yam . W f00 d2 4 74.4 -47 S B 4 9 iarchilecluret hardwne unidentifiable 1 WAIOQ Zx 42 1 4 4.4ew 1 �a 4 cabs I Em 4 1 1 S 4 moue errhIIeplua f 41n. n■ 1WA100 1 Moue u ee In. were na 21 4 1 4 46 27_ST8 1 n errOW ere eiUMal 1R e 1 1 5 r:maus uc hafdN■re N 6 { s H7W4 f e 1. RL AaN M 7 4.B • Gilles embus era ephn dware t2 who Yr ti G-14 St. Crobt RNer Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Illl Archaeologlcal Investigations She Na Accession No, Block I Lot I Bag No, Catalo Na Weight Count (grams) Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Group Mil. Class Type Morphology Comments MAIM 4.204 4 1 4 .g2•83 2 71 4&100 ahts ferrous NO of hitdware e-cut nib 4 7 74 4. 1 eiw5 i f 1 o re 4.6 In. ma CIA DO 21 00 2 12 40.100 emba arrs�uI orddvolural hardware 9 In. mach ria•out nae MAIN 04- 4 13 74 74.01 1 3 ST 9 4mba Urrous srcMsclural hardware 2-6 N. mac -sal nalt 2tWA100 2 4 4 74.04 4,5 4 PR lri arc RedUnit hardware M. niachlltaebtn A -o --M-42N 42 13 14 746. Ol 5. F eRous irMsclun xrf 1.6 In, eni •4ta Pin 1 100 20 - d 1 d 7 . - 1 45-1 ambs Brous nrohhecluml hardware mavhlns-out PaD Worrell 2 WA100 2M204 42 1 67.0 6 45.10p duet eReua Iran rlaUoh hardwara r id a ha eni 2l AT 42 U 74 74. 1 1 353 45.100 em as ouaeh coal nor bkle dna as base M pill MAW- q 1 I 4,1 .f I Crabs so �- OwTl eu es f ya. else ia5 00 n Pe .1 1D0 004. 04 42 1 74 4. 1 4. - b0 Cmbi uss ouse o1 eontatner aglli a ass basal .hard >; 21 WA100 2004.204 .204 4 1 42 13 4 74-11 66,2 S7 I .74.111-11 01 5-100 f 7 C s ch101 ass xea household Muse container "Malnor brown bottle lass basal sherd- machLce made a bows a MI ..� 4 as bdtom " i A7 4 1 4 4. 1 a y.Rss se pwn iear as ahetd-m MAW- 4 1 4.11 t 2. a as us f Csar� ■ ua it isa 1 4 13 4 7L11 -1 a 0.se �u-6o P ■ le ass nS ...0• 2MA1 2 4 4 A e s ass household toatniasr a fan .J. ads c% + 1 Al D04,204 3 4 4.1 1 e. 0*5 ae ouse e9ma r i1e0.r ssa ns rd. thraads machyra mddo t IOtl 4 1 4 2.0 e 4 DD pfaas howelydd to re dear is Sher 1 7 4 4.1 1 1 4 1 4 sa hosue Id cools oar a ht blue bpp 0. n< 21 WA 1 4. 4 1 1 ,6 3 a 4 t Comet as household caulwaor a s bollle aii 21 1 4 d. 1 i cubs 0.is , hoes otd`- f dear Towle N rat 1 1DD 1 4. 2 2 T 6 45400 iii nourehp ae iri ill[ WA 0 4 pm class `iUUSe p er awrl dull 66 Tri o A100 4 4. 7 6 q 00 cabs ass hWH rabkwue can as ha nl- ad decorallcn 42 74 4A67-1 1 1 crws 0.as ueetmld oteef ss [a om e 25 Al 1 4 4.l 1 5.1 unba ass ar eM Structuralae00at ss inl 4 1 D4 42 1 d 4. e9• 2t 4 4 1DD W Lb$ Isai arc a aUUM a il� es 1W f00 .1• 4. Q- Cuba WUtar Personal toobvW iedher 6a h arced hm2s 1 7/1 3 .3 1 0.1 ST 7 cubs Rm brd W&WM hunarua thralffa 2 WAIDD 2DO4.204I 13 A 1 cnNs 4 0 li aware xanstarm cyp ail of MA1 D 4 c ceramic o lablewor4 Uonitone Mgmrat-wMa 21WAI d213 ml 1 1.3 em emmid homehofd la re EEO" ra enG e f �11W%1f06 13 .1 S 7 cm cm uesn com ner slpn4"re fra rl! if"Cl. bum biwoor 2 lard 1 4 e 75.21- 5.9 sr7 0•110 Curbs lbrmw mhusctml hordwiwo 2 M. VAtQ UP 21WA OD 4 1 ,23- C enbea f esluri s f00 7. 50 ran a ferrous 0.r4Modwal bar are n. wren. 2 __1604.204 7 Ja 1 6 7 ferraw arch edaral hardware woe rat 2 A 4. B,t 0. 0 _W ferrous 0.rc oclural hardware 4 . map nall 'F1 3 3 ! eau, arc ledwal ra . map na 21WA7 13 76 150143 a 15,41B Cubs rmram mhkoclwal dwue .6 maehlnadut null d >3 MY4 1 A ST 1 040 snout arc Issheaa . mil"MR-M Pal 21 A 00 4 Mill Curbs ferrous arc ocioral Ru ! 1 1G. mach •cut rag 20D4- d 13 30 1130 a arc lectuval hart}xaro 1. n. ma -Cut n 1 U64. 3 A ___ST 0. farroun arc leCluraf ha.aware Ma acid naa ra e14 relit d wood fil Al R004. 4 4 5 7 A e rrada xrchN-&Rw heldt m im e•ord e7lp eni 1 • . 2Qs4253 i Ae f 4A ST 7 Md pans farrain houmWd Is bum oat 1 WA .204 d 5 A7.50 4 1 E tadulown WOAfowtl S 3 Al 4 1 5.51 1 I ST I Unbs metal unknown unknown chromed metal posible car pan 1 42 3 7 ,5 1 1-$ ST I C.60 arafe forron arcldtaolural hardware farrous ob EI 21 A100 20U4.204 q2 f3 3 i 1 D Irrrous of alYri hardware wire ragment 21 A100 200Q q2 13 75, 41.3 ST 7 •50 i orrous evl hardware Ion ira relent S shaped, U2 K wide 1 WA 00 - W q 13 7 5 f . ST •4f 7 0.0 a as CWii or o ear hotse as a rat 7 2PD4. 04 4 as (Ariaer Efeir a ass iAerd ] T -9'.ZD4 4 1 3 -50 cm s ass house o oonta net clear bottle lass rim sherd 5 i 42 6 6 1 4.2 a 4m 1: household4■ ner x ball a ass M WA1 2004.2 4 t 7 5-07 1 Ze 7 d. C uss household container a v Vass al NWAT00 42 13 1 C ass hopseb m as apmmant with mo ed decoratlan A_ T d 1 0 ST ass [eql ar alur fa es tra Cnt- c1oW 3fY� D4 42 13 D 2 S 0-50 lass bows io clear s9 ha moM- hurrwane ym chCnu 2 Al d 1 7 75.71. 6d 14 40. -50 Cubs w scia al Flablow.are a t sa ha eni . 1 100 4 1 4 6,1- - �683 c cone mammal me bone 4rds re mamma N4 saw :TWA 000 3 76. g.0 ST 65 CmW ceramic household - konitpie ra n!vfta T 1 2004.204 4 1 e 5. 11 W 7W& Ferrous unknown Vdillown unldentihable 2 1 .fi W0 Orin into" 0.rcheectural Mn*wa look Cato YW4106 M, 42 3 70 76. 1 3 ermua archiectuaf htrdwm AS q .e _ST ferrous OrC;l4a11 Fd are q- Mt, machMaoue ram 2 WA1 d 76 $ 1. 0. Ste- srrWa trehsW. hxrQwilitl 1. .machirtasul of 24 1 M 12 ST I fe-mm archRoctunl rCMrara machlna•cut na➢ f moot 21WAW11 m2w 4 1 .16 rrpua arc dtara re a 2 A ,1`/- a e 066 is liciuse aquab ss M1 4 1S 0. se pnn4agr c or c6 a a MAIM WIN d 1mass archillaural green 00 1 41 3 ura 4huat a ua Ool Pis finignuent ;21 WAtOD 2D04.264 C & N 2 & 3 77 77.1 1 B. ST 1 0.70 cubs t••e ar de ression (bone mammal iunknown Ibroad bane fragment large mammal 21 WA1DD 2004-204 4: & N 2 & 3 77 77.2 1 12. ST 1 0-70 rubs "'Par depression ceramic iieuseheld I:c eLiln ha nC• dd! -Jp,esibie shaolder ' C-15 Sl. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IIII Archaeologlcal Investigations Site No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Catalog No. Count Weight rams Provenlence Level Stratum Depth Feature Group MII, Class Type Morphology Comments 21MID0 20➢4.204 C & N .283 71 77.1 1 Z5 ST 1 0-70 cmbs color if ression brass arms .ammunitlon gun cartridge shell end VESTER MADE IN USA W. 15 PERT on Iboltom (0.1898-1932 21 WA100 2004204 C & N 2 & 3 7 77.4-1 16 4B3 ST 1 I0-70 cmbs ice ar de resslon ferrous household container gat ferrous fragment- possible can fragment 211NA100 204142D4 IC &N 2 B.3 71 77 1 24,0 ST 1 ID-70 crabs CBIar •de ression ferrous architectural hardware w6s frallimenit frith raA a710.0nd 21 WA100 2004, 204 C & N 2 & 3 77. 77.21 1 31 ST 1 10-70 cmbs c air da ression ferrous rarchilectural ,hardware 51n machine -cut wll 21 WA100 2004.204 C & N 243 77 7,7-n-23 2 ifil STI 1 10-70 cmbs ce or depression famous (architectural (hardware 3 in. machine -cut nail 21 WAID9 2004204 C & N 2 & 3 77 77.24 1 315 ST 1 iD-70 cmbs carer de ression ferrous archlteclural hardware Y.5 h alvhle!-CW R4C IaaH (c.1675+) .21 WA100 20D4,204 IC & N 2 & 3 77 77.25 1 5.1 ST 1 10.70 cmbs ce tar de ression ferrous architectural hardware 2.51n. machine -cut nall 21 WAI OD 20D4.204 C & N 2 & 3 77 77.20 1 26 ST 1 0-70 cmbs ce ar d ression ferrous arobhect" hardware rriocwi a cuf ma frau2mt '21 WA100 2004.204 IC & N 2 & 3 77 77.27 1 4.9 ST 1 0-70 cribs ce ar de ression ferrous ,architectural hardware 2.5 Im wire nail 21 WA10D 2004,204 IC & N 2 & 3 1 77 7720 1 3A ST 1 D-70 pfubs ce air de resslon 1lemous architectural hardware wire tra ment 21 WA10D 20D4.2D9 C & N 2 8 3 77 77.21 1 21 ST 1 0.70 cmbs cellar d ression s household unknown tllllk lass fragment 21YVAIDD 2004.204 C & N 2 & 3 77 77.30 7 3 ST 1 0-70 cmbs Hc air depression lass household container ■ e "I'll Meek sherd. leht 1 fY4AT C 76.1 0. 0.35 unbs one mamma ankg7nn sd M. 1 2 3 wood unknown unknown woad fragment with pierced hole 21 WA10D 2004.204 C & N 2 & 3 78 76A 1 4_21 S7 2 0_35 cmbs ceramic household tableware oaflllemwaire rlm sherd while With moiled de4wallim 21WAIDD 2OD4.294 C a N I & 3 Ile 8A 1 2 0.35 cmbs Wanda household Si lewue or14 frx mere. e Evul D4 .Sly o ceramec household tableware r4dware q Qn1• comer NWAlall 2M,2U C & 2 a 3 7 70. g .3 D-35 env mow Ifalh Oitalian hardw■re 4 - ra 0l:PON 1 cmhs mace archteoturel hardtare Y ea11 21W lOD C II 7 ,1 ST emous aretllectura ha re •w rrsg Whh wood 1pa s 23WNA1 C & 3.4 '0.35 C rrWF ArCh-0Flur3i ra rap meM a 1 C 3 ss hme d cantahw odor se�r�aM 27 106 04. AN a3 11 1 2 S cmhs tau e c ,aide bottle ri Fii meat 22WW •3 Ls houaeho cord■ ■ 0l1 a v a nl Al 20 a 3 3D c moo a c7 a nacour A 21WAf00 CANa3 8 9, 1 0, 4 cerafNo owe I era �ro/IWOrIe -ianga 1§• 4 430 s 7 err4ue k. n. 2W000 2004.20 i C ■ H 3 R .4 ,3 4 D• cm a sown ha afro do fragment ��A1a6 .20a Zr H raff 741 7e.51 3. 4 4 rmll a ativi a 1,15 In, machN -owit new WAl- .Y04 aH 2&3 70 7ae 1] 4. c as Aremeoluril hsrdvr■rh msWge-M Qa0 fro end Y 2W4- S 8 f c rraui aro �clunl a 21 WA1DD 2004.204 C & N 2 & 3 70 79,8 1 0.4 ST 4 D-3D ombs brass arms ammunition 22 cartridge shell possible RobIn Hoo Ammunition Co., W. c.1905-1 B16 27 A109 20 2t04 C a 28 7 . 1 0,6 a 4 ss h celNw dairibmitowfatballimeril MA1D9 a 2 3 ;FWD I4 hi"ot" W v s er 2 7 -2 2! r.l ss bDusahold v w-Iwrrlcarr 21WAloo 2004.204 C & N II 6o J-.3 2 mmon orchitiscluto slnloturr9 eh rl 1 ,4- 2 11.1 Ceramic w o m aware 2 lit 21WAIDO 2004, caw3 110.6 T M20 aPba eRe0s s 601af■MR37, a S In, wire now r2TWA1 6 errous arch 441 it re mach ne-cut pall fro cent A700 E_4 C N 8 9 ss hhuse container clear bottle lass fro ment FI 1DD 3 1 01.7.2 4A D-2 cmbs M7Cus hoviiftw Cdr om limCAO M 2f Al f 4.1 Maus archgeclral har6waza 2 InL mischbaAdt calf 00 C Y a 3 6 6 -4 0.2 c errous 5, - la mac b■•o6t nig 0!. 1 err4ua hl f■ 2 1n. wire nail 3 1 16- •26 ss pore a ear bottle is1 C i 5 .1.7 1.5 0-S s a NYm lain daritrishle a orrist 1 3 c ■ware Ironstone ha ment- white 1 1 .2 C a H 3 8 2. A S B 3 cmhs errouu rir- er rr 4 N, ra na0 1 1 C& 2a �2,7• 2, e a cadam■r brown a siDD 3 MW T ss WRIVrsl ff a s1 . 04 0 9 -38 1 cadahv a bolos s ha rd 1 3 .3Bi1 0.30 cmbs Iss 4anli air C"r s ra21WA1 2 3 B3 93.1 (1.48 s rdivore 1. •adn100 21104 C d N 2a3 03.24 3 7;. S 0.26 Cmhsi rv21 1 S 2a cmbs fmrwaar re re meinA700 a, C N 6 1 S 0. 6 asscaMaew bawnbottle lass fr mend i• T .204 S c 2 s ss 4or"M Wam bo0 s ss ul 21 WA100 2004.204 C & N :2 & 3 84 04A 1 60.4 ST 1 I surface In de ression glass (medical container clear medicine bottle- near complete ST. CROIX DRUG COMPANYLL IMINN" on side, "O C' on bottom see also 9526 21 00 20042W1 200,.& 6•& a 8 0 . 1 4. 3 S 1 0.35 "s amho s a stibn c ferrous OS er ehaeclural tab ewaro re bonslone_ frigmerd-� le T2iri wire nail .6 y1W91 C 1 1 log al-l- in d cash" faR04s or4hitileuml hKOWN0 amohm4-Cud CA C k dries in ass medical container s bottle ,K mcn! s Gsl - 6- 211�I iA 2Q4 N a 3 a6. 1 •35 c s Irk- salon ss erCNlegwC svtKw■I ACIA nal oil md% C-16 St. Croix River Crossing Project InWnsift 1-benluro Soa[ch and Phase 1111 Archaeological Investigations 840 No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Caladog No- Count Weight (grams) Provenience Level Stratum De th Feature Oro MII, Class a Mo holo Comments i O & 3 1 0. ST 1 U. own n n as se Cant r ar DDB a ass 21WAIW 'IOW. C H &7 96 1151 3 0 �eSSWn sa hoWahvld lam p eklpr ci a m4 . Sw cimeumV emmins • 8 _ B8 10 vm6s In aaskn r w" wnknown 21WAloo WN-2 3&100cmbs IF salon one morinal unknown Ymubm fume b a 14 YES- SB .4 -'91 0 1 cmbe de 1"lon bone mamma Imp burr rodank pw made W 10o 200■.204 ] 6. 1 1 to 35- ormus In depress on pone mammal en own unknown tGUNIM '1 WA10D a N YL-3-86 BB.1620 a 21 87 1 35-100 embs n de epelun ceramic tableware awary duns sr e Fra A 0 1- 1 5 1 W embe n asslon emus ho t o ent. able eon en[0 2DW. &3 1b N. 1 1 ombp a emlan erraue old .J 35- 0 eIIton Iremous a-outna2 WA19D 20W. 6N &3 lib gB. 3d 11.9 1D0 Ind eiv6on errous a e1 1.7 maC Ine-cut napu .563 4 5-1 In amlon nrcous a tacintalner rm nag r4 merts 21 A100 C&N &3 86 9 3 100 c a esskn dos rrnllscturm 21d. rmclnne-cul rW burrit S 4 1 2- ombe k e eulon fert p pr G w nap 1 7 45i n 114 arclrleot - In. wire na I 83 -49-44 4 1 ombs de micni emous a Sin.wka nd 21 p OD M'204 0 d A MAW e e ss !household -unknown eu rr4 $W 2004.204 C A N a 1 N -! .4 1 vi e_ of otp� eenr nr uran a bottle glass fragment .:1WA100 .4 - 4 .1 prA9 asYon as 1pYlse oltl Container ar ! sf a none WA1 N 3 as . 1 35•f00 rnlba eeupn sa usehoW cdHalnr a abottlo lase e A 2 WA 00 0W. C 63 52 �b?a 4 ,7 3. 1 1 f00 3 tU0 da&stun Gdepresslon s (glass pose A architectural a structural danrgglass hA ment-hurrkmo, thin IL - 5fro 401% 7- A100 2004.204 •C & N 2 8 3 87 87-1 1 1, ST 11 0.3B ralba ceramic household tableware rvd,Yera h+grn"m• hla 5rpbtr _. _. _..ws4r 21WA100 ST certrtdc vuse stoneware rim shard .IW a 3 V.E 1 1.3 1 t S amps arm__ T_cFaWt_m hardware 1. wke 11 no nall 673-10 1 040 embi house container olm 1 2004. C a a 3 66 88.1 a Ie 4n Ceramic tlouaa I In a 1 At 3 of assort comet o arc Wra structural oa 'torn spur uuctil. mcildai&m itW oosslote drain the 'L�1 i(0 C & 2 a 88 88.3 40,1 1 d d•Pros i Ceram e U1010AWO LoOtom rim shard-�{ 21VWAIDO,4 1S 11111,111fic, I oararno d lablawwo n1t4s0 nl-wbla 21WA1 a a3 NJ 1 18.9 5 N p cerp 6 to awareran >fi ■ 1 fD0 - C 88,0 .1 3 a ■ ae M1lousehold Cora e< aqq bwW &SO .ZIVVA1DD 2004.204 C & N 283 811 B&O-10 2 125.41 ST 131 surface le resslon 7 • lass household Container clear bottle glass by. and base a re mall (made, rectangular with rounded sides .2 refit 21 AN 7&31 eel 60.11 11 0.91 ST IS Kwfaca dapTs5khn unknown a so fra Old 117�Rf W, H & 80 f 0 ombs de asslon 7 COhousehold 1 househow elion no a pmeall.5rd5111, 1 M 21WA1MO 2004.204 C & N 2 & 3 69 09.2-3 2 1.1 ST 13 ID-40 curbs de resslon 71 -ceramic personal clothln ewe! ibutton-WhIte Prosser, 7116 In. dla, ,5 in. dla, sunken ?ace four hole j 0.1849+ 100 20W, C a 2 & S BgA 13 -40 ombs depress an mason archlectw !oral brick i At :21 A709 C 6 2 a 3 89.5 29, 1 -40 Icmbs d resslon ceramic ar eaura itmetw■ erman s [ , m dda an dnfn I 2 WA100 C a 3 89 Ba.6•t0 7.3 0-40 pmb4 de es oe cara[rdrl housshcld container slonawart ha em- sa d, bbdle res-1 n 21 WA100 2004.204 •C & N 2 & 3 69 89.11-12 2 68.0 ST 13 I}40 ombs de resslon 71 ceramic household tableware porcelain saucer rmi ihs* mpO4 d4owrat 4P, 5 In. dla. 2 refit fO I-ca C 6 N US 69�$9.13 1 31 w 13. q40 emb4A- ss nramk seM)d in n - eR![d- kPria FIMOO C i 6 3 89 89.1415 0 eSSW� i Ceram c ousehold tableware mW4- W C a A 7 13 as ag.14 I 1. 13 040 Crntls wpe6lon t■ramle houaehdld I. p0minin dell h nt• sow MAI00 294, U-&W-& 1 0,3 S1 13 P-0- set Kan 71 Ceramic dose Ink . porcelain fragment A 00 2DO4,21M C 9 N2& 1 .1 .B ST 13 UWQ ombs so (71 ceranto houpa tau eware tone plaw a whla C i 19 Y-13 a9-21 1 ___11 040 MIN -anon ) cwa tldusahatd tatchwars aonslone cup rfm sherd• whitt TIVA100 z0on, Ur" ITJ so •88. .4 as on 7 ceramic lone m ewan ironstone fro ment- while 2 C a 2 1 440 emba d4 nu () e3rami4 lwsekw fir okra aware fro mare- whbe 21 WA100 2004.204 C & N 2 & 3 89 89.28-37 4 11.1 ST 13 Q1 dig embs depression 7 .ceramic household tableware WhTtSware agment- white with polychrome transfer print 1 0 Crnbs dawasslon 0 ctrarrilm P1HnW2I W [ bd re 11 a h1. o. 1WA1 'OVA1 C 6 R 2 a 3 81 89, 1 40 curbs sslo-n npye se o0n1 ire ere- u e can & 0 essivn ferrous unknown au-. MAIM � S .4 4. o eavion 7 rrrous Uc re hr na9rn YIl s 21 WA100 2004,204 iC & N 2 & 3 89 09-43 1 95-9 S7 1 13-40 embs de resslon 7 • lass household container moor o e ragmen- near compete, rectangular with funded comets, macNne made 1 1 C a a 3 44• 1 4 am m e4sioa ( Vass house w000wn as rot 1 & N ,$ 1 1 0 assion • lass se N of or bogla eu nap d a.,' on bdlom 2 a a 3 ,&3 04 ombs resson a9a household container War ho le lass rr a 1 C $ 1 1 -4 Cm s de assloe aaa ham" carps at a on Dome are r8 nt W a as B9 - 5 .i 1 40 ombs a on 1 Y se r wen hdlte ss fro 1WA100 S 1 c union 1 sus se cants er brown hullh use fro 14 1 AS 4� C d k 2 8 3 80 88.81• 40 Cmos nss atl ass hvuastwld container brown bottle lass fr ment 21 too 3 u 70.108 77 76- 1 4 ombs ra on i H om Container ekar l ss N t -114 d eesiotr 7 n ra rontamer a SC a ass M MAIM 00 4. a &3 Al t48 1 0.40 CnAm rea on 1 si b*n lam I fin ar se em-humicana lam @hLTdkoy � Ali 3 14 -1 1 -4 11 1i 6s 7 ass r tecba structural a at 4La men! 2! '! CdN 283 8 8 . BB•166 1 0.40 omn mu own manila rW s er 100 1 1 reealvn bona mamma utdatpWn M ■ e 2 1 C &N 2 a 3 pg, 1 ne bad unknown sacrum 21 1 8 .1 n0 27 1 a A N ah pectora n 1 10 bwro bartinknown lursomelatarsus medium DW zil80. 8o S 1 4 s sector 7 bone bird uuwcbhmbkd 1 1iYki Us 111111.1 AT 0.40 pas. wand unrm4rd wdmown raadenillabk C-17 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Site No- Accession No, Black Lot Bag No. Catal2v No, Count Weight rams Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Orau MII. Class Type Morphology Comments 1 A1OO .20cCAN 2 0989.11 0A ST 13 040 canbs d ressim Ish u own pal c n a 3 em a resslon y Bona ynknaWn ha A1Mt r b8 21 100 .89.184 1 a 3 e ! rastlon ❑ bone ow u n 1111bla a bird 0 9A 2004. c d N 263 .1 .e it efts bona s lunknbwn ordidam t 1!110 lwpuffi-2 AS 901- ceramic houSeholtl ! Ws An shed- R A 1 BD-1 3 en peral6k household lohkwne WOW0018 ass e da esgion i cefamlC Wise la re Wuslues r1m r a re 00 2004. C a W -13 .1 S 13 E 6 es1dA ceramic ehold labl"4wue lore frs 21 WA100 20U204 C & N 2 & 3 90 Bo.14 1 1.11 ST 13 40-98 ombs da resslon 7 ceramic household (tableware Wrortwore rap"nt- WIND wish polyehrpRp Iro ifer orinl 21WA1 B 2004.204 UT-N 90.16 8T 3 4 cmbs a esslon 7 ceramic Wahold se IshlewarR whtoware fre nt- e 7 0 C _ 2 .1 1 2 13 4 smoY de resslon 7 cmramlC hamarkalld lls sin CIO Mod FMWPOFA. n Od MUM- 2*M Ca{ M 1 BO 1 1. 13 40-08 cm rd essW aluminum unknown lUnknown n.t 1+7 21 C a H 3 Ba ¢ vrr de Qeslon &moue archRa NMI dMro . re rdrs 25 A C 9 - 1 11 ombs d as on 171 f4rr41q HChReclurll hardware 3 7n. wire nail 25 C a N 4-9 13 em ressaen li ferrous eron@ealur n, xfre mall •I C 3 7 t W a fsa one I anode Colka I t can fragment 2 00 i a CAN 8, 3 90 0.3 } 4, 13 4 4 slllba ants de oi; ar. �71 egression (7y Eel, 01191 persona household s ! buttdo- Close she Will, �te ere fre nt 2 0 a 2 a S 90 90-324 40• cm a ronJoR•[r lass household 4tn ats 1 Af00 Ca 2 5. 1 4 em ! ds resslon ll7 Ise$ ouse r 2 1 .ZOi C a S 3 W .37.437 .4a 1 4 4L1.p ass �lass Ada ouse o pontolner bWk ss rI1 Al A 4. 4 Adapra%5IM tart ahW r ed se a a 4 40M ass 'hold oontalner E ar ! e nee s (keened ,mac ma ! MAIM 2004-204 1C & N 28,31 B PD.47 1 10.2 ST 53 4M6 ante depression 7 glass (household �;ontelnar or He baser t raelang�F+i u wM roYn thouklara machine made 215NA1➢0 206-204 C 8 N ' 2 8 3 90 90-48 1 40,9 ST 53 40-98 GnhS depression 7 glass (household -container situ hollps bull sherd E&cNar, mechne nude *VWCH LABORATORIES F' ftdropen sroalde 1B0¢ C.1071 MAIM IM-204 a C & 2 & S jiI 20A BY Ta 1 4 404 de asi dtgressw 47 s Miles se d household conlalner dear he9le ut traamani ear loos lass isle ant ...STORie...M1HN' 'WI-..' Ada .ZfAM1 C 2 3 -15 s de eu as houselold SLvalner t4rdalnlr clear battle ass fri ent 1 A10 04- 3 to- 1 f resslon S as Gus! sr s bottle lass fragment ii�Vl Al 2A1 ---we "I cmbs depresslon ae iW eu se v0. 21 WA1Oo S a 3 .121- 2 4 S 1 d4! essrwl w hour ! war ss msra• humcsne la clurrim 2'fY•All�p 2004. C3 2 3 1W ,118-14 22 25.9 13 cmbs de ais a o;Mact structural a le r4 2! WAS¢0 AN & 0 p , 50 t40-im Gdtr "lawn se be9settd d :unknown es tre mant I WA100 2 C ,tab s Q e skull fragments 21WA1➢ C a 2 3 90.151 4. 13 urkrs esslrn lone rrlafllfnal oral urkdardlAshk fro or a mamma '111NA100 3 . 82 ra bade uN4rCVm rus tr a bird i 2 C 2a . 6 1 cmbs 649WHIM bong Z- skull fragment 2MA109 a 2&1 13 calb6 capiesihon I ladmi bird a *Jwdm R nriffourribird 1OU MC4.204 C a A 2&3.l5 1 *3 sy1 d s s raarlpr ray oral arna7l 1 AI a N 3 9 4 b C s rack vNuwwn MOW- f00 200W.2ok C a 2 a 3 - i.40-30 4 0• s coos dialk fee lunknown sro ootm2i raYredwn Unuaturall We chalky ra mem brim rut 2tWMQD MR! Ca 1 cam C Ws! Y re lmfdna e Ifft-7 91 al. -1 1 0•31111 cribs forraw household -container un can r! 21WAIDU 20U,204 0✓� .11 12,2 ST I 1 Wilms arc ec1Cr harOara 4 1h, Wn da tl grotid Visrunts 21WM 2004. -C&-ry 11 ST 11 0 30 fibs naps oosshol slot can o ener lee - 4 n- 21WA100 2004,204 C&N 2&3 91 01.19-24 6 215 ST 14 0.30 embs glass (household -container ear tittle glass fragment- pressed glass Mear decoration 21 1 11WH700 2 D4- 3 2 3 2931 g -W20 oil el 2744 -8 V1 -Tf --ff ----9 &'10 ! Unbs o" EL housohol Gisl-fiaa 44nladner crrnla3tdr 0e rf fragment t t 1W 100 N 2 9 1-3 4 0 9 lass mawd container l hdtlN is a n! S 2 1 1.30 14 0.311 qW1 house Wm r err mark- an0 chirrIngy foal 004. CA N 2 3 92.1.8 a 5T 20 ombs m! Rdatssl un awn m rib 6✓t as Fm n memmil, red!nt Feve nnr4a MAIM 3 02 917 1 14.111 s ceramic Wmhdd corkohrer Hdrowara f12 ffM-SIR cland. buff boded 21 10D 2004. q UTN 2 13 52 9 -0 0.2 OK -91 eE Wd r! mae •six! pall lif0lamid 1 A700 2004-god & 2: 1 0.20 c A IIIN household m t bu to base 2 3 M 6 a N T-&TS B cmbs glass hougalhold container bF&M t 14 !ra WA100 -& 3 �.� 0.2 cm s ass lousehol oontalner ear bN rs nl 21 WA100 O N- 2 8 3 83.7 1 0. 0.40 cmbs astc 'ersonal elothingfjewel lslt h! 1 1� 2004.204 C 832- 2 33.1 U-40 c rna HoMK structural r4 mortar 11NA1 0 U4 0 4H 2 a 3 93 013,41 1 3.2 ST 1 emu ferrous architectures mrrdrmra n. wire nail WA100 12 &3 93 93LZST 1 vjbq 11SUM at c of m ewe s oveikirAidd 21VVAJOG zm.ZN C a 1293$j. 0 ombs ass obtaAQW VMkiler Nowrl bolts rs mem i Al .2 S -13 10.01cn 9s car"liner ear ss eM 21 1 2 A 3 04 4. 4 emos r box ] bona unknown aaa[um fre ment R 9d1 3.71 ST 1 40 cmbs ! 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S i .&sfrksa o box B Ceramt¢ ae 10i� let are one rim • xhpe nal 1WAloo 2004-204 .1 1 i ceramic a aware arlktond wnita _1 f0 cerame IitfCwese tWntarre e 1 -4 cmb box rs un olfvn .1B- 5 S M49 Mk'e lox 9 as [household I unknown mquis, Rilgrisant C-16 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1111 Archaeological Investigations �lLrC���.s���1 E11���9jj����NEENNINEEN M IluyilC � M,i E:l � Mi:]=11111 LEH Mm��i 7I'c[� K � Eij���[3�F.�uTlfAu' {}� 5 Cyrrs+.'s+r✓i '3rJ �:�:, Eia. i:J K2�- t itlEaINNWKA C �=L ==,m WA100 2961-70A C a .83 9 Al ] Qig amt7e - box .;� C •• i if.t 11 is�S�L�.1Fi�lf� •,.. � �I*e,-,�`-2 f'+�,7!�[.�'.,.E:r"±'m'+•�',ir+:.T+'�3"=^'`"�"�"r.� LIKE now EMEMEEZ �. *� ��� w:c �lri.ru�"'!�f^-"r�'•t.�'L, G',".r'G'siTf•''f'*L'r;'1� fi alL3XEMv 7itttttttmmu- 1IM�MM-Ir.3ml h�'II?SVi � mmmome *� L'.�7�ra•���.:1Li,��i�l'�a�C�:i��"ri�L:i�� r =Zlpp r: �l � ra F3 , MT', i7� i� l Fi�•r1Fs�� 1�� � �['�� 1�CF7 i'1R?S`.^:Ii=EENIE � .. 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B e household t.l9owarc ar kTn x .�1 Y S 0. i 0 1 �rhY tlGac 7s home coma r deer holtN ova enl C 8 8 3 1 19 B e box n use.._ CO�Nr a bottle, glass arlt W 1 ] 4 embe 6ax is hou came er o e file ex a ent G79 St. Croix River Crossing Protect Intensive Literature Search and Phase (III Archaeological Investigations Site No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. I Catalog No. Count Weight rams Provenience Level Slral➢m Depth Feature oup, MIL Class Type Morphology Comments 1VVA100 C& N 99. B B 1 S Mill c bD% i efroWs VO cWr e M 2 A7 Q .204 C AN 3 BB.1 1 1 3 ombd r bsx B emoua frshacslurH rdw4ra flag D+a 1WA]OQ Ca ous arc5darhuel trardvare �naA a cent unidentifiable 1 1 _ 99 9 . 2 27. 8 cmbd box 0 ss hoosehow W Wine melt ass Sfa Merl + AI .204 & S 9®.2 0. Une 1 3 efnbd on house a fy rr1eN 21WAIOD 404.ZA •C&N 3 Do 8927 1 3J Lid 1 3 B 50-55 cmbd privyJam Mas household comalner rqua barte waso Inck QNF& mmuld, mochblis made 3 $0• a . usi Cant lW.- d ear bdl as wroat 100 3 W.0 1 2 Urd 1 f& cmbd box 5 ff use n_k Naar racy sa 1 ,7�8 ems [ } N sous lam deer ass hll m pre u thimney Af FI�rR I a _ 29 ig0 SgA2• v1 + a 8 wifi 5^7 ombd c O x M pfWyVWRF 9q state arallroctwsj irameC4W41 urualursl •sg4ga�-• �ogua Aae as ➢a rrt stale Vi M sf FRW lilt 21WAIOD 2004-204 C & N 3 100 100•s 1 13.2 Unry 1 4 B 85-70 ombd r box B hoce (mammal unknown medial rib fra rent large mammal, butchered (cut). Iwo out ma e, shortrib A7 C & .Q B. 5-70 mlAd x 8 1•irh ekulll fra n!a large fish MAW- 1 - CA1b Ox RA mails Aflook r b 2MMO M. C 1 A 1 4 70 tl box a bpN 11 lflkawn ifitntory. rW smog Osh 21 WA100 2004.2041 C & N 31 10 100.10 J 61.31 Unit 11 4 B 55-70 cmbd vrW box 8) reramlc household reli lous Porcelain Chnst Ch➢ • H Wal4r n1 prllofrt- no complete, oval with molded decoration and gold leafing, 3.5 In. 1b0 C 1 .11 1 4 65.70 4x GQrimW I u o"Wrlewelterrm erd-w114e 21 WAI00 2004,204 C & N 3 100 100.1 1 09 Unk 1 4 B 85-70 ombd i3rivy box (8) ceramic household tableware ironstone tragm&m rim slwr Iew app gold and molded decoration W + 7MUM 0 .1 1 $d se aAmamn + +e0 2004.p174 C & H 100 1 ,144 12 UR 1 4 a eT 70 am% aro a re r! eN u wood 1WA10d 1 T�.741 im-boot as uszi� _Rmiahar wamn bliue age moM 1WA1 60 0.1 nk 4 B a7a ag Fr Alt%glass houin ld container jgotn bottle glass lea ant 1 loo 2011C CAN 3 -IN 100A 2 7.1 LMM 1 4 9 6&10 cm6d ayy m+ - ml s4 ru11 sherd 21WAiGO 2004- 10021 1.17 8 111,71 d x oaf uq Her a ult bcqn of of 1 1 S.--a 71 4 0 Mod DUAL fy yf own ar ny M 21 WAI OO 20D4.204 C & N 3 1091 100.23 1 20.4 Unit] 1 4 B 155.70 •ombd Ittrivy box B • lass household 'tableware Ow p glass gmenr-greased svfonev -decoration 1 . -33 L .1 4 S B der r !S !nt 1 0 Ow box 0 bode hl cloor so Ira sM-larrkane charm 1 t00 a ] H00 $00. a1 4 8 W cmbd box ell. of ertora 4" a L #colt nt 2 3 1➢ box t f et nal clot n batten• black, 518 n, twn a a.IB72+ 1 I C a 1 1Ql. I 0. 11fd box cegmf4 one c f n ubmn• a cleat r 21 + 0 .e d box s goks o I cltlnua 1 1 O4. C a 1.¢9 1. B cmb a bone mammal IPdrr111wn em erns 1 04. 1 $ 5 Box 8 bcni Beh lutulewn data email M +WA1 .206 CAN 101 1 1, 5 7 box [ ono d nimfo6 WAI a 1 i B G d box a unknown 2 1 04. 101 1 11 Ilfs7 1 d box bane mammal wAhOwn raadmdlafble fra onto + _WA I00 20 01. 0• rr um eft qua C 8 o1 o+.l 1 B 73 ombd ar{8 bone Man unknown dents �4.Y4 1 1 3, ant a anbd box ceomtc tlouaellokf to aro wnfona m ah" 4 1llyA100 2004.204 C & N 101 101.15 1 5 Uni 1 5 B 10.75 cmbd or box 8) ceramic household 'tableware F4aNana sherd• a ecar a� lir1117 lrarxlerpost 21WAIOD 2004.204 C & N 5 101 101.15 1 18.4 Unit 1 5 B 10.75 cmbd r box B ceramic household tableware Ironstone rim sherd• white w molded decoration and chrama uamrer print, s lied bandh 21WAIOD A 1 1. 1 1141! d forms ors Ilf&"r4 1. NM cut nosIra ] 1 1. B u ox s e re e W fra N 1 AIDo lhlk r DDx 1 farraus 4faa nor eat moors a C!- nlublb r een man! CAN 1 .5 0. 5 bmt pass w1known milk ass N 2+WA 10 D . 4 n AOJ[ elt Ilmot odes nor brawn bathe so M 1WAI 3 1 1 1 Q boa ass usaha a r s a ems is fro eM 21WA10Q 2004. CAN 1 151.2B.3a 3e. 7W7 lamb I os u8 coM er clow s eM 1 I 1 1. 5 boa B all u Wkrlomm deaf ay ulshable lettering 211NAIOO 2004.204 C & N Jill 101.3 1 7A Unit 1 5 B 70-75 r box 5 lass (household tableware Qaar p aes snera• geese pass noxogon decoration 1 IDD 1 0 . 10 -7 osa household 49fitana deer Det11R os ba 21WAIOD 2004.204 CAN ioll 101.40 J 95.5 Una 1 5 B 70-75 cmbd •r boxB lass (household container [Doer b e sa ba fhd re M A M 0 W whh I 19t ehamits". machine. made +WA 00 ZMM 0 11 loll 101.41emAO Pft Dot last houoahrtd tyD+ewafe claor drinking ass flm shard 10D MON a 3 101 101.4244 0• smb Amn its us I arc y a ant- W one c ne 21 f0 0 .4 c a54 aolurl structural i u qa m 1 102 1 1. 1 -B rn a boxy ru bar personal kolww got heel 2 1 B ant ptwbm(§ se d 1 1DD I004, H 1 1 2.3.4 { 1-15.80 ems boa Bl Cone larw a media f 1 1 U3 0 _75-11D cm PrW box[ bona fish tallukown n 1 ADD 20 C& N 1 02.a ,3 IkA t Of 80 omh bat B) He mminw ulkaaw4 mrew da hotirliont largo mammon. blacilerlta cue WA-1 1 ate• 0•- CB% (f- bane momml ueunatm n�ltl rib Fragments 21 +0 2004.7 C 2. 2 cmh ox b$ _ • fy mamma d mallat lemur bulahwad (saw).e 1 G-o M424 C AN 0 1 Unit a 116-00 ombd bcx Wunwn ua Large bird 1WA700 JM4 4&N 1 11 1 ( so rdadhlm TIVRIMN 200e. _C& N 1 f02. 1 Una 1 a 75430 cmbd gWy ON Cana m mama Own w Mftft ftynem par➢i calcitted MWA-1 i. 1 box bone mammy) rodem e+rur 1r 2004 CAN 1 . 4 IJnI! 8 8 7S cmbtl boa a oars uy to -RDwInalan marble- brown C-2➢ Bi- Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase Ill) Archaeological Investigations Site No, Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Catalog No. Count Weight (grams) Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Group Mt. Class T e Morph lo Comments 7W- --NWfU UTW-- 1021 102-0 1 70.7 LIM 1 0 ! 0 cmbtl INNVIl canii houishold urlkaormpawlsIn Tam - while wilt pierced hall, 1 1 .1 Ca[ s fe yo WWI in limand 1 1 5 1 --TC2.11 I 0-0 ca 1 0 9 cab pax nia ■duo n a ,r[ wgt l 1 1 M box atom a sa cG%a l a ■ I Cif) a bt 1 1 N 21 0 a cm errdua ■ro �olun lu 1 I00 0044 .. 8 0 1 .22 1 .4 nit C711 d ox errous archheclure tar are n.TWA 000 200420 C a N 102 102. 0Unit a B VIL- cmbd pax 0 ss household unknown ss M !WAIOQ20 - 8H3 l02 10224 1 1.6 llnil i21WA100 2004. C A 1 8cm ss Ya Coto rt own it aK:21WAloo 04.2i14r 2 5 r se use mast[ sa enVINA100 X04204 C a H 7 ,3 t 4 om d 0 sa hour cdnlNner r ss �ra irand 1 Od-2Pc C H 7 1 1 0 c [8 ss 21 1110 a S g 3.g nd 0 B 7 -00 cm r boot ass louse old am Po in deer so a gxm[asna p c 1 1 l SB 40- 1 8 75.80 era 8 ■" mrchstsr4YriO itrllh6ail e a Oal aaa a maid 21WA7 103.1 >- b" a ea ersom 01 but7oo. VA O twoW I 2e04204 d H 3 1 1 a ambd box copper c4lMllrco coin cola• In Ian Head Pen -d 0 ) 2} Al a 0.8 7 C e 5 ombd 8 bone rna w wn boom nata fragment largemammal, sa 2i WA IC 3 103 0 , 24. B-C 09.8 o x hone t1t■noma unknown a 1111 no e I madam slam all 1 1 ,204 C a H W 1M.. s WYt 1 CIn6 i bona ma urim■xm I nb ra aht m Ym atimirmat 1 a cmb 0 mimmi ■na a menu 7 0 1 . 1 1.7 W A-C W •85 cleb box bane mamma den80a a saes aria Col dam bug saird 1 a 1 c ox mamma en sca m, n ■i At 1 1 ,1 7 -1 nh C 8485 cmbd box 8 bane skill risen a n c 1 .1 Unit c as wdolewn vertebra 1W 1 1 .14• Link C BO.05_ cmbd box one On nown skull Ira ments 2 ADD 04.ZU C 1 -1 1 0 ! •8 Crllac7 "box( lone care meta mK&%O , one wl mark 1 0 00.85 amlad p lwx $ bona wn humwus imaX alrd I AIDD 21�0■M 0 a N 21 Im 1 i. Wor wkwm Irt"Now- 1 C a - d 5 w6b C" P Ceramic, housaW tablevvium koWw. pa 19 Owd. .1dif Malaita! dewy 1 1 70 5 om6 tablewilre oaelarla rim sherd- to 2 1 M C 103 1 1 5 a cownle hmahafri SWiewiry lromtorie ah■f e 21 WA100 2004.2D4 C 8 N 3 103 103-2 1 20 U 1 7 B-C �00-85 cmbd r box 0) ceremlchousehold lableware Ironstone pot Ild sherd- While with molded decors on, scallo ed ed a ] 1 �24 7 85 6ox wamc p la o Ironstone ra mem-whhe Mimi W a 7713 1 •-Cbox mus of eclural IwdMLrI, 5 N. ■ 1 I-! Lirl 1 I 0-C 90,85 drabs bbk B famous arc eduri era 1. vAry rriX 21VVAIOO M. CAN 3 Inq 103.31 1 0-9 QxJ I mous one echwo n in, ma nag W .B 4 prw box Bfamous whWumal hardware machhwarit nag fropmW 21 1Do ,204 8 V S -1-0 13.30 S A 5 ambal box 0 main; household hardware 16 A. handho 7 A156 M. 8 3 -IN 1 11.1 O 4 OBa unknownwdpigrmwilk 21VVAIDO 2M.2040&N ,4" nh B-C Wo bak household rxdalovm milk ottes ftwom 21 C 3 43 103-42 4 ]- 11nd M Co1iiM1P[ 05511 0 i4 Tara C 5 imbd boxB household c a r den Gotta dos h 2 3 1 41 box 8 Ha houialhold UTRUMF Clear DOUP9 qM66 m 21 WAIOO 2004.204 C 3 N 3 103 503,87 1 47.1 Unit 1 7 B-C 80.85 cmbd lorivy box (8) glass household container iaqua bottle glass neck snerd- hand applied down- Ileoled II 1 i 9a housabolal wilarm" 1111`14414 is hiniffia fragimank WA100 2wa, 04 Ca f03 103.6o.76 Vn■ C 5 C box as se Opow S a S d C anbd Sax 91asa iro ilrYat a I p TMM 2i�iGa 4 GG R ! 1 c r eha arsons oltwt white.IN n ac■ oar 21WAIOO 2004.204 CBN 3 104 J04-2-3 2 1,3 Unit 1 8 B-C 65-90 cmbd privy boxB ceramic personal i7lothinglJowelry button- a Prosser 911 t A, Moln. sunken face four hole •a1849+ 2 1 1 ,4- 14, 1 5- o no h uwm areaff 1 1 1 8 0 00 C 1 104.0 1 31 LIM I ii Qmbd )pox n■ 1111111 vaA ra s wa ace 0 naps mate 8 85.00 cmha M mamma mesa rwnertrs re n! hared siw7, to KK 'Ca 3 1 .10 8 •C C a Ip e o ■ 2i l i 4-1 Unit 05- 0 crop■ lox 9ne mammal unknown _a_rti fiagmes_ medium mammal 104-7 1 a 05-OD crape cermnio household Sablewaro kdnllarw Ira moot- r1aU- 104,13-14 2 48.5 Unit 1 8 05-90 ombs r ceramic household Wialeware Iranslone agmem- e, Molded decoration, apple handle fra men[ '2F4VA7 2004.704 6H 3 104-s0 1 1 •00 aria I rca M ahead 04- .1 rm-w D unKnuwn Can! dole S 03,2b{ 7 5 4 4. 1 8 85-90 endfpi eclutil rpedwara 1, In, mac e•cul nall 2! _ AI 2- 1 - .6 8 BS80btma mamma s 2&d m5lihpproximal ohs amr2 A 2 Od. a 10A-20 nd 1 Mpftw ei use )unknown os�ra nl1 C6 •OD w ouae coda r twown ass u ties man botlle i4 a meat2 WA C 8 104 1 4, 0-37 ■ 7, Ilnn 1 8 -C &.So lass aousehold unkoovm7 1 W4.2U C A N 1 7 .$4-d 1 •BO hbulahcld container Mumbiripsalwagmem 211NA700 2004204 C aN 3 704 1014,43. 1 14.1 J. 8 B-C 85-00 cmbd privy box (8) lass household ItaWeware a: ear drinlcing glass rim sherd- pressed glass hexagon decoration 21WAIDO at 31 -90 r Px B iss are ew#a a4��ww cilia llo+dlard•dowrxtoo 1 WA1o0 a 1 104A 1 Urel 1 8 85• cmbd 8 w o■nta W hotlli rneCkiherd- aeon Mn , m■ 2 00f3 R 05-90 pose c ar r■tagmeml _ 51 Al W CA 104, 1- 0- a C 83.90 �(B bopr [8] ouaekold Ism an ss re- mow" ww o r �1- 1 B S0' hex O a■ arol gq cl pit slrud Ka a ss i 1 A 1 1Dd. 1 4 Lee 1 $ ��r-80 cm6� boo a mlimmrl-•-wttrwm animal mina aa! pownuml alroa, mamdrud, no orticutflung swfmaws C-21 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase llll Archaeological Investigations ' i:Q'41ZNZiF IM ILIW��Lm�-•�m17i,37�[3� i ��aE�3�I 1•]"�K'u.•%. REM, �3��.:+,3IM��=���G-�'�'�Ca7■F.�rla`•���mT"� mamwRIMOME �� Lur13Of- ��� af7u E.3 mom F—ii �m au �o� " I�•�� r.,�*7[mr �� ;aqIIIENJU t�ur■■ a.��L�a�sa�Ic�L r�ssrL'� �� L ls� EC i 7 r lgu ir7 SLIUM KI12 � ©fit' m=m( ruuT7•'R• , �t i3C i1 ]iI1 s1� �1 � �ir�r.�l [�� ;.t■r i■�I�■■r�aa�m■�s�■�a�lil��■■I "��ra.� Ef<FInC3]IRM3 S1�iEd�G7�at�" ir'LT{tt7fr' , g�1 � �ME �= sWm2.= 1=� i M.1m, ilm. ■■ra �,��IrE�ur�c�ww�L� �� rrW�r� : • � r�� .14 �rn�I�A■irri�ir��...... LIENEtLr]E�[+;•i6SLC. 0 ($11 �.7[i!"Tl^.ii• E3liGu:� '''' ':iL� �' Z ��tri�ii���['.'3•••�[�:cal•'�L3:III{3�1�.®I"R?1S.*.".E�Q�Q?� ii�u�'� h'riT711r - lLw.r I Yr i.I:CE�� i[tiCC3:�iS'JiE3''77f1u7ilwf''1'T�i�rr_'i:�� - -- ri- i� l—A, �1� ' l ��L� ['T• ng� fst."�i i ' GII� ",� � r "�r, ..... EWI:'iF,�'_I[•��] •'�]������7j"i„-e1)�[r"C^, r„rs??1,r - _ fs;fSiSYI;�YQ:]:3L]il��]�fi17��ii��lt�f2,"��31�f� 31� Ems• �',F;'t .s' �iS]�]�d0�� L�=r[�,"'liii{,•iu�l�z� lC�3i�9I:]�I mom � �t ��»1a . 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(3�j��sr�nL33i1E1iFF1�1��L1 � IDS:�1r'_�['��rr^ztrrc}a�,,,'r)_� , �i�'�.} t ���E��'�����© :*Sri( � i'�'.`'��•J.'.�'S'`�L3:�Xi�E:fIS1 �fii�1 " �'L��]�r1 �i� l NUIL�iltii� a� �[['��]ficliFtX;�I�]G�i1�iF�` ;� rr„ U1L�:� G���'� ;�u'� �.w!• :; ' i:s�ff.�[�i:��c! i1=�+E�iE�] E�3"�[[�:Q[::�QS1�7L•'�i�CL"•I� C-22 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1/11 Archaeological Investigations m Imo E m �t1F� �"I'�:�[I.�7ru.�'"• TF;I lif' ;:lii�IL1iL:� i�f{� Gw#� . r CRT"•'TrTR !.^„+.^3F17'!eFlSlf`r„'LZT-"•X� -01 NW., :i C.;'�X� W �m�� M-0� � irrrsr.� l-rr.*i,�,,,rn�n '' w� .. - , f��i'T �fa+.�IC3Ii■� �' .�' ����U�� S' - FiP.TlTP Is�i^1F.T•][C�3ii�]�lJ T] ©�G3���!� �'rI�J..'''�i;.�it3�h LTr�f�'"�•�. _ , F3i'iI3���i7��:if➢ ?�:ii ��.�,����.l�i'J::ri�ii� Qi� R_!rriu3il�1.. :] �111A i� �'��FIT.,3fi!Qi"u�.1�'T 37� . .. SEX•�r�R7Tr [S3T.Ti^rf s�'XTLT[F_� � MENFI:I:IIL e� F�iL'tJ�i'{.�! . 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Class Type Morphology Comments I C d N 3 1 1 15 1 13 C- 0[ lass household cdldaller clear a ass d 7 04. ] 1 1 11 box asa re pear dr 1e9 ski I 1026 7 1 4,5 ] C.D 0. box ss hwr 4 !9 aware r n ass box B es &L'Ithow tableware clear Illi49 basaE ac4rs"a 21 WA100 2004.204 C & N z 101 10969 1 7.0 Unit 1 13 C-D 110.115 ounbd prlwvyhnx s lass household container clear bottle nook a er - band app ed Dip, burnished neck 21WAIDO 100432N3 109 7 .70.71 i2:53 2 2.1 Urle 0.1 t5 crillbol oats caul won clear glass fragment j_V A-1 .204OAN 1 1TM-Jr-ZWd less sue N C u se Re ment• huiricana la chilway 21WA10D 20 .20 1 Y 6,6 Unit 5 c S se archaeNural ! ss ra M 1�A1 [14.284 1 0 10.1 n 1 1 d box one slsenu tobacco tohvrra relaldd v uem 1 IDO 2004.2W A 11 71 Unit 1 1 cmbd box tone 'bird a us omur jlsGa4 3 1D-5 hA 4 Q C d box 5) Lotto br unknown ate flimm 1 A100 15 I1 A D,f -Una 4 1 crrlh bone 5sh wh u denlHled fra rd 2 C 1 1. Unk 1 4 CM ItHn tableware earl 0"Fe ra e4fll- Wily 21 WA100 2004,204 C & N 3 110 110.7 1 22 UNI 1 14 D 116-120 cmbd privybox B) eeramle .household tableware Ironstone rim $er white with hand palmed decoration. blue annular decoration l A C d H 1 1 1.1 Unll 1 i4 7 1 e tl box strain ar UMM 1W[dware 1,25 in, ne u e 21 004.204 3 o. 4A 1 fi 120 i rh bo% 'fertou9 ovs eor" r umnnb eG v,1Bg2a 21WAICS a 1 .1 1 Unit 14 115-120 o d as, household container n d!!e ss mere Y1 1 .2 0.6 unit 1 4 111 cmbd box a99 pug comet er otlle lassfra menl 1 A1110 MIN C d H 1 31 1101 Dolly 1 0.2 UM if 11 1 cmbd tar • lase Dlreehdd uravlown mek Guss. feagmerd 1 Ri00 •I til lit 1 ,14 1 4 115-1 c box ass pmH t ware ila[ drin a47 ha enl 2MEW-2D64. C R 1 7 g.7 1l Cmbd p x glass household hpvae d gores mar bottle assha en! 1 C d N 3 .24 UriN 4 1 embd i box se Mallow tt10 aii ... refit with 113.20 MAIM C d 17 1 i .2 1 Unit i 1 } cmbd asa household Mesa Mar tt e basal shard 7' m om, slml on toAr c.1 TIWA C S 3 17. 1 4. Un6 1 75� Cntb 4r s urmrleen unlmaim nut a eft fra mem 1 f00 1 1 111 11 .2 ,3 120•} xri- is ox one mammal C oalcansus tr N 3 1 U 6 x bm bird den o rM a eO ema gut 1W T00 CA .4 n 1 e ox R; awn {kall made 21 00 d add{ aon. s marA- s 1 Tl 14.4 ] rmbd Cal'irNo household container 14newere ad- d ed :21 WA100 2004.204 C & NJ31 111.E 1 401.3 Unl 1 15 D 120-125 rmbd cr box 6 ceramic household container stonewarefragment- hall Complete jug, grey bodied, ball wire handle attached crobable RedWln1T1 1 .7 Untt C e% auto, arChtteduxe f n . N.maohkm• Cut molldx dazWtl 1. 1 .5U nA 1 6 p 20.7 E box r ous lom are IX ectural are NR7 wire manI 100 H 1 .13 a box xwe olaa eddafnar can m shertl R C 111.14.1 .6 1 1 Cat o% sf[eae u down wo bee 11 .. 7-1 A. 6. 12 etrwtl box • lase a eep[a d so meta 1 111. 11.1 D 20. 25 C ass household dplaa nor u WARM, 21 .204 1 5 1 embtl box B gross orrs{ m5a ss N M 1 10D 04, 3 6 na 1 1 6 x ass ousellp Cd dear21109100 a vas a C d N 1 6 4. U 1 1 rub B ss house ep er a ottle asa fra men! 1W. 00 L�dN 111 1 .3 1 5 i im ss ow iwpa er fe 193 nl '...H ,. 21 WA1 Dp 2004,204 C & N 3 111 111-30 1 2 Unit 1 15 D 120-125 cmbd r' box W lass Ihousehotd tableware treat oils, frapnvnl sdlll prae gives decoration 1 .2 .3 17,1 20-1 cm d ox () 99 household SablAwano ar slamware t C A0 .9 1 dmbd box s9 all, ,rear s0 m frier osm a alim 1 Al 2 C 3 S71.d1.43 n 1 C 126 cm r w hauee d9a[ es Tra rrrent- n• i d 1.44"4 15 1 cm 6 class a[r d structural s a l se WAf00 .264 C 3 112 11 . �.l cmbdplastic- unknown awn 'rsl c mam 1 1 1 p idbtl box CoroersonaI q button -white Prosser. 10118 In. dla, two hole c. S TO C d 1 ntt 1 1 Cm Cara s I eivi MaioR a reeeer w 71 n ce e. e 7 4 .4 f 1 i box & hone m unknown taro tra e - r ante mammta C fa vm ] a unknown and 7 2 1 .6 1 imbd x id ceramic I�tpu9e to aware vrtslone ore r m a it wlt4e, 1 FINI C 3130.E ] [ 'b-ox? ] sera Eer usohdd house radahrar gdrp er stoneware rely lberd- salt pprrvudr r 001e slonawana lad shru 'a�ak to be a probable, o VWlm lroba Ie Red n C 8 1 42 1 1 Cm [ 1 3 11 112. -11 111.1 c ox,(6 ceramichousshold container itoniwa[e m17 hodlvd, sa 46pble Rv f OD C 3 f 12 }12. 2-15 5• p boX [0 ferrous ari w IforCware ma Me mar matimem; 2 C 3 •7 5.5 that cmbd hvx [ ] onoue unknown fMI ed I 00 2004. 7 11 . 2144 p 3 gland box 8 lass FR r een do 91 Mont 2 1 .2 C d 11 112,2 4 26 pm bolt ( 9s hours Cad P dim !I [{fra errt 21MOD 1 112. 1 1 1 15 4 126- C em ee ass N a rode r alra A F 0 i9 d r1e■r 1e vas fp n1 1 2oD4. C 8 N 3 112.2&9 ntt MAIM- -90e.1�G4 G 1 11 .36 cm box Psi household ee9re t c3r inkln vas fq 6N 21 WA1OD 20D4,204 C d N 3 11 112.3 1 Unit 1 16 D 125-130 •cmbd box B lass (household unknown r, ear ass sti m s er - pressed glass sl pple decoration 7 20U C 1 16 ' 2 -1 0 C 40 hou9 structural [fear v eM• he obarromy D1 1TT. .Una 1 7 125.135 cmbd xt lase arc esl gal ass aIsmaili M1100 2 g4. 4 N C'& N 3 1 11] N A 11 .1 2.0 1 1 1 3 13 7 5 cmbd 6 M el[Ws hors hone container Wnknpiem cosslb a tin can fragment ,1i 0b f8 7WKTD C 6 117 1 1 1 1 13 cmbd box bane @Ird lunknawn %ferman '21 WA700 �2-0w�51��Dd rAA1n. C 11 113. .A E '130.135 d (y maw arphkedslryclural a are r r21 WAMEN- 20 2 d 11 4 161, Una 1 30.135 dnlOeIt Ceram c household a msnl melons r a 113 11 1 E 130. 35 ceamc cuss o re Immature lh ont. e 2 ijryAlOD 2 .2'04 Cat 7 17 .& 2.1 dt E 3D�35 Lena c (household [a rnlvne bar M-white 3 S 1 13'Q cmbdeeramla curet container Nopewsre ■ ems• pp�ed, saA trend C-24 St. Croix River Crossing Project IntomwQ Litaratwo Scapoh and Phase 1/II Archaeological Investigations Bill No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Catalo No. Count Weight rams Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Grotto Mll• Class Type Mor oho Comments 1 C 1 115. 1 .9 U 30. 3 v pho r m slonraari i ae [5 Red Wing 1 10 1 E C srrouf d sure I can of re - C 1 1 e. 7 0. amb [sous ub whu ha Q M ra enl a W N 3- 1 .14 1.2 1 110435 a Pr x fi dnra a so YfWAfQD- C 11 1 .1 I Z 11. 1 1 M1b r box !s hour[ corAr [ en ass Tra et TIME— 1 5,1 R- •1 Cm d ox ( J es evNhO a o0[R [ n boull es Spam Z1 00 C f0 1 .10.23 e t 1 smbtl r Irox -(�'] rn hwuw ehd cafdiYrer raven rQ I■ar fragment 1 5, 1 36 v I x ■r■ r u 37 lrpwmm 21WA100 2004-204 C A N 113 113,27-29 2 11.0 Unit 1 17 D-E 130-135 cmbd r box B lass household tableware au ass ragfruml- pressed glass at ad and linear decoration .204 C N }1 1 f .7g 1 4 1 175 vrrib bar W ass raft ■ a bahNr m o m 1WA1c0 1 .3 1 d : 1 d ai3 ee 7e re teal rtemmare pled ice! ddoWalPon '. eel T10. d 1 1 13 113.3134 9 LINI 1 D. 30-135 cmbd x ass Qum am m Iln c u ass fro mom• hw 0aane o mna ] 100 04 N 113 1 A 1 Lr 1 1 ass Afeheedheih ftroatunj a as age amen! 114 114.1 1 B.6 Una 1 S140 cmbd x bona mammal "mown oximr r fro m m Flip ,Wna +! [cut 1 .7 C 114 14. 1 F 1 ow- ox a b il"crum ar 1 >.1 5 fe is- c ox smah fro ment A10 4 114.4 1 i . -fA om box cars ue fee fi e b0 A E a cira us o_ ay Mantle- onpmd 1 A d 3 A {. UM 135440 OfM1Od a% dirt hbvr kMFdYMF* A 317d 14. 1B. Urifi 1 7 7 5- A cmbd bout cars hoin old kanstone rim shard. whilla1 5 1{ 114 I 1 1 1 4 ox corm owQho ""tong to iiwat-vne 1 A 00 %W.2WCa 1 4 114.9 1 13. 7 c i efeh salurl -3. h3 7 . 0 21, fE H ambd haw B errous orC fi ura rma .. rim 21WR100 29 .Z04 C a 3 114 14.11.1 1 f TWO drroea unknown wild ■ i 4 C a 3 6.14- 41. a 3 40 v box a [aorta unknown own o ■! a ment 71VA1 N - 1 1 n 4 C x A se horilamer awn a offkkyani a N a 114 1 i 4. - .6--Lyd Id e MAO c ut hounholdlcoraidnor cim fr Egmi 21WA100 2004-21M C A N 3 114 1142e 1 36.5 Unit 1 18 E 135-140 cmbd r' box B ss (household container Near bottle glass ass a er square Min al chamfered corners, 1 718 ln' l A a 114 114.20 1 20,51 U 14 -cad box (B) alsii Muisholtl urlkno'an Gea[ glass VAQMM 21WAIDO MZ a 7f4 114,38 1 IA LIM 7 Is 135-40 embd boa ase household Is dear 0Is mi rd- oneem f00 2011l C i N I lid 11K 144 4 1 14 4 box of household m AI min a■mr ntam-hrmtamne 1 71 .4 A 1 A cmbd I. tars ar [twill Wuclrmrl ■ l W Mont 2 1 GaN $1 .1 10 E 4 ax a mamrrial ui erl me mammal, rdd (VA) 21YYA OQ M.204eAR 1 1 14145 cmbd box B bwhe it unknown old a ry 1 A100 d 1 1 1 1 1 lA cmbd box O oast NWh1n w uffon.xh- visit, 7r ti.sunktr. iota In ho 21 WA100 2004.204 r3 a N 1151 115.4 1 97.2 Unit 1 1s 1 1140-145 lombd lDrivy box 8 oeramlc Ihousehold tableware andlone Will agmem- h eomplete, e, . dla. (base) 0t. E 3 1 1 5, A. 16 E 1 0. 4 cmbd viny hexTHMMMM cQ[amis wo lahkvrare sail ■ 4fOPRl truer pr R100 20rJ4W§06 a N 1 1 .e•7 2 dP d cniad haw B mwa unlvrowsl uedoiprm s ON Rb4. a 1 IW45 onbd orW box a li 5vn1 in s 21 2004-204C 3 11 15.0 1 E i4uli 9mbd r' how B ar howehold oY•n as frr m MAIN 2042N C & N a 11 118.1 1 -1.5 Wit 16 box a a 1,0.%efiMd rontmmar brown rsa kmwnfpt ( 1 Un 1 E 140-146H hou' 1� comnlner glegir a 9e fro ON 71WA1 W. aN J TIS fi . 1 9 4.3 W I is E 140-146 ambd to household Is Near may rl era- crmhuno chimney 1 -TT - E 14011145Mlb se Nut i rr fa a art {fit ligp W 00 M. Ca 5 1 8 40.14ti ufpf box a so eft ealural rhuNOnl ague at f3fralmernt 7 Unit r box M Plastic urlmown urknown ciair plastic fragment Z4 Af00 MN,204 C a. N I JJ lie 115.1 1 Lka 1 7 NQnfi -14&145 a* Orm cerimk Personal CMIhing4mm bullomwhee Prosser, 677E In. ■anken )sea Four hole E.lads* 1 a $NMURK—o my a art aura o w or arch wrtar hot! a• o a Commfrs of MFWFMA st 110 1 TW145 e % 0006 houlaQ oontaMer brown 0 0dam 2i WOO 2004,204 C a N 3 117 17T1 20 - E-F 14r.157 am box a M mammal urtmcwn modiol cab Ncent now marKs WAIN 2004, nH i 1 111. 1 1.3 20 a FM 0 box tb wn 2 D3. T45. 5 nib box 6 bast h ur kiown slarT frailmont MAIM N IIIA 1 3. i:. R f cm63 box Giiw- WIMMW harchvirld ru#us rd b e 1 C a ! n 0 E-F C box prowl un nown unknown unl em at fro w ZS Rf W. N 3 1 2, t4 am al B CO r nouie {Sahel nail blush Tri rs 1 E ox rt se HNx nor own lire ib in S 3 1 11 . d 1 d v bar ass use coral Clear otOQ ail■ fragment N S 1 t •F ox i u Sr imn errb cane 0 e 1 A .2 3 1 E- 4 15 box ss arc Witiral 14MCturfl a fist yr Srm em R190 a N 17 11e.1 Unh[ E- 14 6 aG mammal bmrwwn vaftlbra a MA two out rum 1W 7 1 nit £- c 17ix boa■ mammal IgIOWM to ra cent root) 21W f CAN F1 Ilea 1 .4 UM 1 f 7- cm box bQnp fish rmsvwwn bdlara 00 -4'f� o box a tra nrem 21W 100 Dc S 1 s 2t] .F 157-185 cmbd box ma our tablewara imgvrre ard�rAiRv en marlt•cvat a arms {� -U 1 1� 1 •F 1 �1 0 to eMMnwam -her er, 21 WA700 2004204 C a N 1 f e 11e.7 1 31. Una 1 20 E-F J 57.105 cmbd ri box 8 ceramic household canialner stoneware Tragmem- salt glued, Albany browns P Weriodun azed exterior, buff bodied 1 1 04. a 7 e.5 Unit €•F Is- e [ em omin ha old ItIblamm valrhf maix-wA3e 21WA700 20W-2041,aN 3 11 118,9 1 24,2 Unit 1 20 E-F 157-165 cmbd . box B ceramic household container ilvfHIwari agmen[- gay, sr d agme+x, ba iWA 778 1 4 -1 141fe1fYC howl Uwe fill e {-� e - UnM1 0 1 -1 v n lablawua iwua 12�WA100 aN 0 1!a 1 0.f -1 .1 _ S calu dsrantk h_auGa[IOId !s wmrb N7dowan a -fo ra 14 I21 s4• I'difi Ca h 1 .ti• e 1 - em�d liox Mil eahold L aware wfnewan C-25 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase 1111 Archaeological Investigations Site No. Accession No. Block Lot Bag No. Catalog No. Count Weight rams Provenience Level Stratum Depth Feature Group M0, Class T e Mor holo Comments 21WA100 2004,20410&N ] 11e 118.21 1 7.0 Unit 1 20 E-F 157-165 cmbd .Jorivy box co or unkoown unknown gag- - 11 y 1 ofe n of en a rcun ed on comara Couoslon war Dace mew 1 A M. TR 1 f a imamb box 8 srrous ar ael In, maE a -cut not wff -1-11 1 2,1 —Una 20 E- lwdmro 1,20 In. maftmtot rell (FilIfflall 21 A700 0 a. 9 1 11 1 .I Una 1 20 Forms Uslonown iunknown mho, m 01091 mirop Ragmem 21WAIDD SOd C & 1 0 lisvidis iia forrove MON11 so. can a - %W block end re m 21 WA100 2004.204 IC & 3 110 118.27 1 128,e Unit 1 20 E•F 167-165 •cmbd box 81 ferrous unknown unknown w eara YI comale and tw6dad Fmial pipe bog ohmW object Does. e4eetdcu7 2.76 in, x 1.5 x 1.2 21 A100 C'� 11 .I LkA F M-165 = aaa Ufamown tadmom sanallBin do 21 A100 TRW 20P4.204 Yca C & a a 1a 116 178. 1- a . la. 1 1 -1 lwfldstwx bon (8 a os so src e4lurel w o alluctgra h a ! ea eaR char rase lra sMl•nw farlo C YM—kim ae4aa4 C & 1 3 1a - a5 CffbdIs 1 Z C 6 1 t 110. nN 1 2 1 -f cawcot s house I win7 54- 04 i 1 rt 1 -1 a w fi se ar Ild a wire a)Al 2004.204 1 1 t .1 1 I.2 Una 20 E• 1 - a x a use en bottle Woos erx 25 1 11 ,1wm P 1 -1 m box gloom 11046,0111old wa ckar boli Is a% fragment P 4 G 3 1 TO 1 TFM 1 I. E-F 1 0171Dd bex as rAmhQId eofdakue aqua bola Woos fmWmnt f W100 C& N 18 1 11. 23. 1 Una Is—asIsmas C ouua n orinw ss at- mressa0 ar We 2 7 17 .1 1 .7 0 0 16 -1 ooi ea ass fra mans fetters a on MAW- .Z Ito 11a, 0. -1 0 8 se humhold 111111thoWn cWr passed &so- knor Poem W 2004.204 C a 1& 5T- 16 5 lase of ss mMA 1 e. 4 1 i. Om lr0% s4 Mo rt ss-nR 0 sYck 1 C A N 3 8.142. 0- 1 -1 es cmbd x [ a orc eabv 7trucleral amm se frill 1 —1-9 1] .i 1 Lrm 0 T a box mammal uuaemwn one fragment 5 1 t: AN 11a. >71 114 1 1- I as x ceramic o tableware em9 f ra e tWA1 S 7 ITEM 1. UN E- • cowitic PCrwtW clothl ewe wt ult-whte Prosser,SM In, ounkm Fp o. e 2111VA100 2004.204 IC & N 9 11&1 118.154 1 1 Unh 1 20 E-F ]57-165 cmbd r box a ceramic ponsonal dDlihingewaky buttonfragment-white Prosser, 111101n sunken ftce four hole 21 WA100 2004,2 C & N S 110 118.15 1 1.f 1 10 E-F 157-185 cmbd i box Jts personal clothln ewel allbn ragmenl-back, Comex back, at from, sunken face two hale 1 coo In, C-26 St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations APPENDIX D PROJECT PERSONNEL St. Croix River Crossing Project Intensive Literature Search and Phase IM Archaeological Investigations PROJECT PERSONNEL Principal Investigator Michelle Terrell, Ph.D. Field Archaeologists Dylan Eigenberger, B.A. Julie Kloss, M.A. Jeremy Nienow, M.A. Labwork Anne Dohmen, B.A. Dylan Eigenberger, B.A. Julie Kloss, M.A. John Terrell Faunal Analysis Julie Kloss, M.A. Administrative Eva Terrell, M.A. Backhoe Operator John Buelow Buelow Excavating Graphics Michelle Terrell, Ph.D.