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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2013-06-12 HPC Work Session MeetingAFFIDAVIT OF PUBLICATION STATE OF MINNESOTA COUNTY OF WASHINGTON City of Stillwater (Official Publication) NOTICE OF STILLWATER HERITAGE PRESERVATON COMMISSION WORK SESSION NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission will have a Work Session on Wednesday, June 12, 2013 at 7 p.m. in the Council Chambers at Stillwater City Hall, 216 North 4th Street, Stillwater MN 55082. Do not hesitate to contact the Community Development Department at (651) 430 -8820 if you have any questions or need further information. Bill Turnbald Community Development Director (Jun. 7, 2013) Jun 12 Work Session Julie Athey, being duly sworn on oath, says: that she is, and during all times herein states has been, Clerk of ECM Publishers, Inc. - Sun Media Group of the newspaper known as the Stillwater Gazette, a newspaper of general circulation within the City of Stillwater and the County of Washington. That the notice hereto attached was cut from the columns of said newspaper and was printed and published therein on the following date(s): 7th of June 2013 Newspaper Ref. /Ad #1167664 v Subscribed and sworn to before me this 10th day of June 2013 Ma NOTARY PUBLIC Washington County, Minnesota My commission expires January 31, 2016 ' *4'v4 MARK E. BERRIMAN NOTARY PUBLIC MINNESOTA ,A,,,,"'My Commission Expires Jan. 31, 2016 iliwater T H E B I R T H P L A C E O F M I N N E S O T A Agenda Heritage Preservation Commission Notice of Work Session Wednesday, June 12, 2013 7:00 PM AGENDA A work session of the Heritage Preservation Commission will begin at 7 p.m., Wednesday, June 12, 2013, in the Council Chambers at Stillwater City Hall, 216 North Fourth Street, Stillwater MN 55082. AGENDA 1. Call To Order 2. Local District Project 3. Downtown Podcast Project 4. Adjourn Iv414:ziate Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission Historic Site Designation Registration Form 1. Name of Property Historic Name Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter Addition, East Half, Historic District Other Names SHPO No. 2. Location Bounded by S. Fourth St. on west, E. Willard St. on north, S. First St. on east, Street Address and East Hancock St. on the south City Stillwater State MN County Washington Zip Code 3. Heritage Preservation Commission Certification The Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission determined that this site is eligible for designation as a Heritage Preservation Site. Chair Date 4. City Council Certification The City Council approved designation of this site as a Heritage Preservation Site. Mayor Date 5. Classification Ownership of Property: X Private _Public -local Public-State _ Public- Federal Number of Resources within Property 101 Category of Property: District Name of Property Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter Addition, East Half, Historic District 6. Function or Use DOMESTIC: Single Dwelling; DOMESTIC: Multiple Dwelling; Historic Functions EDUCATION: School; COMMERCE: Store; RECREATION: Theater DOMESTIC: Single Dwelling; DOMESTIC: Multiple Dwelling; Current Functions COMMERCE: Store: COMMERCE: RESTAURANT 7. Description Mid -19th Century: Greek Revival; Late Victorian: Queen Anne, Italianate, Stick; Architectural Style Late 19th & Early 20th Century Am. Movements: Commercial; Materials foundation stone, concrete walls brick, wood roof asphalt, metal, slate other Integrity Narrative Description See attached sheets. Name of Property Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter Addition, East Half, Historic District 8. Statement of Significance Applicable Historic Criteria X 1. Its character, interest or value as part of the development, heritage, or cultural characteristics of the City of Stillwater, State of Minnesota, or the United States. 2. Its location as a site of a significant historic event. 3. Its identification with a person or persons who significantly contributed to the culture and development of the City of Stillwater. 4. Its embodiment of distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style, period, form or treatment. 5. Its identification as work of an architectural or master builder whose individual work has influenced the development of the City of Stillwater. 6. Its embodiment of elements of architectural design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship which represent a significant architectural innovation. 7. Its unique location, scale or other physical characteristic representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, a district, the community, or the City of Stillwater. Applicable Historic Contexts I. Precontact Period Native American Cultural Traditions II. Native Americams, european contact, Initial Settement _ III. St. Croix Triangle Lumbering IV. Town Planning and Development _ V. St. Croix River, Railroads, and Overland Transportation VI. Late Nineteenth Century Agricultural Development VII. Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Industrial Development _ VIII. Development of Downtown Stillwater X IX. Development of Residential Neighborhoods X . Development of Stillwater City, Washington County, and State Government Date of Construction 1868 -1986 Significant Dates 18684940 Significant Persons Architect/ Builder Orff and Joralemon (Nelson School) Previous Documentation: Currently listed on National Register Previous Surveys X Narrative Statement of Significance See attached sheets. Name of Property Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter Addition, East Half, Historic District 9. Bibliography See attached sheets. 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Approx. 32 acres Property Identification Number UTM References Form Prepared By Name Daniel J. Hoisington Organization Hoisington Preservation Consultants Date June 1, 2013 Address P.O. Box 13585 Telephone 651 -415 -1034 City Roseville State MN Zip Code 55113 Additional Documentation Maps A USGS or city map indicating the property's location. A sketch map for properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative photographs of the property. Property Owner Name Address Telephone City State Zip Code NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION The Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Historic District is located south of downtown Stillwater, Minnesota. The district includes six city blocks, bounded by East Willard Street on on north, South First Street on the east, East Hancock Street on the south, and South Fourth Street on the west. Its boundaries come from legal property descriptions rather than clear visual differences from the surrounding properties. The historic district includes a range of property types, including single and multiple family dwellings, a few commercial buildings, and one school. There are 101 properties, with nine considered noncontributing to the nomination. The district's basic cultural form is the single- family dwelling. The majority of dwellings in the district were built in vernacular forms popular between 1870 and 1920. In this neighborhood, architectural styles show the transition to vernacular architecture that took place in the late nineteenth century . These are ballooned framed buildings of modest size with clapboard siding, multipaned windows, and brick chimneys. Vernacular house types present in the neighborhood include specimens of the front gable and the gable front and ell, the American foursquare, and a variety of vernacular houses incorporating elements from the Greek Revival and Queen Anne styles; and the bungalow from the twentieth century. There are four commercial buildings in the district, clustered on East Churchill Avenue near South Fourth Street. This commercial corner, extending across to the west side of South Fourth Avenue, is a good example of how Stillwater neighborhoods drew entrepeneurs to open small restaurants, bars, and service businesses. The commercial buildings have been altered, yet because they are essential to understanding daily life within the district, they are included as contributing to this nomination. Nearly all of the district's nineteenth and early twentieth century housing are likely to have been altered in one way or another in response to the changing needs of the owners. The two most important single variations are probably the one -story addition to the rear of the house and the enclosure of porches. However, only a few homes have been altered so much as to lose their historic intergity. Within the district, properties were considered as contributing if they retained a majority of their original fatures. Address: 114 W. Churchill St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1357 Historic Name: O'Neal Brothers, James & Eugene Date Built: 1915 Contributing Physical Description: This is a one -story, flat - roofed, rectangular brick building with a false stepped front now used as a garage. The foundation is concrete block. Historic Information: 14 W. Churchill Street, a one -story brick building, was originally constructed as a "picture theatre" in the summer of 1915. The owners, the O'Neal Brothers, James & Eugene, were lumbermen. According to the building permit, the $3,500 structure was to be one -story, 50 feet wide, and 75 feet deep. The building material was concrete, and the roofing "rubberoid." In an article in the February 16, 1916, issue of the Stillwater Messenger, there was an announcement of the building's new ownership: "The Hilltop moving picture house will be re- opened immediately under new management. The new manager 's name is Samuel Carlson. Mr. Carlson states that the main drawback to the theatre, the lack of heat, has been remedied by the East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota installation of a number of more radiators and that the theatre will now be found warm and comfortable. " In 1924, the Theatre was closed and the building reopened as an automobile repair garage. Address: 215 E. Churchill St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1351 Historic Name: Date Built: 1883 Noncontributing Physical Description: A small 1 -1/2 story building is vernacular in style with added porch on west end. The house has a side gabled roof with asphalt shingles, aluminum 1/1 windows, and manufactured siding. The foundation is limestone. Although the core of the house is historic, it now lacks sufficient integrity to contribute to the historic district. Historic Information: There is not one deed or other property record before 1908, on Lots 1 & 2, Block 15, and the location of the house at 215 E. Churchill Street. From the tax assessor's records, it appears the house was built about 1883. The McDonough family lived there in the early 1890s, but it does not appear they built the house. Address: 218 E. Churchill St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1352 Historic Name: Mary Ann & James Nichol Date Built: 1886 Noncontributing Physical Description: A greatly enlarged and modified ell house, two -story with additions to the ell, and an attached garage. The replacement windows, aluminum siding, and new entry on facade diminish its integrity. Historic Information: In June 1874, Elizabeth Churchill sold Lot 15, Block 2, to Mary McGoldrick on the equivalent of a Contract for Deed. Apparently McGoldrick defaulted on the Contract, for Elizabeth Churchill sold the same lot to Mary Ann and James Nichol in March of 1885. They soon after built a house that took the number 218 E. Churchill Street. James A. Nichol was a laborer for the Musser - Sauntry Land, Logging, and Manufacturing Co. 2 Address: 704 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1359 Historic Name: James and Minnie Hanson Date Built: 1895 Contributing Physical Description: A two - and -a -half story Queen Anne with fish scale shingles, Palladian window, cantilevered bay with gable on north elevation, hipped roog with asphalt shingles, open gingerbread porch, use of fishscale shingles in gable ends, and curved window. Also contributing is the two story stable in the rear. This rectangular formed building has a steeply pitched gabled 1 SAM 7, Roll 4; 1877 & 1881 -82 Stillwater City Directories; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1606; St. Croix Valley Press, October 4, 2001. 2 E Bonds 138; 7 Deeds 327; 1887, 1891 Stillwater City Directories. 2 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota roof with rolled metal sheathing. There are two modern roll -up garage doors on the north elevation. Historic Information: Seward P. and Elizabeth Richardson purchased this property in April of 1881; they immediately took out a $1000 mortgage with the Stillwater Building Association. But the loan was not used to build a house on this property, but perhaps elsewhere. By 1889, the mortgage had been satisfied, but within a couple of years, it appears the Richardsons had financial troubles, for they sold these lots and their home at 712 S. Third St. to Robert McGarry, a bookkeeper for the Hersey, Bean & Brown Lumber Co. In June of 1895, McGarry sold the two and one -half lots to James and Minnie Hanson who built a fine house, which took the number, 704 S. First Street. A building permit taken out in October 1895 records the building of a barn and wagon shed, 20 feet by 30 feet, one -and -a -half stories high at a cost of $300. Madt Nelson from the North Hill was the builder.3 Address: 712 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1362 Historic Name: Ernest Borscht Date Built: 1881 Contributing Physical Description: The basic form of the house shows a side gable with an extending bay on the south elevation. There is a front gabled extension on the primary facade with a fanlight in the gable end. There is an open one -story gabled portico on the main entrance. Historic Information: In May 1879, Ernest Borscht or Borchard, a fruit dealer and confectioner, purchased Lots 4 & 5, Block 2. Within six months he took out a mortgage with the Seymour, Sabin & Co. who most likely furnished the lumber to build the home at 712 S. First Street. By 1881, the tax assessor had assigned a value of $1050 to the two lots and building.4 Address: 720 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1364 Historic Name: Charles and Ida Crowell Date Built: 1883 Contributing Physical Description: A two story cross gable home with an open front porch, fish scale shingles, and gable ornaments. Historic Information: This property went through six owners before Charles W. and Ida J. Crowell purchased it in August of 1881. By 1883, the tax assessors' records recorded a value of $1650 for the two lots and home at 720 S. First Street, indicating quite a substantial home. Charles was a miller. In April of 1886, the Crowells sold the property and house for $3000 to Mike Johnson of Houlton, Wisconsin who, it appears, rented the house for a number of years.5 Address: 802 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1366 3 8 Deeds 120; P Mtgs 345; 8 Mtgs 133; 35 -291; 40 Deeds 521; 1896 -97 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #867. 4 5 Deeds 175; 0 Mtgs 141; 1881 -82, 1887 Stillwater City Directory. 5 8 Deeds 380; 15 Deeds 597; 1884 Stillwater City Directory; SAM 78, Roll 13. 3 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Name: Frederick E. Loomis Date Built: 1879 Contributing Physical Description: A gable front house with a later, overlarge enclosed front porch, and a small lean -to addition on the north side. Historic Information: The home at 802 S. First Street first had the house number, 726 S. First Street. Frederick E. Loomis, a photographer, bought Lots 8 & 9, Block 2, in July of 1878. He took out a mortgage with the Stillwater Building Association that same month, and it appears within a year to so, he had built a house. In 1882, he sold the property and house to Charles W. and Addie N. Gorham.6 Address: 808 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1368 Historic Name: George & Ossina Low Date Built: Undetermined Contributing Physical Description: A curious looking house that may have been built after the turn of the century. It has a complex roof line, a 1900s corner porch, brackets, and fish scale shingles. Historic Information: George Low and his wife, Ossina, purchased a number of lots in this area in the 1870s. In 1877, they purchased Lots 10 -12, Block 2, and a year later, took out a mortgage with the Stillwater Building Association for $500. Within two years, they had constructed the house having the number, 808 S. First Street today. George was a carpenter, and for a time, had a business manufacturing wood and iron fences. George was also the general manager of the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company, a neighborhood company that built several of the houses in this area. Ossina Low was a florist, and a building permit taken out in September of 1886 is for a $700 greenhouse, 26 feet wide, and 96 feet long, one story in height. George Low was listed as the builder. However the tax assesor's records indicate a building date of 1906, a date compatible with the appearance of the present day house.' Address: 912 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1370 Historic Name: Wilhelm & Bertha Gast Date Built: 1884 Contributing Physical Description: A gable front with ell. There is a dormer window in the ell, and a small corner entry porch. Historic Information: Wilhelm & Bertha Gast purchased Lots 3 & 4, Block 15 in July of 1883. Within a year they built their modest sized house that was to take the number, 912 South First Street. In the 1884 Stillwater City Directory, Wilhelm is listed as a tailor working for F. C. Cutler, and residing (before house numbers) on the west side of First, the 2 "d house south of Churchill. In 6 I Deeds 594; N Mtgs 271; 10 Deeds 360; SAM 78, Roll 13; 1884 Stillwater City Directory. ' SAM 78, Roll 11; N Mtgs 181; I Deeds 613; 1877 & 1881 -82 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #132; 1887 Stillwater City Directory. 4 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota 1902, the then owner, Henry Hagen, added a $70 two story 20 foot by 12 -foot barn to the property.8 Address: 918 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1373 Historic Name: Charles Ries Date Built: 1892 Contributing Physical Description: A two -story cross gable with a very large addition on the rear. Historic Information: 918 South First Street appears to be a house built by Charles Ries about 1892. Charles purchased Lots 5, 6, & 7 in November of 1891 from Julius Heller. He soon after took a mortgage from the Stillwater Savings Bank.9 Address: 920 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1375 Historic Name: Date Built: 1900 ca. Contributing Physical Description: A cross gable with a picture window and open front porch. Historic Information: The house at 920 South First Street, was, according to its present owner, moved to this location from the site of Lakeview Hospital. Address: 1002 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1377 Historic Name: John J. Maloy Date Built: 1884 Contributing Physical Description: A classic cube three -bay Italianate with brackets, a hip roof, and a large step down addition in back as well as a one -story addition on the north side. Historic Information: John J. Maloy, a bookkeeper, bought Lots 8 & 9, Block 15 in the fall of 1884; soon after he built his home at 1002 South First Street. In the fall of 1888, Malloy took out a building permit to add a $200 kitchen addition on the rear of the original house. The new addition was to be one -story, 18 feet by 20 feet. The permit also notes that the original house was two -story, 24 feet by 30 feet with a hip roof.10 Address: 1006 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1378 Historic Name: Date Built: 1895 ca. Contributing 8 7 Deeds 194; SAM 78, Roll 13; Stillwater Building permit #1094. 9 31 Deeds 613; X Mtgs 483. 10 15 Deeds 98; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #351. 5 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Physical Description: This house is a small Queen Anne with tower and front second story parade porch unfortunately now closed in. Historic Information: Address: 1018 South First St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1383 Historic Name: Nelson School Date Built: 1897 Contributing Physical Description: A square two story red brick structure resting on a high, cut limestone foundation. With the exception of the front facade and corner pilasters, the ten -bay sides are undecorated. The front facade is divided into three bays. The central bay, which is slightly recessed and defined by pilasters, is dominated by a second story oriel. The oriel is decorated with pilasters, dentils, and a semicircular arch. Two brackets support it. The main entrance to the school is located beneath the oriel and is recessed. A dormer with full pediment is located above the oriel. The bays to either side of the oriel contain blind windows bearing name and date inscriptions and semi - circular pediments. The rear facade of the school is a blank wall with the exception of a simple oriel. Historic Information: Nelson School opened in September 1897. Called "a model structure of its kind" by the Stillwater Gazette, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Orff and Joralemon of Minneapolis. It was named after Socrates Nelson, the real estate speculator whose name is included in the district. It replaced an earlier one -story frame school. The public school system stopped using this as a school building in the 1950s, although it continued to hold District 834 administrative offices through 1977. After a battle over its preservation, it was purchased by a group of investors known as the nelson School Partners in 1980. They renovated the school into apartments, now converted to condominiums." Address: 713 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1384 Historic Name: David Tozer Date Built: 1870s Contributing Physical Description: A simple two bay gable front with an addition in the rear and an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: David Tozer purchased Lots 26 -28, Block 4, in November of 1868 for $200. He built two rental homes on the lots that took the numbers 713 South Fourth Street and 715 South Fourth Street. Tozer, a successful lumberman, lived in the neighborhood at 704 South Third Street. He built several rental houses in the area; they remained in his ownership until after the turn of the century.12 Address: 715 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1385 11 St. Paul Dispatch, January 30, 1979; Stillwater Daily Gazette, September 25, 1897. 12 S Deeds 543; SAM 7, Roll 5. 6 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Name: David Tozer Date Built: 1870s Contributing Physical Description: A simple two -bay gable end with an addition in the rear and an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: David Tozer purchased Lots 26 -28, Block 4, in November of 1868 for $200. He built two rental homes of the lots that took the numbers 713 South Fourth Street and 715 South Fourth Street. Tozer, a successful lumberman, lived in the neighborhood at 704 South Third Street. He built several rental houses in the area; they remained in his ownership until after the turn of the century.13 Address: 719 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1386 Historic Name: John Sinclair Date Built: 1877 Contributing Physical Description: A plain two -bay gable front with an enclosed front porch. On the south side is a very interesting one -story small peaked addition with six over six windows and a sidelight on the front door. Historic Information: John Sinclair, a logger, bought Lots 24 & 25 in October 1874. By 1877, the tax assessor's value of the lots had risen from $480 to $1150, indicating a home on the property. This house at 719 South Fourth Street was home to James A. Sinclair and Tillie Sinclair, as well as Mr. & Mrs. John Sinclair.14 Address: 801 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1387 Historic Name: Anna Maloy Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: This is a two -story cube Italianate with a tin roof, a one -story addition on the south side and an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: Anna Maloy obtained a Warranty Deed on Lots 22 & 23 in May of 1873 from Elizabeth Churchill, but it appears she had already built a house on the lots. The Stillwater Gazette in its listing of improvements in the city, noted a house built in Nelson's Field (as the South Hill was then called) by Mrs. Maloy worth $900. The tax assessor's record, less enthusiastic, has the note, "$300 house" penciled in. When house numbers were later assigned in the 1880s, this house took the number, 801 South Fourth Street. By the time, the house number was assigned, the house was in the possession of the Patrick Barron family who lived there for quite a while.15 Address: 807 South Fourth St. '3 S Deeds 543; SAM 7, Roll 5. 14 Deeds 54; SAM 7, Roll 5; SAM 7, Roll 6; 1884 Stillwater City Directory. 15 SAM 7, Roll 3; Z Deeds 259; 1884 Stillwater City Directory; Stillwater Gazette, November 14, 1871 7 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Inventory No: WA -SWC -1388 Historic Name: Timothy & Abbie Kilty Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: A simple two -bay gable front with an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: The Irish -born couple, Timothy and Abbie Kilty, bought Lots 20 & 21, Block 4, in September 1871. His new house is noted in a list of improvement published in the Stillwater Gazette of November 14, 1871. The 24' by 26' house was located in Nelson's Field (as the South Hill was then called) and worth $800. The tax assessor's record for 1873 specifies a house worth $400 on Lot 21. The 1877 Stillwater City Directory lists: "Timothy Kilty, laborer, res. 4th nr. Churchill." By 1880, they had ten children living in the house with them, ranging from age 27 to age 6. There was also one boarder. When house numbers were assigned, this house took the number, 807 South Fourth Street. A City of Stillwater Building Permit #32 taken out on April 29, 1886, gives us some additional information on this house. The Permit says the house was built about 1873 by a J. Powers at a cost of $700. The original house, according to the Permit, was one - and - one -half stories high, 18 feet wide and 26 feet deep with a 16 -foot by 16- foot cellar. To this original structure had been added a kitchen in the rear. The reason for this 1886 Permit was to allow this older kitchen addition to be removed and replaced with a new $25 kitchen addition. The owner was Timothy Kilty (who signed with an "X "); the "architect' was listed as L.W. Clarke, (he was the city engineer) and the builder as Michael Carroll, a carpenter who was living in the neighborhood at 924 South Fourth Street.16 Address: 815 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1389 Historic Name: Kilty Date Built: 1883 ca. Contributing Physical Description: A typical Italianate cube with an addition on the rear and a remuddled bay on the south side. Historic Information: This house at 815 South Fourth Street was built about 1883 by a member of the Kilty family. Without a Kilty family genealogy, it is difficult to sort out the various family members and their relationships. The first name appearing on this property is Patrick Kilty.17 Address: 817 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1390 Historic Name: Kilty Date Built: 1883 ca. Date Built: 1883 ca. Physical Description: This is a large five -bay Italianate with an open front porch. It presently appears to have four units in it. Historic Information: This is another Kilty house. Timothy and Patrick Kilty bought Lot 18 in May 1883, and they built a house at 817 South Fourth Street on it soon after. 18 16 U Deeds 764; City of Stillwater Building Permit #32; SAM 78, Roll 9; 1880 Census. 17 SAM 78, Roll 13. 18 7 Deeds 173; SAM 78, Roll 13. 8 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Address: 823 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1391 Historic Name: Stillwater Oil Company Date Built: 1923 Noncontributing Physical Description: This small one story, one bay commercial building was originally a service station. It no longer retains sufficient integrity and is therefore noncontributing to the district. Historic Information: 823 South Fourth Street was built as a gasoline service station in 1923 by the Stillwater Oil Company and its proprietor, J. J. Kilty. The contractor was W. E. Meier who lived nearby at 915 South Fourth Street. According to the building permit, the cost was $2,500; the size of the building was 75 feet wide and 67.5 feet deep. It was to be heated with a stove and have metal ceilings.19 Address: 901 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1392 Historic Name: Charles & Carrie Glaser Date Built: 1901 Contributing Physical Description: A two story Germanic - influenced building with a bar in the lower portion and apartments above. The exterior is buff - colored stucco with raised timber beams. There is an addition in the rear, which was originally opened as a pool hall. Historic Information: Before there was a Meister's Bar at 901 South Fourth Street, there was first a house. James & Ellen Welch purchased Lot 28, Block 13 from Elizabeth Churchill in April of 1875; they took out a mortgage to build a house at 117 West Churchill the following year. James is listed in the 1877 and 1887 Stillwater City Directories as a laborer. In the summer of 1901, local carpenter, Adolph Sprich built a store and house on Lot 28. The $2,000 building was two story, 38 feet wide and 40 feet deep. The cellar was seven feet deep, 34 feet by 36 feet, with a cement floor. The first floor was hardwood; the second floor was clear pine. The owners were Charles and Carrie Glaser and they operated a bakery (901 South Fourth St.) and home (903 South Fourth St.) out of the building.20 Address: 909 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1393 Historic Name: Thomas & Elsie Ward Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: A plain gable front with a 1900s open porch. Historic Information: Thomas and Elsie Ward bought Lots 26 & 27, Block 13, from Elizabeth Churchill in September of 1871. According to the Stillwater Gazette's listing of improvements in its issue of November 14, 1871, Tom Ward had built a 24 -foot by 26 -foot home in Nelson's Field 19 City of Stillwater Building Permit #2011. 20 Z Deeds 240; M Mtgs 120; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1028. 9 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota (as the South Hill was then called) that was worth $800. The tax assessor was not so sanguine, giving the house a value of $350 in 1873. That house was later to take the number, 909 South Fourth Street. Ward was a lumberman, and the family lived there for decades.21 Address: 913 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1394 Historic Name: James McGee Date Built: 1883 Contributing Physical Description: A gable front with a small ell on the south side and a picture window in front. Historic Information: James McGee bought Lot 25, Block 13 in April of 1881, and by 1884, Edward McGee, a farmer, is listed as the resident of 913 South Fourth Street.22 Address: 915 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1395 Historic Name: Mary McGrath Date Built: 1895 Contributing Physical Description: A simple gable end with an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: John and Mary Gillispie purchased Lot 24, Block 13 from Elizabeth Churchill in August of 1873, but it does not appear he built on the Lot. Instead the first house on this property, 915 South Fourth Street, was built in 1895 when Mary McGrath took out a mortgage from the Stillwater Fire Department Relief Association.23 Address: 919 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1396 Historic Name: Henry & Mary White Date Built: 1873 Contributing Physical Description: A two -story gable end that has been severely remodeled with new windows and a pop -out bay. Historic Information: Henry C. White, a lumberman, and his wife, Mary, obtained a Warranty Deed for Lot 23, Block 13 from Elizabeth Churchill in June of 1877. The couple was born in Maine: he in 1844; she in 1851. By 1880, they had two daughters in the house: Florence, 9; Alice, 2; and one son, Henry, 4. However, it appears he had a $100 improvement (a small or partial house ?) as early as 1873 according to the tax assessor's records. By the time house numbers were assigned in the 1880s, Henry White was listed at 919 South Fourth Street 24 Address: 921 South Fourth St. 21 SAM 78, Roll 9; X Deeds 393; 1877 and 1887 Stillwater City Directories. r2 Z Deeds 134; 8 Deeds 140; 1884 and 1887 Stillwater City Directories. 23 Z Deeds 643; 7 Mtgs 96. 24 10 Deeds 67; SAM 78, Roll 9; 1887 Stillwater City Directory. 10 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Inventory No: WA -SWC -1397 Historic Name: Timothy & Catherine Crowley Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: An attractive gable front with a 1900s open porch. Historic Information: Timothy and Catherine Crowley obtained a Warranty Deed from Elizabeth Churchill for Lot 22, Block 13, in March of 1873. But it appears the home he built at 921 South Fourth Street preceded the Warranty Deed. The Stillwater Gazette in listing improvements made in the city notes, under the location "Nelson's Field" (as the South Hill was then called), "Tim Crowley,res.18x24.....$250." By 1887, the home was in the name of James Crowley. Address: 1001 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1398 Historic Name: John Conklin Date Built: 1883 Contributing Physical Description: A nicely preserved cube Italianate with a step down addition in the rear. The brackets and window hoods remain. Historic Information: After going through several owners, John Conklin, a widower, bought Lots 20 & 21, Block 13 in January of 1881. In the fall he took out a mortgage with the St. Croix Valley Savings Bank, and soon after built the home at 1001 South Fourth Street. The 1883 Tax Assessor's record lists the value of the property at $1,400.25 Address: 1009 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1399 Historic Name: Thomas Sutherland Date Built: 1873 Contributing Physical Description: A gable front house with a lot of additions and changes including an enclosed front porch, a bay of sorts on the south side, and dormers. Historic Information: Around Christmas in 1881, Thomas Sutherland obtained the deed to Lots 18 & 19, Block 13 from Edmund & Ida Butts. However, it appears that Sutherland, a contractor and builder, actually constructed the house at 1009 South Fourth Street in 1873. A building permit for repairs taken out in April of 1886, notes that a $700- 16 foot by 25 foot one -story dwelling house with a 16 foot by 22 foot ell and two chimneys, was built on these two lots in 1873. The permit also notes an unusual fact: that the foundation walls were seven feet deep and 18 inches thick, thus creating a full basement under the house. Sutherland later moved to Hutchinson, Minnesota. Around midnight on a spring evening in 1932, Albert Kreuger suffered a loss of $2,400 when garages on his property at this address burned.26 25 Stillwater Gazette, November 14, 1871; Z Deeds 253; 1877, 1882, 1887; Stillwater City Directories; 1880 Federal Census for Stillwater, Family #139. 26 8 Deeds 540; SAM 78, Roll 13; 1887, 1894 Stillwater City Directory; Fire Dept. records; City of Stillwater Building Permit #25. 11 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Address: 1015 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1400 Historic Name: Date Built: 1986 Noncontributing Physical Description: Historic Information: 1015 South Fourth Street is today, a new house built in 1986, but this is the second house on these two lots. The first one was built as early as 1873.27 Address: 1019 South Fourth St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1401 Date Built: 1900 ca. Historic Name: Daniel F. Day Contributing Physical Description: This is a simple gable front house with a 1900s open porch. There is a one -story addition on the rear. Historic Information: Daniel F. Day purchased the lots occupied by the house at 1019 South Fourth Street in September of 1871 from Edmund and Ida Butts. Butts was an attorney who dealt extensively in real estate. Within two years, Day had put up a home on the property. We know this for certain because he did not pay the contractor, and a lien was filed in May 1873 against the owner and the property. This particular lien is very interesting because it gives us an idea of how families determined the style of their houses. "[John Green, dealer in hardware stoves and tinware] "agrees to furnish all the materials and erect and build a dwelling house...said dwelling house to be of wood also of good merchantable lumber all the work to be done in a good substantative and workmanlike manner; in size to be 20 by 28 feet two stories in height with 20 foot posts [studs]. The windows to be 14 in number — number 6 on first story and number 7 on second and one in loft to be of same size and pattern as those in the dwelling house of J.M. Knight [804 South Third Street] in Stillwater and glazed... The lower floors to be doubled and the upper floor single all to be well laid... The sides and ends of said house to be covered with rough boards and the boards with tar paper and sided with good siding... the cornice to be of the same style and finish as that on the dwelling house of Alex Underwood in said city. Gutters of tin to be put on the rough steps at the outside doors." The total of the lien, the cost of this house, was $880.44. The 1874 Tax Assessor's record notes the value of the house and lots at $1,080. Day is listed in the City Directories as a laborer.28 Address: 704 South Second Street Inventory No: WA -SWC -1402 Historic Name: Lawson Dailey Date Built: 1877 Contributing 27 Washington County Tax Assessor's Office. 28 A Liens 89; SAM 7, Roll 4; T Deeds 619; 1877, 1887 Stillwater City Directories. 12 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Physical Description: A typical cubed Italianate with an addition on the rear, and some odd additions on the south side. In front, up and down, is an enclosed porch. The original brackets are still to be seen. Historic Information: Lawson Dailey bought Lot 1, Block 3 from Betsy Nelson on a Bond for Deed — similar to our Contract for Deed — in September of 1874. Three years later, the tax assessor placed a value of $1100 on the lot, indicating a good sized home, which took the number 704 South Second Street, had been built. Dailey worked for a time as a planer in one of the mills; later he took up fence building. The Dailey family lived in the house past the turn of the century. According to two building permits, Lawson Daily took up the sale of stoves from his building at 704 South Second Street. The first permit, on March 30, 1901, was apparently for a $150 addition, 18 feet by 30 feet, one -and -a -half stories high that would provide "More room & shop for stoves." The second permit in August of 1901 was for a $450 building two stories in height, 20 feet by 52 feet, with a veneer of iron, and unfinished ceilings. The purpose was for a "stove store and shop." Lawson and his son, Russell, who lived next door at 708 South Second Street, built both buildings. A third permit taken out in 1903 adds on a $300 store room and notes that the "Building is sheathed up with nice lumber papered and sided with steel. Roof is fire proof rooffelt paper." The 1906 -07 Stillwater City Directory also lists Daily as selling ranges 29 Address: 708 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1403 Historic Name: Russell Dailey Date Built: 1880 Contributing Physical Description: The house is in the Italianate styl, box -like, with an addition on the rear and a second story sleeping porch on the front. Some of the original brackets remain. Historic Information: Lawson Dailey who built his house next door at 704 South Second St. sold part of Lots 2 & 3 to George D. Hall for $1650 in June of 1880. That high a price indicates a home at 708 South Second Street on the property, but as late as 1879, the tax assessor's records indicate no value beyond that of the lot. The logical conclusion is that Lawson Dailey either built a house on the lot in 1880, or George Hall held an unrecorded contract that allowed him the build the house. The latter might make more sense because the following year, Hall sold to John Karst for $378 plus the assumption of a $1400 mortgage.30 Address: 709 South Second St. Inventory No: 712 819 Historic Name: Seymour, Sabin & Company Date Built: 1875 Contributing Physical Description: A simple front gable with a large picture window on the first floor. The exterior is a wood shingle. Apart from the front window, all others are rectangular 4/4 double - sash windows with a modest triangular hood. 29 SAM 7, Roll 6; E Bonds 250; 1877 & 1887 Stillwater City Directories; City of Stillwater Building permits #1026 & 1032, 1132. 30 SAM 7, Roll 8; 5 Deeds 529; 8 Deeds 66. 13 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: Seymour, Sabin & Company purchased Lot 28, Block 2, in 1872. Seymour, Sabin was primarily a manufacturing company using the prison labor on a contract basis, but they also built houses on speculation. This medium sized house, which today has the number, 709 S. Second Street, was one of those. Within three years, the house had been sold to John F. Conklin, for many years, the Street Commissioner (somewhat equivalent to the head of Public Works) for the City of Stillwater.31 Address: 712 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1405 Historic Name: Demeter & Alice Kalinoff Date Built: 1913 Contributing Physical Description: A cross gable with craftsman details, leaded glass windows, and what appears to be an original front porch. Historic Information: W. H. Harris purchased Lots 4 & 5, Block 3, from Betsey Nelson on a Bond for Deed in September 1873. Within a year, Harris had begun the construction of a house on these lots; but alas, he did not seem to have the necessary cash or credit. Seymour, Sabin & Co, a local manufacturing and lumber company, and McKusick, Anderson, another lumber company, each filed a lien against Harris in 1874 for $236.10 and $216.38 for lumber and materials used "to construct a dwelling." Harris apparently could not keep up his payments to Nelson for she took back the property and sold it to Fred Pennington. From the tax assessor's records, it appears the two lumber companies reclaimed their materials for there does not appear to be a house on the property by 1877. Two years later, under the ownership of Pennington, the value of the lots and improvements jumped from $600 to $1900. In the fall of 1888, Pennington took out a building permit to allow the Northey Brothers, local contractors, to add two wings to the original house as a cost of $1,000. That same permit notes that the original house was two - stories, 22 feet by 32 feet. Pennington was a lumberman with Sauntry, Tozer, & Pennington. This house had the number, 712 South Second Street. The story is that Dr. Demeter & Alice Kalinoff bought this house, and found that it would cost almost as much to install electricity and plumbing as it would to build a new house. Therefore they demolished the original house, and in 1913, they had Frank Linner (pronounced Lin -near) & Co. build a new house on the original foundation.. According to the building permit, the house was to cost $5,000, be 30 feet by 31 feet, two story with a hip roof. 32 Address: 713 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1406 Historic Name: Augustus & Caroline Godfrey County: Washington Date Built: 1868/1894 Contributing Physical Description: A cross gable with a picture window in front and a second story bay. Historic Information: In May 1868, Edmund G. Butts, a Stillwater attorney and real estate dealer, sold Augustus and Caroline Godfrey, Lot 26, Block 2. The following month they began 31 SAM 7, Roll 5; 5 Deeds 194, 195; 1877 & 1881 -82 Stillwater City Directory. 32 E Bonds 50; A Liens 112, 114; SAM 7, Roll 8; SAM 7, Roll 6; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #'s 373, 1548. 14 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota the building of a house which today has the number, 713 S. Second St. Unfortunately they were not able to pay the contractor, Thomas Sinclair, for his work, and he filed a lien against the property in December of 1869. It read, in part: "Augustus C. Godfrey and Caroline Godfrey in a/c [account] with Thomas Sinclair June 1868 for lumber for building house on lot No. 26...June 28, 1869, excavating & furnishing materials and building cellar and cistern on same premises... three days hauling materials at @$5...furnishing cement and plastering cistern. " The total money owed Sinclair: $254.45. The tax assessor placed a value of $300 on the structure. This would be one of the oldest houses in Churchill, Nelson, Slaughter's Addition. In 1894, according to a building permit application, an addition — or a new house — was built on Lots 26 & 27. According to the permit, the structure was to be 26 feet by 28 feet deep, one - and -a -half stories in height, and cost $900. The owner at this time was William Heffernam and the contractor was the Stillwater Manufacturing Company.33 Address: 717 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1407 Historic Name: Frank Chartrand Date Built: 1888 Contributing Physical Description: A simple front gable with a bay on the south side and a screen porch in front. Historic Information: Edmund G. Butts, a Stillwater lawyer and real estate dealer, sold Lot 25 to William W. Gilbert in February, 1871; Gilbert sold the same Lot to Hubert Hall, who in turn sold it to William Patner in May of 1872. The tax assessor's records for the following year list a small $200 structure on the property. Patner (or Patrew) continued to own the lot for well over a decade, but, because he is never listed in the Stillwater City Directory, it does not appear he lived here. In the fall of 1888, a Frank Chartrand applied for a building permit to build a dwelling on this lot. The house was to two - stories in height, 24 feet by 28 feet, with a cost of $900. Chartrand lists himself as both the owner and builder of this home which took the number, 717 S. Second Street. 34 Address: 720 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1408 Historic Name: George Watson Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: A front gable with a large ell (with dormer) on the south side, and a picture window in front on the open porch. Historic Information: 720 South Second Street occupies Lots 6,7,& 8, Block 3. In his annual valuation of properties in Stillwater, the tax assessor made a note for 1872 that the value of Lot 7 included a $350 house, and the name "Watson" was added in pencil. The following year, the note 33 In the Stillwater Messenger of January 6, 1871, Thomas Sinclair is listed as one of Stillwater's house builders; SAM 7, Roll 2; S Deeds 419; A Liens 66; City of Stillwater Building permit #794. 34 SAM 78, Roll 9; T Deeds 454; X Deeds 15; City of Stillwater Building Permit #345. 15 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota "Watson's house" was added again in pencil. However, the actual Warranty Deed transferring the property from Elizabeth Churchill to George Watson was in March of 1873, followed by Watson's mortgage in 1874. Two years later, in the fall of 1876, Watson sold the property to Edward O'Brien, a liquor dealer on North Main Street. In the summer of 1889, the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company made a $250 "Addition to Main House & Porch reshingling roof and slight changes inside." 35 Address: 723 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1409 Historic Name: James H. Griffen Date Built: 1872 Contributing Physical Description: An unusual two -bay cubed Italianate with an addition in the rear and a tin roof. Historic Information: Edmund G. Butts, a Stillwater attorney and real estate dealer, sold Lot 23 to James H. Griffen, a saw blade sharpener, in September of 1873. He must have immediately begun construction of a house at 723 S. Second Street, because the tax assessor's record notes a $200 house on the lot followed by the penciled notation: "Griffith's House." The following year, in June 1874, Griffen bought Lot 24, completing the property.36 Address: 806 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1410 Historic Name: John & Kate Glaspie Date Built: 1890 Contributing Physical Description: A small Queen Anne with a small parade porch under a turret in front, and several additions on the back. Historic Information: John Glaspie, a local real estate dealer who lived at 719 S. Third St., and his wife, Kate, purchased Lots 9, 10, & 11 from the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company for $900 in May, 1889. In turn, they sold part of Lots 9 & 10 to James and Ellen Dwyer in July of 1890. Either the Glaspies or the Dwyers built the house at 806 South Second Street between 1889 and 1891.37 Address: 807 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1411 Historic Name: Lewis W. Clarke Date Built: 1870 Contributing Physical Description: A one story converted train depot with some additions on the south side. 35 SAM 7, Roll 3; SAM 78, Roll 9; Z Deeds 53; K Mtgs 75; 1 Deeds 223; City of Stillwater Building Permit #426. 36 Z Deeds 407, 465; SAM 78, Roll 9; 1887 Stillwater City Directory. 3731 Deeds 148; 1894 Stillwater City Directory. 16 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: George Low and his wife, Ossina, who lived at 808 South First Street, were prominent people in this early neighborhood. She was a florist with a greenhouse on their lots, and owned extensive property in her own name. George Low was a carpenter and later the general manager of the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company which built several houses in this area. The 1887 Stillwater City Directory has a brief description of the company: Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company. This company was organized March 20, 1887, with a joint stock of $3,000 and with the following officers. F.E. Joy, president; H.V. Quackenbush, secretary and treasurer, George Low, general manager. Their business consists in the construction of any class of buildings required, in furnishing material and in general contract work. They have built the new Ascension Episcopal church and other structures. They employ twenty men and furnish anything required from the foundation stone to the parlor ornament of a building. George and Ossina Low bought Lots 20 and 21, Block 2 (behind their own residence) and in the period between fall 1888 and spring 1889, they moved the old St. Paul - Duluth train depot from downtown Stillwater (the new Union Depot had just been completed) to these lots, took out two mortgages of $800 and $1,000, with the Stillwater Building Association, had the old one -story depot (22 feet by 52 feet) which, they claimed on a building permit, had been 50% damaged by decay and moving, transformed by the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company into a dwelling at 807 South Second Street, which they then sold to the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company in March of 1889. The transformed house ended up in the possession of the Lewis W. Clarke family. He was the city engineer for many years, and also worked in the construction of houses in the neighborhood.38 Address: 808 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1412 Historic Name: Frank and Augusta Grace Date Built: 1890 Contributing Physical Description: A small Queen Anne identical in construction to 806 South Second. Historic Information: In May 1889, John Glaspie, a local real estate dealer who lived at 719 S. Third St. and his wife, Kate, bought Lots 9,10, & 11 from the Stillwater Construction and Furnishing Company for $900. The Glaspies must have had the home built at 808 South Second Street, for when they sold one -half the property to Frank and Augusta Grace in January of 1891, the price for the property had increased to $1525; moreover the sale was subject to a lease with Horace W. Davis who was paying $15 a month rent.39 Address: 814 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1413 Historic Name: William McPherson Date Built: 1874 38 City of Stillwater Building Permit #385(B); 28 Deeds 219; X Mtgs 90,91. 3931 Deeds 456; 27 Deeds 575; 1894 Stillwater City Directory. 17 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Contributing Physical Description: A large kind of cross gable house with a turret and a large addition on the rear. It appears extensive remodeling was done in the 1890s. Historic Information: William McPherson bought Lots 12 and 13, Block 3, in October of 1874. The tax assessor's record for that same year lists a value of $1400 for the lot and improvements — indicating a medium size house, which took the number, 814 South Second Street. McPherson worked for E.L. Hospes & Co, a hardware dealer in downtown Stillwater. In April of 1888, George Walters, a policeman and owner of the house took out a building permit to repair the original house. According to the permit, the original house was one -story, 22 feet wide by 38 feet deep. The proposed repairs were necessary because of "decay,' and would cost $90. They included a new roof and "repairing of outside of Building." In the winter of 1909, a new $150 front porch was added to the house. The appearance of the house suggests that major renovation and additions were done in the 1890s.40 Address: 815 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1414 Historic Name: Kate Glaspie Date Built: 1896 Contributing Physical Description: A modified Queen Anne with a later front porch, sleeping porch in the rear, and fish scale shingles. Historic Information: Mary and Patrick McGoldrick owned Lots 16, 17, 18, 19, and it appears they built a home which took the number 815 S. Second Street, in the early 1870s. In the 1877 Stillwater City Directory, Patrick McGoldrick is listed as living on the corner of Second and Churchill Streets. What happened to this first house is uncertain, but John and Kate Glaspie purchased Lots 18 & 19, Block 2, in 1891. John was, at this time, engaged in real estate dealing working out of his house at 719 South Third Street. Less than two years later, John died unexpectedly at age 49. Perhaps with the insurance money, Kate Glaspie had this $1,200, two - story house, 28 feet by 40 feet, built by the Stillwater Manufacturing Company in 1896. In 1910, the home's third owner, Daniel Doyle, added on a $400 front porch, and in 1919, a sleeping porch was added. This is a fancy version of a turn of the century house in the Midwest — the kind of old house seen in Walt Disney movies. The front porch has capitals on the porch columns, dentils, fish scale shingles, brackets, stone pillars supporting the porch, recessed panels in the porch, and touches of gingerbread. The leaded glass sidelights on the front door and the six sided door knobs; the spacious front hallway with fireplace; the newell post, stair rail spindles, and the radiators with ears are all typical of this period. The back stairs, second floor sleeping porches, and walk -up attic all indicate a typical Queen Anne style house of the 1890s. The owner has decorated the house in period colors and wallpapers, and furnished the house with furniture appropriate to its age.41 Address: 819 South Second Street 4° SAM 7, Roll 4; Y Deeds 266; 1877 & 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #'s 273, 1371. 41 Stillwater City Directories 1892 -1894; Ci915 48 Deeds 309; 58 Deeds 572. ty of Stillwater Building Permits #'s 901, 1382, 1751; 18 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Inventory No: WA -SWC -1415 Historic Name: Thomas Shattuck Date Built: 1881 Contributing Physical Description: A simple front gable with a bay on the south side and a screen porch on the front. Historic Information: Samuel C. Norton purchased Lots 16 & 17 in August of 1880, and a month later, he took out a mortgage with the Stillwater Building Association which it appears he used to build the house at 819 S. Second Street. No sooner was it built then he sold it to Thomas Shattuck, a Stillwater policeman, who lived there for a number of years. When Shattuck bought the property and house, the tax assessor valued it at $1100.42 Address: 822 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1416 Historic Name: Charles Holcombe Date Built: 1891 Contributing Physical Description: A large cross gable with an open porch, a picture window, and an addition on the rear. Historic Information: The home at 822 South Second Street appears to be the second house built on Lots 14 & 15. The 1873 Tax Assessor's record indicates a house valued at $250 on Lot 15, along with a note the assessor penciled in "Weldon's house." The following year, the two lots are valued at $1000 with the name, "James Anderson ", penciled in. Neither of these names are recorded in the deed books, indicating perhaps, that both were buyers with unrecorded contracts. In 1876, Christine & Charles Holcombe purchased the property and the house. In 1880, Charles Holcombe was elected Sheriff, and the family moved into the sheriff's residence of the Courthouse. But in 1892, the St. Croix Lumber Company of South Stillwater [Bayport] filed a lien against Charles Holcombe in the amount of $1155.58 regarding the fact they had "delivered to one Charles P. Holcombe... between Oct 3 and Dec 15, 1891...lumber, sash, doors, and other building materials...which said materials were used by said Holcombe in and about the erection and construction of a dwelling house... " A City of Stillwater Building Permit #611 taken out on October 15, 1891 confirms the building of this house. The Permit lists the size as 32 feet by 32 feet, one - and - one -half stories high, costing $1,500. The builder was Sven Berglund.43 Address: 903 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1417 Historic Name: John Sullivan Date Built: 1873 Contributing Physical Description: A simple gable front with an interesting and unusual segmented front door transom. 42 SAM 78, Roll 11, Roll 13; 5 Deeds 606; P Mtgs 219; 1887 Stillwater City Directory. 43 SAM 78, Roll 9; SAM 7, Roll 4; 1 Deeds 273; A Liens 709. 19 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: The house at 903 South Second Street has a very simple history. John Sullivan purchased Lot 28, Block 15 from Elizabeth Churchill in July of 1872. The tax assessor's record of 1873 lists a $250 house with the owner as John Sullivan. Sullivan is listed again in the 1887 Stillwater City Directory as a laborer, residing at 903 S. Second St. 44 Address: 904 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1418 Historic Name: Herman Drews Date Built: 18941875 Contributing Physical Description: A large cross gable double front gable with a turreted peak one one gable. Fish scale shingles, a screened in wrap around porch, and a corner entrance distinguish this attractive house. Historic Information: In the spring of 1872, Watson Hall, a painter, bought Lot 1, Block 14, from Mortimer Webster, a local real estate speculator and developer. During the summer he had built his $400 house that later took the number, 904 South Second Street. However he did not pay his carpenters, R. G. Blanchard and Dan Robinson, and they filed a lien against Hall and his property. The total of the lien was $31.74, reckoned as a little over 10 days of skilled labor at $3.00 a day. In October, 1894, Herman Drews applied for a building permit to have William Beiging build him a house on the south side of Churchill between Second and Third — on Block 14, Lot 1. The house was to be two -story, 26 feet wide by 46 feet deep, and costing $1,700. (This house appeared to have had the number 117 E. Churchill Street.) On a December afternoon in 1904, there was a large fire in the house; the estimate of damage was $2,241.32. The owner at the time was J. F. Thoreen. A building permit confirmed the cost of repairing the damage at $600. In 1909, Thoreen spent $250 and had indoor plumbing installed: a toilet, sink and bath tub. Three years later, he spent $1,000 remodeling the house.45 Address: 905 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1419 Historic Name: Timothy Sullivan Date Built: 1886 ca. Contributing Physical Description: A simple gable front with an interesting segmented front door transom, and an unusual front door surround. Historic Information: John Sullivan purchased Lot 27, Block 15 in the spring of 1882 for $200. Four years later, he sold it to his brother ( ?), Timothy Sullivan for the same $200. Timothy built the house that remains today at 905 South Second Street.46 Address: 910 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1420 44 SAM 78, Roll 9; X Deeds 30. 45 W Deeds 160; A Liens 82; SAM 78, Roll 9; 1877 Stillwater City Directory; Fire Department records; City of Stillwater Building Permit #'s 828, 1199, 1362, 1501. 46 7 Deeds 496; 19 Deeds 229. 20 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Name: John Blake Date Built: 1880 ca. Contributing Physical Description: A classic three -bay cube Italianate with a step down addition in the rear. There is a classic 1900s front screen porch and some original 4x4 storm windows. Historic Information: John Blake, listed as a laborer, may have built the house at 910 South Second Street, around 1875 before he actually obtained a Warranty Deed from Edmund Butts, an attorney and real estate speculator active in the neighborhood. The tax assessor put the value of the structure at about $200, a small value even for those days. By 1877, Blake is listed in the Stillwater City Directory as living on "2 "d s. Churchill." In 1882, the property passed to Fred Scott, the proprietor of the North Star Pharmacy. Given the style and size of the present house, it may have been Scott who rebuilt or enlarged the house to its present size and style. In the spring of 1910, a building permit was taken out for $2,100 worth of work, among the items was to raise the ell and build porches. On a winter morning, shortly after the Christmas of 1917, there was a fire in the home; the loss was estimated at $808.11.47 Address: 911 South Second Street Inventory No: WA -SWC -1421 Historic Name: Patrick & Betsey McCarthy Date Built: 1878 Contributing Physical Description: A classic three bay cube Italianate with a one -story addition in the rear and an open front porch. Historic Information: Patrick & Betsey McCarthy purchased five lots: 22 -26 from Emma Marsh in July of 1877, taking back a mortgage from her. He immediately built a good sized house which we know today as 911 South Second Street. Patrick is listed as a "laborer." Seven years later, he sold off Lots 22,23,24 to Robert Siebert.48 Address: 914 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1422 Historic Name: Lindsley C. Everitt Date Built: 1876 Contributing Physical Description: A simple front gable with a rather nice enclosed front porch circa 1910- 20. Historic Information: The house at 914 South Second Street has an interesting early history. The S-1/2 of Lot 4 and all of Lot 5, Block 14, was sold by A.M. Dodd, an attorney and real estate speculator in the neighborhood, to Lindsley C. Everitt in November of 1874. In the spring of 1876, D. L. Burlingham, a house painter, filed a lien against A.L. Booth on this property for "furnishing material and painting ...100 yards with two coats at .17 cts." The total of the lien was $17.00. But who was Booth; his name never shows up in the records. The lien itself makes the situation clear: Booth was in possession of the small house "under a Contract to purchase the 47 1 Deeds 400; 8 Deeds 613; SAM 7, Roll 5; 1877, 1884 Stillwater City Directories; Fire Department records; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1525. 48 M Mtgs 208; 15 Deeds 133, 141; 1877 Stillwater City Directory; SAM 7, Roll 6. 21 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota same, and said house is situate upon land owned by L.C. Everett." Alas, it seems that Booth was never able to fulfill his Contract for his name does not appear in any subsequent land records.49 Address: 915 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1423 Historic Name: Robert & Catherine Siebert Date Built: 1886 Contributing Physical Description: A good sized cross gable with three bays with fish scale shingles and a gingerbread porch circa 1900. Historic Information: In November 1884, Robert & Catherine Siebert purchased Lots 22, 23, 24 for $700 from their neighbor to be, Patrick McCarthy. According to a building permit taken out in April of 1886, Robert Siebert, a carpenter, built them a rather lavish home costing $1800 at 915 South Second Street. The house was two stories in height, 22 feet by 32 feet, with a 15 -foot by 20 -foot addition and a seven - and - one -half foot deep cellar that was 15 by 17 feet. The house was probably financed with the aid of a mortgage they took out from the St. Croix Savings & Loan.5° Address: 920 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1424 Historic Name: Nelson Foster Date Built: 1882 Noncontributing Physical Description: A cross gable with a front picture window and an interesting and unusual front door surround. Historic Information: Nelson Foster purchased Lots 6 & 7 on a Bond for Deed [Contract for Deed] in January of 1880. Two years later, he took out a mortgage and built the house that has the number today, 920 South Second Street. In the fall of 1886, Foster took out a building permit to make an addition to the house. The builders were the Northey Brothers, busy local contractors. The addition was listed as 18 feet by 24 feet deep, one - and -a- half - stories; the cost was $800. 51 Address: 1001 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1425 Historic Name: Michael S. Mockler Date Built: 1875 Contributing Physical Description: The house is a classic cube Italianate with a step down addition in the rear, and a small portico over the front door. Historic Information: Mortimer Webster sold Lots 20 & 21 to Michael S. Mockler in May of 1875, taking back a mortgage from Webster. The tax assessor's record for that year has a notation penciled in: "$600 added for house." This house would later, when numbers were assigned, 49 SAM 7, Roll 5; Z Deeds 171; A Liens 143. 5° 15 Deeds 141; X Mtgs 8; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #9. 51 F Bonds 258; Q Mtgs 36; City of Stillwater Building Permit #143. 22 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota become 1001 South Second Street. When Mockler died in 1881, his heirs sold the property back to Webster for $2,000.52 Address: 1004 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1426 Historic Name: Mortimer Webster Date Built: 1876 Contributing Physical Description: A very unusual one story cube with a hip roof, additions on the rear, and a tin roof. Screen porch in front. Historic Information: The house at 1004 South Second Street occupies Lots 8 & 9, Block 14. Mortimer Webster, a real estate dealer and developer, purchased the two lots for $900 in May of 1875. That is a high price for two lots in this area, and may indicate a house on one of the lots. A year and a half later, in December 1876, Webster sells one of the lots, Lot 9, to John Simmons for $1500, surely indicating a house on the lot. Simmons sells the lot back to Webster, who in turn sells Lot 9 to Almina Kellogg in June of 1878 for $1550. The following year, Almina purchases Lot 8 from Elizabeth Churchill. When was this house built? The tax assessor's records indicate the value of Lot 9 jumped from $100 to $1100 between 1875 and 1877.53 Address: 1007 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1427 Historic Name: Jim Settlemeyer Date Built: 1922 Contributing Physical Description: An attractive classic 1920s bungalow with original windows and enclosed front porch. Historic Information: The present house at 1007 South Second Street is apparently the second house at this address. There is a record of a fire in 1912 at this address; a fire that started at 4:00 in the morning, and caused $1,800 in damage. The present house was, according to the building permit, built in 1922 by a local carpenter, Henry Mohr, according to plans provided by the Bluff City Lumber Company. The $4,500 one -and -a -half story house was 26 feet by 32 feet with cedar shingles on the roof and stucco on the outside walls. The owner at the time was Jim Settlemeyer.54 Address: 1008 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1428 Historic Name: M. C. Mosier Date Built: 1918 Contributing Physical Description: A very plain gable front with exposed rafter tails. 52 1 Deeds 28; K Mtgs 288; 8 Deeds 476; SAM 7, Roll 4. 53 1 Deeds 27, 279, 584; 5 Deeds 524; SAM 7, Roll 5; SAM 7, Roll 6. 54 City of Stillwater Building Permit #1912; Stillwater Fire Dept. records. 23 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: The present house at 1008 South Second Street is, surprisingly, the third house to have this address. The first house was built about 1876 by a man named Merit Smith, and according to a building permit taken out in April of 1887. The original house was one -story, 22 feet by 22 feet, with a hip roof, and kitchen addition on the rear. Local contractors, Bieging & Schmidt, built the second house in 1890. It too was a small house: one -story, 32 feet by 30 feet. The owner was most likely Merit Smith whose name appears on the building permit as "architect." The third — and present — house was built in 1918 by a carpenter named John Peters for the owner, M. C. Mosier. Like its predecessors, it was a small house: one -story, 26 feet by 40 feet, with a peaked roof and maple stairs.55 Address: 1012 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1429 Historic Name: Winfield & Althea Moore Date Built: 1882 Contributing Physical Description: A three -bay gable front with enclosed front porch c. 1910. Historic Information: It is not clear from the existing records exactly who built the home at 1012 South Second Street. From the tax assessor's records, it would appear that this house on the S -1/2 of Lot 11 and Lot 12 was built about 1882. We also find a Warranty Deed dated August, 1882 in which Winfield & Althea Moore buy the S -1/2 of Lot 11 and the N -3/4 of Lot 12 from Samuel Packard for $1,575, a value surely indicating a house on the property. It does not appear either Packard, who was a bridge tender, nor the Moores ever lived in the house. A building addition permit taken out in September of 1886 by the then owner of the house, Mathew Butler, a mail carrier, notes that the original two -story house cost about $600. Butler is spending $200 to add "porch in front — slight changes in the interior of house & general repairs." The builder is listed as L. W. Clarke, who appears to have dabbled in construction when not occupied with his job as city engineer. In the spring of 1913, when Andrew Hanson was the owner, a $1,000 worth of remodeling was done, including a new kitchen. Address: 1013 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1430 Historic Name: Frederick & Thekla Kern Date Built: 1879 Noncontributing Physical Description: A small front gable with what appear to be return eaves. Picture window in front. Historic Information: Mortimer Webster, a local developer and real estate speculator sold Frederick & Thekla Kern Lot 17 and the S -1/2 of Lot 18, Block 15 in August 1879 for $1,400 —a price that would indicate there was a house on the lot. The Kerns, in turn, sold the property to Joseph Pecha for $1,300 in September 1870s 1880. The 1881 Tax Assessor's record notes a house on the lot. Today that house has the number, 1013 South Second Street.56 55 City of Stillwater Building Permits #'s 198, 494, 1684; 12 Deeds 556; Yearly tax assessors records for the 1870s. 56 10 Deeds 445, 505; SAM 78, Roll 13; City of Stillwater Building Permit #124. 24 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Address: 1017 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1431 Historic Name: Margaret Organ Date Built: 1882 Contributing Physical Description: A simple gable front with a fancy portico over the front door, and a pop out (new) front bay. Historic Information: Edmund Butts, a local attorney and real estate dealer, sold Lots 15 & 16 to Thomas Organ on a Bond for Deed in June of 1873, receiving a Warranty Deed about nine months later. There is no indication he built upon his lots, but in 1882 he sold the property to Margaret Organ who within the year built the house that remains at 1017 South Second Street. In the summer of 1886, a $225 one - and -a -half story stable, 20 feet by 24 feet was built on the property. 57 Address: 1018 South Second St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1432 Historic Name: Frederick Wilman Date Built: 1883 Contributing Physical Description: A classic three -bay cube Italianate complete with window hoods and brackets. Historic Information: For $560 Samuel Packard sold the S -3/4 of Lot 13 and all of Lot 14, Block 14, to Frederick Wilman on a Warranty Deed in September 1883. The following month, Wilman, a jeweler, received a mortgage from the Stillwater Building Association. He had the house at 1018 South Second Street built, and lived there for years.58 Address: 703 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1448 Historic Name: John O'Shaughnessy Date Built: 1870 Contributing Physical Description: A classic three bay Stillwater Italianate cube with hip roof, center chimney, and a very stylish entrance porch c. 1910. Historic Information: Discontent at living out near Lily Lake, far from downtown, the Irish born John & Mary O'Shaughnessy, aged 31 and 29, purchased Lots 28, 29, 30, Block 3 on a Warranty Deed for $500 in June of 1870, taking back a mortgage from the seller. Within a year, the tax assessor records a substantial $800 house on Lot 29 taking the number, 703 South Third Street. By 1880, there two parents, eight children, two boarders, and a servant living in the house. John O'Shaughnessy was a prosperous dealer in boots and shoes. He was also, at one time, an agent for the new Singer Sewing Machine company, the Cascade Clothes Washer and the Cunard Mail Line Steamship Company. A small note in the Stillwater newspaper, The Republican, dated November 3, 1870 reads "Mr. J. O'Shaughnessy is this week moving into his new house out on 57 E Bonds 21; Z Deeds 71; 10 Deeds 91; Stillwater Bldg Permit #87. 58 12 Deeds 270; S Mtgs 521. 25 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Third Street. It is quite a tastefully built residence. We notice quite a number of new houses in that neighborhood. The suburbs are building up rapidly." The family lived there over 50 years. In 1925, James O'Shaughnessy spent $3,600 rearrange the interior of the house. The 13`h child of this family, Ignatius Aloysius O'Shaughnessy, was to make his fortune in oil, and become a leading philanthropist of Minnesota some 75 years later. 59 Address: 704 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1449 Historic Name: David & Margaret Tozer Date Built: 1874 Contributing Physical Description: An Italianate cube with an ell and additions in back. Amenities include arched windows, a stylish portico, and a new bay on the ell. Historic Information: David and Margaret Tozer bought Lots 1, 2 & 3, Block 4, from Edmund and Augusta Butts in April of 1868 for $300. David was age 45 at this time, a prosperous lumberman who believed in owning real estate. As the careful reader will note, Tozer was an early investor in the South Hill buying a number of lots in this immediate area in the late 1860's before the Courthouse and Central School were built. On most of his lots he built rental property, but on these lots he built his own rather (for the day) sumptuous brick house in 1874, a house valued about $2,500 by the tax assessor. In the fall of 1888, Tozer took out a building permit to allow Sven Berglund, a local carpenter and contractor, to build a $1,000, one -story 18 foot by 29 foot addition (with a porch in front) to the house to serve as a library. Like the original house, this addition would be brick veneer. The size of the original house is noted in the permit as being two - story, 28 feet by 30 feet with a hip roof. This estate, which came to include lots 27 -30 behind the house, took the number 704 South Third Street. In 1936, in the midst of the great depression, David's daughter, Olive Waldref, paid local contractor Edwin Olsen, almost $11,000 for " complete remodeling of present building both inside & exterior, addition of 9x10 to main building and a 20x20 garage, also new." David was born in New Brunswick; his wife's family was from Scotland by way of Canada. In 1880, they had four children living in the house with them: David, Jr., 16; Ford, 9; Julia, 6; and Olive, 3. There were in addition two servants: Amelia Gaudiere, 19 and John Parant, 22.60 Address: 712 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1450 Historic Name: George & Sarah Rooney Date Built: 1914 Contributing Physical Description: A typical foursquare of the period with a front gable, full screen porch in front, bay on the north side. 59 T Deeds 237; I Mtgs 15; SAM 78, Roll 8; History of Holcombe's Additions Residential Area by Donald Empson, p.97; 1877 Stillwater City Directory; 1880 Federal Census for Stillwater, family #103; City of Stillwater Building Permit #2101. so S Deeds 377; SAM 7, Roll 4; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; 1880 Federal Census of Stillwater, family #126; City of Stillwater Building Permit #'s 371, 2436, 2444. 26 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: George & Sarah Rooney bought Lots 4 to 7, Block 4 on a Warranty Deed in June 1868. In September and October of 1875, they hired Oliver Belisle at $2.75 per day (skilled carpentry cost $2.75 -$3.00 a day) to help him build a house that later took the number, 712 South Third Street. Belisle worked 9 -1/4 days for 25.43. The tax assessor's value of $1680 on the lots and house would certainly indicate a good sized home. George is listed in the 1877 City Directory as a teamster. The 1880 Census lists the Canadian -born George as one of three families living in a single residence; with him are his daughters, Irma and Florence, and his sons, George and Lee. James Brotherton, a boarder, is also sharing the household. What happened to this first house on the lot is uncertain, but in the summer of 1914, Robert McGarry, who had been living in the old house, contracted with local contractor, Frank Linner & Co. to build a new house on the lot. According to the building permit, the $4,000 house was to be two -story, 30 feet by 32 feet, with a cement basement.61 Address: 715 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1451 Historic Name: John McCarthy Date Built: 1939 Contributing Physical Description: A large house characteristic of the period in which it was built with a limestone facade around the front door, and a small addition on the north side. Historic Information: There was a house on Lots 26 & 27, Block 3, as early as 1872 when the tax assessor noted a $300 improvement, with the word "house" penciled in. John McCarthy, one- time Postmaster of Stillwater, lived in this house, which took the number 713 S. Third Street, for over two decades. Today the two lots are occupied by a newer house built in 1939 that takes the number 715 South Third Street. Emil Johnson was the owner, and apparently the builder of this newer house thal 880, according to the building permit, cost $3,500. The original house was a small house, 22 feet by 34 feet, one -story, with oak flooring.62 Address: 718 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1452 Historic Name: Date Built: 1870s Contributing Physical Description: A gable front with an ell on the south side, a front leaded picture window and porch from the turn of the century. Historic Information: The history of this house is uncertain. Lots 4 to 7 were in the hands of George & Sarah Rooney (see 712 South Third Street) until the 1880s. The early tax assessor's record for 1870 indicates there is a $500 house on Lot 7; today the house occupying Lots 6 & 7 is 718 South Third Street. It could be the Rooney's built this house first, then rented it while they built 712 South Third Street. In the spring of 1897, there were, according to a building permit, substantial changes made to this house. The ell part was moved from the south side to end of the building, and a new porch was added in front and a small porch in the rear.63 61 62 SAM 5, Roll 2; 8 Deeds 325; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #2567. 63 S Deeds 451; SAM 7, Roll 2; City of Stillwater Building Permit #928. 27 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Address: 719 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1453 Historic Name: John & Kate Glaspie Date Built: 808 1888 Physical Description: A large earlier Queen Anne (not so elaborate) with tower, decorative shingles on the body of the house, decorative windows. Very attractively painted. Historic Information: The 1872 Stillwater Tax Assessor's record indicates a $200 improvement on Lots 24 & 25, Block 3, with the word "house" penciled in. Allen & Martha Arnold were the owners of the property, but two years later, in August of 1874, they sold the property to a single man, Charles McKenzie for $800. The 1877 Stillwater City Directory lists Charles McKenzie, a laborer, living on the corner of 3`d & Locust streets, while a Daniel McKenzie, a mill hand, was living on the east side of 3`d, south of Goodwood [Willard] which would fit the number 719 S. Third Street. In July of 1888, Charles McKenzie, still single and now living in Duluth, sold the property to John & Kate Glaspie for $1625, a price that indicates there was a house on the two lots. However what house there may have been was demolished, for a building permit taken out in September of 1888 details a new house being constructed for John Glaspie on these two lots. This new house, which remains today, was two stories in height, 35 feet by 48 feet, and valued at $5,000, a very expensive house for the time. At the same time, Glaspie also had a $1,000 one- and -a -half story barn, 22 feet by 27 feet constructed as well as a $200 wood shed. The contractor for all three was Thomas Sutherland, who lived only a short distance away at 1009 S. Fourth Street. Sutherland built several other houses in the neighborhood. (see index). In 1921, local carpenter, Emil Bieging was paid $350 to put hardwood floors on the first floor.' Address: 801 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1454 Historic Name: David & Margaret Tozer Date Built: 1880 Nonontributing Physical Description: A small gable front with an addition on the rear and an enclosed front porch. Historic Information: In 1878, David Tozer, a lumberman whose lived down the block at 704 S. Third, bought Lots 21, 22, 23, Block 3 for $100 per lot, or $300 total. In 1880, he built moderate size rental houses at 801 South Third Street, 805 South Third Street, 807 South Third Street, one on each lot. The properties remained in his possession until after the turn of the century. On New Year's Day, 1905, at 2:20 in the morning, a major fire severely damaged the house at 801 South Third Street. Michael Welsh was the tenant at that time, and the damage was estimated at $1,244.40. It took the fire department one - and - one -half hours to put out the blaze.65 Address: 804 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1455 Historic Name: J.M. Knight " SAM 5, Roll 2; Z Deeds 307; 24 Deeds 554; City of Stillwater Building Permit #'s 357, 367, 368, 1820. 65 SAM 78, Roll 11; 1 Deeds 619; 60 Deeds 478; fire department records. 28 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Date Built: 1871 Contributing Physical Description: A large gable front with fish scale shingles and an open front porch. There is a cement carriage step in front with the address and the name John J. Kilty. Historic Information: J.M. Knight secured a Warranty Deed to Lots 8,9, & 10, Block 4 from Elizabeth Churchill in May of 1873 for $375, the price of the lots alone. The 1871 Stillwater Gazette, in listing the improvements in the city, noted a residence worth $1,600 had been built on Third Street by J. M. Knight. Five years later, Wilmot A. Hursey bought those same three lots and the house at 804 South Third Street for $1400. In the summer of 1902, according to a building permit, Adolph Sprich, a local carpenter, increased the size of the house with a $1,500 "two addition by build to the old Building also a new Roof to be constructet and the second floor have entirely new Walls on the Outside." Late in the evening of May 14, 1909, when John J. Kilty owned the property, a barn on the lots burned with a loss of $921.66 Address: 805 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1456 Historic Name: David & Margaret Tozer Date Built: 1880 Contributing Physical Description: A small 1 -1/2 story with an open front porch and Historic Information: In 1878, David Tozer, a lumberman whose lived Third, bought Lots 21, 22, 23, Block 3 for $100 per lot, or $300 total. In size rental houses at 801 South Third Street, 805 South Third Street, 807 on each lot. The properties remained in his possession until after the turn Address: 807 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1457 Historic Name: David & Margaret Tozer Date Built: 1880 Contributing Physical Description: A small 1 -1/2 story with an addition in the rear. Historic Information: In 1878, David Tozer, a lumberman whose lived Third, bought Lots 21, 22, 23, Block 3 for $100 per lot, or $300 total. In size rental houses at 801 South Third Street, 805 South Third Street, 807 on each lot. The properties remained in his possession until after the turn Address: 808 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1458 Historic Name: Wilmot & Mary Hursey Date Built: 1889 an addition in the rear. down the block at 704 S. 1880, he built moderate South Third Street, one of the century. 67 down the block at 704 S. 1880, he built moderate South Third Street, one of the century. 68 66 Stillwater Gazette, November 14, 1871; X Deeds 315; 1 Deeds 486; Fire Dept. records; City of Stillwater Building permit #1072. 67 SAM 78, Roll 11; 1 Deeds 619; 60 Deeds 478. 68 SAM 78, Roll 11; 1 Deeds 619; 60 Deeds 478. 29 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Contributing Physical Description: A gable front with a turret, open front porch added later, and an addition on the rear. There is a primitive stained glass window in the front. Historic Information: The house at 808 South Third Street is mostly on Lot 10, Block 4. That lot was variously in the hands of J.M. Knight and Wilmot Hursey who built and occupied the home at 804 South Third Street. In May of 1889, Wilmot & Mary Hursey applied for a permit to have the Northey Brothers, local contractors, build them a house at 808 South Third Street. The house was quite expensive: $1,600; it was 2 stories, 26 feet wide and 46 feet deep. The cellar was to be seven feet deep, 14 feet by 14 feet. It was not until 1893 that the exact dimensions of the present property were pieced together, when Mary Hursey sold Lot 10 to William Chalmers, and Christine Jackson sold the north 5 feet of Lot 11 to William Chalmers.69 Address: 811 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1459 Historic Name: Lydia & George Gaslin Date Built: 1902 Contributing Physical Description: A gable front house with an open front porch. Historic Information: In August of 1872, Edmund Butts, a real estate dealer in the neighborhood, sold Lydia and George Gaslin, Lot 20, Block 3, for $100. The following year, the tax assessor noted an $800 house, which later took the number 811 South Third St. on the lot, indicating a good sized home. However, an article in the Stillwater Gazette, November 14, 1871, on improvements throughout the city notes, on Third Street, the "Geo Gaslin residence $1,000 ". The Gaslin owned the property for the next decade, but they are not listed in the Stillwater City Directories of that period suggesting the house was rental property. That house was apparently either demolished or moved, for a building permit taken out in November of 1902 details a new house on this lot built by contractor Eugene Schmidt for the owner, James W. Foley who lived next door. The house was to be built 20 feet wide and 44 feet deep at a cost of $1,500. The cellar was to be under the entire house.70 Address: 813 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1460 Historic Name: James W. Foley Date Built: 1896 Contributing Physical Description: A large gable front with most of its details covered or removed, but there is a parade porch. Historic Information: In April of 1896, William Chalmers sold Lot 19, Block 3 to James W. Foley on a Warranty Deed for $350, a price that indicates there was no building on the lot. Foley, a bookkeeper, built his home at 813 South Third Street on the lot the same year. According to the 6935 Deeds 521, 558; 70 SAM 78, Roll 9; X Deeds 83; Washington County Tax Assessor's office; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1088. 30 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota building permit, the contractors were Adolph Sprich and Eugene Schmidt; the cost of the house was estimated at $1,650. It was to be two stories high, and approximately 30 feet by 35 feet." Address: 814 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1461 Historic Name: August & Christine Jackson Date Built: 1877 Contributing Physical Description: A large 4 bay Italianate with a peak in the front roof line. A tin roof, beautiful eave brackets, and a very plain front door portico. Historic Information: The Swedish -born August & Christine Jackson bought Lot 11, Block 4 in July of 1876, and Lot 12, Block 4, two years later in August of 1878. Jackson, who was born in 1850, was a carpenter and contractor, and it is quite likely that he personally built this home at 814 South Third Street in 1877. By 1880, they had five children under the age of six, as well as a boarder, living in the house with them. In the spring of 1886, Jackson built a $200 one - and -a -half story stable, 26 feet by 18 feet deep on his property.72 Address: 821 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1462 Historic Name: William Chalmers Date Built: 1895 Contributing Physical Description: A very attractive Queen Anne with Palladian windows, fish scale shingles, a tower, open front porch. Historic Information: The first home at 821 South Third Street originally had the house number, 743 South Third Street. William Foran, a raftsman, and later, a foreman for Isaac Staples, purchased Lots 16,17,18, 19 for the astounding price of $2400, which included an $850 house on Lot 16. That high price for these lots is reflected in subsequent annual tax assessor's records. In any case, Foran lived in a house at the address, 743 South Third Street in the 1880s. In the summer of 1895, this house was moved south to Block 1, Lot 20 of Marsh's Addition. (Today this is the location of a newer house built in 1955 at 1117 Fifth Street South). In its place, William Chalmers, president of the St. Croix Lumber Company, had a $3,500 house built by local contractors Adolph Sprich and Eugene Schmidt. According to the building permit, the house was to be 28 feet by 42 feet, 2 stories, with a cellar floor of concrete.73 Address: 822 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1463 7146 Deeds 9; 1905 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #889. 72 73 SAM 78, Roll 9; X Deeds 103; 1877 & 1884 Stillwater City Directories; City of Stillwater Building Permits #854 & 859. 31 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Name: Mary E. Capron Date Built: 1890s Contributing Physical Description: This building is a conglomeration, but it appears most of the elements (turret, dentils, brackets, porch pediment) date from the turn of the century. Historic Information: This building is a conglomeration, but it appears most of the elements (turret, dentils, brackets, porch pediment) date from the turn of the century. There are no records. Address: 901 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1464 Historic Name: Walter Johnson Date Built: 1912 Contributing Physical Description: A very plain one -story concrete /brick building Historic Information: In a shuffle of buildings in the summer of 1912, Walter Johnson, who had a grocery store at 1003 South Third Street, moved the house on the corner, 903 South Third Street, one lot south where the house took the new house number, 905 South Third Street. On the now vacant corner lot, he had a store built, which took the number, 901 South Third Street. According to the building permit, the concrete block structure was to cost $3,000, be two -story, 30 feet by 60 feet, with a flat tar gravel roof. Over the years, it has had many uses, but its initial use was as the grocery store of Walter Johnson who took up residence next door at 905 South Third Street.74 Address: 904 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1465 Historic Name: Frank & Mary Joy Date Built: 1874 Contributing Physical Description: A 907 three bay Italianate with a step down addition in the rear and an open front porch. Historic Information: David Tozer, a lumberman and real estate speculator, who built a number of houses in this neighborhood — and lived for many years at 704 South Third Street — purchased Lots 1 & 2, Block 13 in August of 1873. Within a year, he had built a cubed Italianate house with its typical hip roof that was to take the number, 904 South Third Street. The Tax Assessor, making his rounds in 1874, penciled in a note "$1000 added for house." But it appears the house was enlarged (or finished) shortly thereafter for in May of 1875, Tozer leased the property "together with the dwelling house thereon" to Frank and Mary Joy. The couple were both Yankees from Maine, then in their early '30's. The rent on the house was $20.00 per month, however, the lease stipulated, Joy could purchase the house for $2,400 any time within two years — less the amount of rent already paid. Joy also got permission to build a stable on the two lots. But it was March of 1878 before Joy received the Warranty Deed on his purchase. By 1880, the couple had comfortably settled in with no children, but a 20- year -old Irish servant, Katie Moarity, 74 City of Stillwater Building Permit #1504; see also entry at 905 South Third Street. 32 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota looked after them. In the late 1880s Frank Joy was president of the Stillwater Construction & Furnishing Company, who did a good deal of business in this immediate neighborhood.75 Address: 905 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1466 Historic Name: D. L. Burlingham Date Built: 1871 Noncontributing Physical Description: A kind of muddled cross gable with new windows and severely altered for the worse. Historic Information: D.L. Burlingham purchased Lot 27 & 28 in June of 1871 from J.M. & Sarah Knight. He paid the very large sum of $1,065 for the two lots. The 1872 tax assessor's record notes a $800 house on the two lots. The Stillwater Gazette, in a list of improvement printed in its November 14, 1871 issue, notes a new residence by D. L. Burlingham on Third Street. The value is given as $1,200. The key to the large sale price may be that Burlingham took back a mortgage for the amount of the sale from the Knights, in other words, the Knights perhaps provided the financing for a house which later took the number, 905 South Third Street on the Lots. Burlingham was at this time, a house painter; later he went into the business of selling books, stationery, and news magazines. But just as in a mystery novel, when you think you have solved the issue, a new clue comes up. A building permit taken out in June of 1912, records that Walter Johnson, who had a fancy grocery store at 1003 South Third Street, moved the house that was on Lot 28 (today the site of the Stillwater Apostolic Church) — which had the number, 903 South Third Street — to Lot 27 where it took the new number 905 South Third Street, and became the new residence of Walter Johnson. Thus it would appear the present house at 905 South Third Street is the second house on that lot, and its history would be that of the house previously at 903 South Third — a house that was also built by D.L. Burlingham in the 1870s.76 Address: 906 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1467 Historic Name: Ida Johnson Date Built: 1906 Contributing Physical Description: An attractive foursquare with dormers, leaded glass windows, a gentle two story bay, and an open porch. Historic Information: Edward Stewart, a lumberman, obtained the Warranty Deed for Lots 3 & 4, Block 13, in the spring of 1874, and, the tax assessor's record indicates, built a home soon afterwards. When house numbers were assigned a decade later, this house took the number, 910 South Third Street. Frank Linner & Co. built the present house on these two lots, 906 South Third Street, in 1906 for Mrs. Ida Johnson. The house cost $3,000, was 30 feet by 40 feet with a 75 X Deeds 382; 1 Deeds 510; E Bonds 243; SAM 7, Roll 4; 1877, 1887 Stillwater City Directories; 1880 Federal Census of Stillwater, family #129. 76 T Deeds 694; SAM 7, Roll 3; 1877, 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1503. 33 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota mansard roof. It also had indoor plumbing: two water closets, two washbasins, one enameled iron sink and a bathtub.'" Address: 907 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1468 Historic Name: Harlow McIntyre Date Built: 1878 Contributing Physical Description: A tall three bay gable front with interesting sidelights on the front door and a bay on the north side. Historic Information: While there are always some old houses that are difficult to document, the house at 907. South Third Street is not one of them. Thanks to two liens filed against the home, we get an extraordinary vision of building a house in Stillwater in the 1870s. After passing through several owners, Harlow McIntyre purchased Lots 25 & 26, Block 14 in September, 1877 for $400. Six months later, he took out a mortgage, $1,000 at 6 %, from the Stillwater Building Association. It is uncertain where he spent his mortgage money, but apparently it did not go to those who built his house. William May, a contractor and builder living on Sixth and Pine Streets, filed a lien for $239.75 against the property. This amount, which is itemized, represents May's labor at the skilled rate of $3.00 a day, and his crew's labor at the rate of either $2.25 or $2.50 a day. May and his crew worked to build this house from June 20 to July 16, 1878. It took 95 man/work days to build this house over a period of 35 calendar days for a labor cost of $239.75. In November of 1878, Seymour & Sabin Company, a local lumber dealer and manufacturing company also filed a lien against the property for "Lumber and Woodenware, Doors, Sash and Blinds" which is a detailed list of items sold between April 24 and Sept 28, 1877 and furnished for the house. Among the many items listed, some are particularly interesting: flight of stairs $18.00, front door frame and transom $3.00, 5 windows for bay windows, 12x36 $12.50, 2 window frames for privy $1.50, 32 feet cove molding .96, laying chimneys $37.50, 1040 yards of plaster $156.00, 18 fence posts $2.25, 1 pair folding doors 7'6" x 8'6" $12.00, front door 4'8" x 7'6" glass panel $13.00. The total amount of the materials was $1,253.17. If you add together the labor and materials, you can see the total bill for constructing this house was in excess of $1,500, making it a substantial house for its day. In May of 1886, Judd Orff, the current owner, added a large one - and -a -half story stable to the lots.'$ Address: 913 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1469 Historic Name: James Gillespie Date Built: 1886 Contributing Physical Description: A typical Stillwater cube Italianate with a step down addition in the rear. It has been severely remodeled. Historic Information: James Gillespie purchased the N -1/2 of Lot 23, and all of Lot 24 from Alfred Marcel in September of 1880. Six years later, he took out a mortgage with which it 77 X Deeds 559; Z Deeds 379; SAM 7, Roll 4; 1887 Stillwater City Directory; City of Stillwater Building permit #'s 1269, 1271. 78 1 Deeds 394; N Mtgs 228; A Liens 195, 221; Stillwater Bldg Permit #35. 34 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota appears he built his house at 913 South Third Street. (For a time, this house had the number, 915 South Third Street.) 79 Address: 916 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1470 Historic Name: Francis & Mary Revoir Date Built: 1874 Contributing Physical Description: A small gable front with a step down. Historic Information: In the 1874 Tax Assessor's record, there is a penciled note on Lot 5, Block 13: "$300 added for house. " Henry Prince, a real estate dealer, purchased Lots 5, 6, & 7 in April of 1872. It appears he added a small structure, or perhaps a partial house to Lot 5 before he sold the lot to Isadore Belisle in the fall of 1875 for $400. (Or perhaps Belisle had an unrecorded Contract under which he built the house.) Two years later, Belisle sold the property to Francis Revoir, a laborer, who is listed in the 1877 Stillwater City Directory as living at this location. The 1880 Federal Census for Stillwater (family #111) lists Francis, age 60, and his wife, Mary, age 58; both of them were born in Canada. They had a son, Prosper, age 20, and a daughter, Mary, age 16, living with them. Today that house has the number, 916 South Third Street. 80 Address: 918 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1471 Historic Name: Date Built: 1890s Contributing Physical Description: A cross gable with a turret at the intersection. It shows the long narrow windows typical of the 1890s. Historic Information: Francis Revoir owned Lot 6 as well as Lot 5 (see 916 South Third Street above). In 1887, he sold this lot to Lawson Dailey; in 1905 Dailey sold it to James C. Sullivan. Somewhere between these three owners, 918 South Third Street was built 8' Address: 919 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1472 Historic Name: Michael Gillespie Date Built: 1880 Contributing Physical Description: A basic gable front with a small ell and enclosed front porch. Historic Information: Michael Gillespie bought his property in October of 1879; the following June he took out a mortgage with the Stillwater Building Association and built his home at 919 South Third Street. In his later years, Gillespie was a dealer in wood and coal.82 795 Deeds 589; X Mtgs 344; 1887 Stillwater City Directory. S0 X Deeds 212; Y Deeds 636; 1 Deeds 449; SAM 7, Roll 4. 8119 Deeds 472; 60 Deeds 418. 82 5 Deeds 253; P Mtgs 118; 1881 -2, 1887 Stillwater City Directories. 35 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Address: 920 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1473 Historic Name: Allard Date Built: 1880 Contributing Physical Description: A basic gable front with an enclosed front porch and a newer chimney on the side. Historic Information: The Allard family built this home at 920 South Third Street around 1880.83 Address: 1001 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1474 Historic Name: Date Built: 1880s Contributing Physical Description: A basic three bay gable front with an ell. Transom over the front door. Historic Information: From all appearances, it was built circa 1880. Address: 1002 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1475 Historic Name: John Gieriet Date Built: 1876 Contributing Physical Description: A three -bay Italianate style home with an addition in the rear. The addition has a half round roof. Historic Information: John Gieriet purchased Lots 8 & 9, Block 13, in June of 1876, and he built a substantial house — which later took the number, 1002 South Third Street — within a year. Apparently his residence was in question, for in 1877, he filed a homestead declaration on his property. John ran a "saloon and billiards" on the corner of Main and Chestnut Streets." Address: 1003 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1476 Historic Name: Prosper N. Rivard Date Built: 1884 Contributing Physical Description: A basic gable front with what must be a large addition on the rear. This was once used as a store. Historic Information: According to a building permit application dated in December of 1891, Prosper N. Rivard wished to add to his original building at 1003 South Third Street — which was one -story, 18 feet wide and 26 feet deep — a $75 one -story addition 12 feet by 16 feet. This 83 15 Deeds 258; SAM 78, Roll 11. 84 1 Deeds 191; E Bonds 496; SAM 7, Roll 6; 1877 Stillwater City Directory. 36 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota addition was to be used as a store. In March 1901, he spent $400 for more living and store space in an 18 foot by 20 foot, two story addition. The first floor ceiling was to be of iron. In 1912, this was the store of Walter Johnson who subsequently moved to 901 South Third Street. Lots 20, 21, 22 were owned by Rivard family.85 Address: 1006 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1477 Historic Name: Thomas & Susan Sutherland County: Washington Date Built: 1882 Contributing Physical Description: An asymmetrical Italianate cube with a narrow two story addition on the north side. Historic Information: Thomas Sutherland, a Canadian-born contractor and builder, along with his wife, Susan, purchased this property in the fall of 1881, and built a house at 1006 South Third Street soon afterward. Sutherland lived for a time behind this house at 1009 South Fourth Street. He also lived at other addresses in this immediate neighborhood. In 1894, Sutherland moved to Hutchinson, Minnesota. The house was purchased by Frederick Swenson purchased the house, then hired a local contractor, Baird & Johnson, to raise the roof of the house and add a second story on for a cost of $200.86 Address: 1007 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1478 Historic Name: Lawson Dailey Date Built: 1882 Nonontributing Physical Description: A cross gable with an addition on the rear and an enclosed entry porch. Historic Information: Lawson Dailey, a carpenter, purchased Lots 18 & 19 in July of 1881. It appears he built the houses a 1007 South Third Street and 1009 South Third Street soon after his purchase. Dailey, who lived at 704 South Second Street, apparently built these as rental houses. In 1920, Frank Linner & Co., local contractors, did $3,000 woth or remodeling on 1009 South Third Street, including a 10 x 16 foot addition in the rear, and new floors inside.87 Address: 1009 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1479 Historic Name: Lawson Dailey Date Built: 1882 Noncontributing Physical Description: A gable front with a small ell and enclosed front entry porch. 85 City of Stillwater Building Permits #636, #1025. 86 0 Deeds 413; SAM 78, Roll 13; 1894 Stillwater City Directory; 1880 Federal Census for Stillwater, Family #137; City of Stillwater Building permit #806. 87 SAM 78, Roll 11; R Deeds 72; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1795. 37 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Information: Lawson Daily, a carpenter, purchased Lots 18 & 19 in July of 1881. It appears he built the houses a 1007 South Third Street and 1009 South Third Street soon after his purchase. Dailey, who lived at 704 South Second Street, apparently built these as rental houses. In 1920, Frank Linner & Co., local contractors, did $3,000 worth of remodeling on 1009 South Third Street, including a 10 x 16 foot addition in the rear, and new floors inside.88 Address: 1010 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1480 Historic Name: Louis Billoou Date Built: 1876 Contributing Physical Description: A basic gable front. Historic Information: Henry Prince, a local real estate speculator, sold Lot 11, Block 13 to Louis Billoou in the spring of 1876. At the end of the summer, Louis took out a mortgage with the St. Croix Lumber Company and built a small house that has the number, 1010 South Third Street today.89 Address: 1013 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1481 Historic Name: Lawson Dailey Date Built: 1884 Contributing Physical Description: A cross gable with an addition on the rear and enclosed entry porch. Historic Information: In November of 1883, Lawson Dailey bought Lot 17, Block 14, from Alice E. Castle. He built the house at 1013 South Third Street within a year. Like 1007 and 1009 South Third Street, this was another of his rental houses.90 Address: 1014 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1482 Historic Name: Alexander Durocher Date Built: 1877 Contributing Physical Description: A smallish gable front with an ell and addition on the rear. Historic Information: Edmund Butts, an attorney and local real estate speculator, sold Lot 12, Block 13, to Alexander Durocher in September, 1877. Durocher, a carpenter, must have built his house — which took the number, 1014 South Third Street — almost immediately for he is listed in the 1877 Stillwater City Directory at that location.91 Address: 1019 -1021 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1483 88 SAM 78, Roll 11; R Deeds 72; City of Stillwater Building Permit #1795. 89 1 Deeds 179; M Mtgs 5; 1884 Stillwater City Directory. 90 SAM 78, Roll 13; 12 Deeds 357. 91 1 Deeds 434. 38 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Historic Name: Amanda Paige Date Built: 1873 Contributing Physical Description: An unusual side by side duplex with an addition on the rear. Dentils, eave brackets, and rounded window hoods remain. Historic Information: The history of the house at 1019 -1021 South Third Street (Lots 15 & 16, Block 14) is difficult to decipher. The 1873 Tax Assessor's record has a penciled note added to Lots 11 -17, Block 14: "Pages House." The value of the house is given as $150. The following year, the value of just Lot 16 is given at $1280 with a penciled note: "$1100 added for house." The owner is given as Mortimer Webster, a real estate speculator in the neighborhood. By 1877, the value of these two lots is noted by the tax assessor as $2200 — indicating a quite large house — and the owner is listed as Amanda Paige. However the first recorded deed on this property is in June of 1879 when Elizabeth Churchill sold the lots to Louise and Sturgess Selleck who took up residence there. Sturgess and Louise were from the East; he from Connecticut, she from Ohio. The 1880 Census lists him as being 55; she as 52. They have a daughter and a grandson living with them as well as (a sign of prosperity perhaps) two servants. Most likely the earlier transactions were in the form of unrecorded contracts or bonds for deed. Churchill often had trouble paying the taxes on her lots, and it is not possible to record a deed if there are unpaid taxes. Louise Selleck sold the property to Alice E. Castle in October of 1882. An 1899 building permit notes that the owners were spending about $700 on a new addition and repairs to the main building.92 Address: 1022 South Third St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1484 Historic Name: Daniel O'Neil Date Built: 1877 Contributing Physical Description: Quite an attractive gable front with a door in the center front second floor and rounded window hoods. There is a large addition in the rear with Gothic like features. A large open porch. Historic Information: Daniel O'Neil purchased Lots 13 & 14 from attorney and real estate speculator, Edmund Butts in May of 1875. In August of the same year, he took a mortgage from Seymour, Sabin & Co., a lumber dealer and manufacturing concern in Stillwater. Two years later, in 1877, the tax assessor placed a value of $1050 on Lot 14 indicating a substantial house on this property. When house numbers were assigned in the mid- 1880s, this house took the number, 1022 South Third Street.93 Address: 203 East Willard St. Inventory No: WA -SWC -1485 Historic Name: S. Blair McBeath Date Built: 1911 Contributing 92 5 Deeds 419; 10 Deeds 480; 1881 -82 Stillwater City Directory; SAM 78, Roll 9; SAM 7, Roll 4; SAM 7, Roll 6; 1880 Federal Census for Stillwater, family #112; Stillwater Bldg Permit #983 93 1 Deeds 26; K Mtgs 357; 1877 Stillwater City Directory. 39 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Physical Description: A typical four square of the period with a front attic dormer and a full front screened porch. Historic Information: S. Blair McBeath, an attorney and manager of the collection department for the Northwest Thresher Company, contracted with local contractor, Frank Linner (pronounced Lin -near) & Co. in the summer of 1911 to build him a $4,000 two -story house, 30 feet by 32 feet with a hip roof. This attractive house took the number 203 East Willard Street. From all evidence, this seems to replace an earlier house on these lots that was built by Michael O'Brien about 1874. The house number of that earlier house appears to have been 219 E. Willard.94 94 City of Stillwater Building Permit #1463; 1906 -7 Stillwater City Directory; T Deeds 740; 1884 Stillwater City Directory. 40 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota STATEMENT OF SIGNFICANCE The Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition is one of the city's oldest residential neighborhoods, with its earliest homes dating to 1868. Following the construction of the Washington County Courthouse in 1867, growing numbers of residents purchased lots within the newly available land just to the south. The district is locally significant within the context of the development of residential neighborhoods. The period of significance begins in 1868 with the date of construction of the oldest remaining building and ends in 1940, with only a single home being constructed after World War II. Indeed, only four were constructed after 1920. In Minnesota, towns along the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers were settled nearly a decade before the interior, due not only to navigation on the rivers, but also to the Dakota, who owned much of the territory to the west until the the Treaties of Traverse de Sioux and Mendota. Although this district represents the second phase of Stillwater's residential development, it is a remarkable collection of early Minnesota residential architecture. Of the 101 properties within the district, eighty -six date from the nineteenth century. The district also illustrates the statewide historic context, the St. Croix Triangle Lumbering, 1843 -1914. Unlike many Minnesota River towns that relied on brick for early construction, within this Addition, all the homes are constructed of wood. Stillwater's Early Residential Neighborhoods Although the St. Croix River and the commercial district are the popular images of Stillwater, its historic residential neighborhoods play a significant role in defining the city's quality of life. Census data show that Stillwater's population has been a blend of many ethnic elements, principally old stock American and Western European during the early years, and the flow of immigrants through the St. Croix gateway provided cultural heterogeneity. The earliest townsfolk were transplanted Yankees from New England, followed by other Native Americans and foreign emigrants.95 Beginning in the 1840s, many Europeans emigrated to the United States and were attracted by the undeveloped lands of Minnesota. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came to Washington County in great numbers; during the middle and late nineteenth century, hundreds per year walked over the Stillwater levy or disembarked at the Union Depot, usually en route to someplace else. A significant number did not move on but stayed in Stillwater, where the native American majority learned to accommodate a diversity of people and lifeways. One writer described the city's population mix in 1870 as "four- tenths American, two - tenths Irish, two- tenths German, one -tenth Scandinavian, one -tenth French, Scotch, etc. "96 The peak of immigration was reached by the 1890s and the arrival of foreign -born newcomers to Stillwater declined steadily thereafter. After the old stock Americans and Anglo Irish immigrants, the most important foreign group were the Germans, who migrated to Minnesota during territorial times and continued to come in 95 The historic context on Stillwater's residential development relies heavily of Robert Vogel, Stillwater Historic Contexts: A Comprehensive Planning Approach (Stillwater: City of Stillwater, 1993). 96 W McClung, Minnesota As It Is in 1870 (St. Paul, 1870), 269. 41 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota significant numbers throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century. They were mainly members of the urban proletariat or rural laborers, with a significant minority of tradespeople and mechanics. Collectively they had a pronounced impact on the local cultural and business scenes. Once in Stillwater, they formed churches and fraternal organizations, sponsored celebrations of German culture, and established outlets for ethnic food, drink, and entertainment. Whatever their ethnic makeup, Stillwater households were basically nuclear in structure and census records suggest a rough average of six persons per household during the late nineteenth century, when the single - family house seems to have been the norm. Although household size declined steadily after 1910, a married couple with minor children formed the typical if not statistically average household unit. Among all social classes, old people were commonly cared for by the families of their grown children. However, neighborhood homeowners also took in temporary boarders and census records show that some of the wealthier residents had servants within their households.97 Stillwater had a hierarchy of places to live. The dichotomy between Stillwater's largest neighborhoods began early, as respective residential districts came to be identified as enclaves for the social and economical elite in the case of North Hill or as a bastion of working -class values and tastes. Over the decades, these qualities became deeply rooted in Stillwater lore, so that 100 years later the two neighborhoods are still viewed, however in accurately, as representing a division between the upper and lower class segments of Stillwater's population. North Hill acquired a reputation as the aristocratic part of town, as resident of Paul Caplazi said in his reminiscences, called the North Hill the "aristocratic part of Stillwater. "98 It was stamped early with the brand of Victorian era capitalist optimism and as the city grew this became the image of the town. Because of the steep slopes, development on North Hill acquired extensive grading and many homesites were terraced. "The effect of these attractive places, and the public buildings on the rising bluff, when seen from the lake is very striking," noted Warner and Foote.99 The counterpart to North Hill was the neighborhood between Willard and Hancock streets, known as South Hill. It emerged in the late nineteenth century as a residential district occupied mostly by mill workers, mechanics, and tradespeople, but with a sprinkling of wealthy capitalist. During the boom years, land prices in Stillwater multiplied with astonishing speed and farsighted individuals like Socrates Nelson bought farmland and proceeded to subdivide their tracts into blocks and Lots, which were then offered to the expanding urban population. Most of the popular housing types of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be found in Stillwater's residential neighborhoods. Equally prevalent are the vernacular gable front and Gable front and wing forms that reflect the building booms of the 1870s and 1890s, and the mass plan bungalows from the 1900s to 1930s. The fabric of Stillwater's residential neighborhoods was to a great extent the result of local builders access to quality building materials. The first dwellings and outbuildings were constructed from the wood or stone, but the early exploitation of the northern forests and the establishment of sawmills soon provided local builders with an inexhaustible supply of cheap lumber. 97 Robert Vogel, Stillwater Historic Contexts, 98 Reminiscences of Life in Stillwater (unpublished manuscript, 1944), 9. 99 Warner and Foote, Washington County, 555. 42 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Limestone and sandstone were also quarried locally and were an important building material, although relatively few stone masonry buildings were built. Concrete block became popular after 1910 for foundations and retaining walls. Wooden shingles were the most common roofing material for all types of buildings constructed before 1900; afterwards, houses were roofed with asphalt or asbestos shingles or, in rare instances, with metal sheets. Churchill, Nelson & Slaughter's Addition Following the initial settlement of Stillwater in the years before the Civil War, it became clear that future growth would require residential development on the bluffs surrounding the central city. In 1867 construction began on the new Washington County Courthouse, and plans were laid for a new Central high school, the largest in Stillwater, near the new courthouse.100 First, a road would need to be opened between the hilltop and the town. Construction of South Third St. between Chestnut and Willard streets was a massive public works project that included the filling of a major ravine and grading down through the bluff. Prior to 1870 South Hill, also called Nelson's Field, could be accessed only by the Main Street steps rising to South Broadway, or by a winding path snaking down a ravine that spilled east into Nelson Street and Nelson's Alley. 1 °1 The field and alley were named after Socrates Nelson. Born in Conway, Massachusetts, in 1814, as a young man he attended Deerfield Academy, and then became a merchant in his hometown. When he was twenty -five, he decided to move to the West, heading first to Illinois. In St. Louis Missouri, he met his future business partner, Levi Churchill. Four years later Nelson married Bertha Bartlett, a widow from Conway who had come to Illinois after the death of her husband. With his new wife in 1844 Nelson headed north on a steamboat up the Mississippi River to to the North West frontier. Finding a St. Croix river landing with a newly erected sawmill, Nelson built a house and store near today what would be approximately the intersection of Nelson Street and S. Main St.102 Nelson's St. Louis partner, Levi Churchill, was also came from Yankee stock, born in September 1813 in Woodstock Vermont. Soon after his marriage to Elizabeth Proctor in 1844, they moved to St. Louis Missouri. In the outpost settlement of Stillwater, Socrates Nelson collected and sold merchandise, then shipped goods downriver to St. Louis to Levi Churchill. Socrates also acted as a transfer agent on the Stillwater levee, receiving packages and other goods headed further upriver or inland, and he arranged to forward them to their ultimate destinations. However it became obvious to the residence of the frontier territory that the future lay not in furs and trading, but in land and town sites. As one of the first residents of the location, Socrates and Betsy Nelson and their St. Louis partners, Levi and Elizabeth Churchill, split waterfront land of Stillwater with two other pioneer families. John McKusick bought out his sawmill partners, and claimed the area between the old "°° This account relies heavily on Donald Empson, The East Half of the Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter Addition Residential Area, Stillwater, Washington County, Minnesota (2003). 101 Enuna Glasser, "How Stillwater Came to Be," Minnesota History 24 (September 1943), 195 -206. 102 W. H. C. Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest (St. Paul: Pioneer Press Company, 1888), 59; History of Washington County (Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Company, 1881), 590. 43 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota prison site and what is today Nelson's alley. Joseph R. Brown took the northern part of the waterfront, between what would be today the site of the old territorial prison and Browns Creek. Nelson and Churchill's claim extended 1/2 mile south of Nelson's alley. All three claims extended three quarters of a mile west from the river. As a local historian wrote: In 1815, a verbal agreement was made with regard to land claims, by which Rounds claims recognizes extending along the Lakeshore North of battle hollow, where the Minnesota state prison now stands. Felt the battle hollow, along the Lakeshore to Nelson, extending three force of a mile west, was the claim of thus no company, originally held by Fisher. South of Nelson's alley, 1/2 mile down the lake, three force a mile west was S. Nelson's claim.1°3 The original claim, supplemented by subsequent purchases, made the Nelsons and the Churchill's owners of much of what is today known as South Hill. When the new land office opened in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, one of the first purchases was made by Churchill and Nelson in 1849, acquiring the northeast quarter of section 33, 160 acres between what is today Orleanians and Willard streets. Churchill was apparently the partner more active in land speculation. In 1845, for example, he was one of several proprietors of the town of Fillmore in Andrew County, Missouri. Land was not Nelson and Churchill's exclusive focus. Nelson was involved in a number of commercial ventures in the fledgling city. He was a developer of Baytown Township, and along with others, built a steam sawmill on its riverfront. He was active in public life, serving as territorial auditor from 1853 to 1857, and as a state senator. Of his personal nature, one historian remembered him as "of a free and generous disposition in all his relations of life. "104 They acquired the land just as a rush of new settlers came to the city. An editorial in the St. Croix Union in December 1856 described the frenzy: Less than two years ago they sneered at Stillwater's being anything outside of the basin, or original limits. We will recollect that we were laughed at by some, for pitching our tent out in Holcomb's addition - -it being then a wild unbroken wilderness. What are now the facts? There are over 100 houses out there now - -some of them first- class - -and about 600 inhabitants. Lots which when we located there two years ago could be had for $25, cannot now be purchased for less than $100 - -and they are constantly rising. Lots of been enhanced in value fourfold within the past two years, and the way we read the signs of the times, they lack much of having reached their maximum.1°5 Recognizing the quick profits that were available in the land, speculators and investors moved quickly to plat more additions in Stillwater. As the St. Croix Union reported: 103 Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 40. 104 Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 40-41. 105 St. Croix Union, December 5, 1856. 44 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Stillwater forever Another addition to Stillwater Additions to Stillwater are all the rage now. Within a few days past, Jacob Marty has sold to Joshua Carter and Gov. Ramsey, 140 acres of land lying west of Stillwater and adjoining Holcombe's addition, for $7000. It is soon to be surveyed into town lots. We rejoice to see this movement. There are now three heavy St. Paul capitalists and speculators deeply interested in Stillwater; R. F. Slaughter, Col. H McEntee, and Gov. Ramsey. We are glad to know that St. Paul speculators are vitally interested here, because it argues that they now see what we saw nearly 3 years ago; that is, that Stillwater is destined in evidently to be a great place. They now see the Stillwater is not a one -horse town town. They now see the Stillwater has unrivaled advantages — that she has much capital — that a railroad is to come here probably before one runs to St. Paul, and that Stillwater is rapidly advancing in all that contributes to material prosperity and greatness.106 In January 1857, Churchill and Nelson began to act. On January 12, they deeded an undivided one half of the Northeast one quarter of section 33 (forty acres) to Robert Slaughter of St. Paul for $5000. Slaughter, who is involved in several other editions in Stillwater, was a consummate real estate salesman; his specialty was selling local lots to out -of -state speculators. The following May, slaughter sold one half of his portion to Hillary Hancock of Minneapolis. Hancock was the twin brother of Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock. He was an attorney for the Minneapolis milk company during these years. Hancock paid $2500 for his 20 acres. The four men and their wives platted Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition to Stillwater on June 15, 1857. A local news story predicted that their future "seemed secure ": Real estate and business in Stillwater The price of land in our city and vicinity is advanced with astonishing rep entity during the last two years, and from present appearances we shall see still greater improvements in the future. During the past week Mr. H. R. Murdoch purchased 10 acres of land adjoining Cooper's addition, from Mr. Slaughter, for $100 per acre. Two years ago this same land was sold for five dollars per acre. There are yet many splendid investments and fortunes to be made in the city, which is yet in its infancy — and every day presents new evidences of its future greatness. On every side preparations are being made for the erection of a capacious warehouses, substantial — and in some key instances — fine private dwellings, and everything promises a season of unprecedented popularity. With nearly 500 lots for sale in this edition alone, the four partners in their financial future seemed secure. But soon after a calamitous chain of events spread across the United States is the economy collapsed in 1857. Even worse a cash shortage made normal transactions almost impossible. City lots became virtually worthless. Those who were formerly wealthy found themselves bankrupt. Churchill and Nelson managed to sell only a couple of lots in block 10 before the Panic of 1857. And as the economy collapsed and the real estate market withered, Nelson realized that the 106 St. Croix Union, December 12, 1856. 45 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota sale of his lots will ultimately depend upon better access to the top of South Hill. To promote his property, Nelson did what many other land developers and speculators did in the nineteenth century; they donated some of their lots a public development. In this case they donated a whole block of the building for a new Washington County Courthouse. They knew that the building of a courthouse would make their own lots much more valuable. The developers would also benefit because the city would finally be forced to provide easy and quick access up the bluff to the courthouse. As Churchill and Nelson anticipated, the building of the new courthouse served as the impetus for other development. A new, large public school, Central school, was constructed just across from the courthouse and across S. 3rd St., Soon, Father Michael Murphy purchased lots for the new St. Michael's Church. With the building of the courthouse and other institutions nearby, and the opening of the 3rd St., the lots in the Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughters addition began to sell, houses were built, and the neighborhood began to take shape. The two men most responsible for these changes were both dead by this time. Levi Churchill died at the age of forty -four in St. Louis, Missouri, on Christmas Eve 1857. He left his entire estate to his wife, Elizabeth, who in turn assigned responsibility for the affairs of the Stillwater partnership to her brother, John Proctor, an attorney and a well -known Stillwater resident. Socrates Nelson died on May 6, 1867, at the age of fifty- three. His wife, Betsy, continued his business affairs with assistance from local businessman and surveyor, Harvey Wilson. The other two partners, Robert Slaughter and Hillary Hancock, discourage no doubt by the panic of 1857, sold their claim to the addition to Churchill and Nelson in August 1857. One of the best glimpses into daily life in the Addition during the late ninteenth century comes from Albert Caplazi. In 1944, he wrote: At that time Elliotts on the northwest corner and Days on the northeast corner of Fourth and Hancock streets were the last houses on Fourth Street. Lumber and labor was cheap in the 70s and 80s it is said. Many families had a cow or two in the 70s and early 80s. There was lots of free pasture from Hancock Street south to park and Highway 212 and west to Lily Lake was nearly all woods. There was no herd law, and cows could run at large. They would be turned out in the morning and come home in the evening to be milked.... From Hancock Street south to Fairview Cemetery and from 4th St., west to Holcomb Street was 40 acres of woods, which was cleared, broken, and sewed to grain in the late 70s. It was called Marsh's field. Mrs. Marsh was Betsy (Ella) Nelson, the daughter of Socrates Nelson, who owned much of the land in that vicinity. Albert Caplazi built a house on the southwest corner of Fourth and Willard and at one time had a dairy of about fifteen cows, until the herd law went into effect about 1885 and the cows were not allowed to run at large. By 1900 most of the lots had been sold. With a growing population, the one -story neighborhood elementary school proved inadequate, so in 1897, the school district built a fine brick school that remained in use until the 1950s. In the early twentieth century, a small commercial area grew around the corner of East Churchill Street and South Fourth Avenue, including a bar, service station, and movie theatre. 46 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota Properties Street Street SHPO No. Date Contributing No. 114 Churchill St. W WA -SWC -1357 1915 Contributing 215 Churchill St. E WA -SWC -1351 1883 Noncontributing 218 Churchill St. E WA -SWC -1352 1886 Noncontributing 704 First St. South WA -SWC -1359 1895 Contributing 712 First St. South WA -SWC - 1362 1881 Contributing 720 First St. South WA -SWC -1364 1883 Contributing 802 First St. South WA -SWC -1366 1879 Contributing 808 First St. South WA -SWC -1368 1906 ca. Contributing 912 First St. South WA- SWC -1370 1884 Contributing 918 First St. South WA -SWC -1373 1892 Contributing 920 First St. South WA -SWC -1375 1900 ca. Contributing 1002 First St. South WA -SWC -1377 1884 Contributing 1006 First St. South WA -SWC -1378 1895 ca. Contributing 1018 First St. South WA -SWC -1383 1897 Contributing 713 Fourth St. South WA -SWC - 1384 1870s Contributing 715 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1385 1870s Contributing 719 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1386 1877 Contributing 801 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1387 1872 Contributing 807 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1388 1872 Contributing 815 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1389 1883 ca. Contributing 817 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1390 1883 ca. Contributing 823 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1391 1923 Noncontributing 901 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1392 1901 Contributing 909 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1393 1872 Contributing 913 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1394 1883 Contributing 915 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1395 1895 Contributing 919 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1396 1873 Contributing 921 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1397 1872 Contributing 1001 Fourth St. South WA- SWC -1398 1883 Contributing 1009 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1399 1873 Contributing 1015 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1400 1986 Noncontributing 1019 Fourth St. South WA -SWC -1401 1900 ca. Contributing 704 Second ST. South WA- SWC -1402 1877 Contributing 708 Second St. South WA -SWC -1403 1880 Contributing 709 Second St. South WA -SWC -1404 1875 Contributing 712 Second St. South WA -SWC -1405 1913 Contributing 713 Second St. South WA -SWC -1406 1868 Contributing 717 Second St. South WA -SWC -1407 1888 Contributing 720 Second St. South WA -SWC -1408 1872 Contributing 47 41 !* East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota 723 Second St. South WA -SWC -1409 1872 806 Second St. South WA -SWC -1410 1890 807 Second St. South WA -SWC -1411 1870 808 Second St. South WA -SWC -1412 1890 814 Second St. South WA -SWC -1413 1874 815 Second St. South WA -SWC -1414 1896 819 Second St. South WA -SWC -1415 1881 822 Second St. South WA- SWC -1416 1891 903 Second St. South WA -SWC -1417 1873 904 Second St. South WA -SWC -1418 1894 905 Second St. South WA -SWC -1419 1886 ca. 910 Second St. South WA -SWC -1420 1880 ca. 911 Second St. South WA -SWC -1421 1878 914 Second St. South WA -SWC -1422 1876 915 Second St. South WA -SWC -1423 1886 920 Second St. South WA -SWC -1424 1882 1001 Second St. South WA -SWC -1425 1875 1004 Second St. South WA -SWC -1426 1876 1007 Second St. South WA -SWC -1427 1922 1008 Second St. South WA -SWC -1428 1918 1012 Second St. South WA -SWC -1429 1882 1013 Second St. South WA -SWC -1430 1879 1017 Second St. South WA -SWC -1431 1882 1018 Second St. South WA -SWC -1432 1883 703 Third St. South WA -SWC -1448 1870 704 Third St. South WA- SWC -1449 1874 712 Third St. South WA -SWC -1450 1914 715 Third St. South WA -SWC -1451 1939 718 Third St. South WA -SWC -1452 1870 ca. 719 Third St. South WA -SWC -1453 1888 801 Third St. South WA- SWC -1454 1880 804 Third St. South WA -SWC -1455 1871 805 Third St. South WA -SWC -1456 1880 807 Third St. South WA -SWC -1457 1880 808 Third St. South WA- SWC -1458 1889 811 Third St. South WA -SWC -1459 1902 813 Third St. South WA -SWC -1460 1896 814 Third St. South WA -SWC -1461 1877 821 Third St. South WA -SWC -1462 1895 822 Third St. South WA- SWC -1463 1890s 901 Third St. South WA -SWC -1464 1912 904 Third St. South WA -SWC -1465 1874 905 Third St. South WA- SWC -1466 1871 906 Third St. South WA -SWC -1467 1906 907 Third St. South WA -SWC -1468 1878 Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Noncontributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Noncontributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Noncontributing Contributing Contributing 48 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota 913 Third St. South WA -SWC -1469 1886 916 Third St. South WA -SWC -1470 1874 918 Third St. South WA -SWC -1471 1890s 919 Third St. South WA -SWC -1472 1880 920 Third St. South WA -SWC -1473 1880 1001 Third St. South WA -SWC -1474 1880s 1002 Third St. South WA -SWC -1475 1876 1003 Third St. South WA -SWC -1476 1884 1006 Third St. South WA -SWC -1477 1882 1007 Third St. South WA- SWC -1478 1882 1009 Third St. South WA- SWC -1479 1882 1010 Third St. South WA -SWC -1480 1876 1013 Third St. South WA -SWC -1481 1884 1014 Third St. South WA -SWC -1482 1877 1019 Third St. South WA -SWC -1483 1873 1022 Third St. South WA -SWC -1483 1877 203 Willard St. East WA -SWC -1483 1911 Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Noncontributing Noncontributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing Contributing 49 East Half, Churchill, Nelson, and Slaughter's Addition Local Historic District, Stillwater, Minnesota NE Churchill, Nelson, Slaughter Addition v�Y 500 '. S ` 215 506 518 513 522 521 6� vies 607 604 4 610 612 N `: 519, 604. 612. 613 `. 618 .. 623 622 8T `QGv W�St- - 628 0 p14,17-U SL 504 607/609 615 673 305 313 708 W N 704 w 710 715 712 �e.713 - 7 715 16 719 720 723 718 801 724 805. ;804 805 802 809 - - 807 806 808 -- 811 810 813 812 816 NI , v .8.16. i N 817 �l824 w 823 826 713 715 719 w 801 a! 807 808 815 814 817 c4.) 822 g, 114? 704 712 el c" } 712 709 =} 715 713 718 ; .__ 718 720 F- V� 801 w 723 804 1 805 505 j 807 _. 807 811 808 813 .: 814 i 815 821 t 1 822 � 819 218 1 704 712 i w tre ~ 720 ui 717 802 1 801 805 808 ._... 812 817 816 304 822 703 709 711 EAST CHURCHILL STREET e � M a 9041 219 ' 902 Fx- 909 904 905_ .:904 f 7 9005 215____1 {{ 911 ' 9c x908 908 912 -. -- ` phi -_ 913 906 a 907 914 1 V ! . 911 _ 912 915 916 't T 913 - ---+ w 919 920 913 916 LL 921 920 ,I- 919 920 coI 915 916- -- 921 923 ' 1002 ! 1003 924 _ 1001 1002 1003 ; 1004 i 1001 929 1006 1002 1007 1008 06 oil - 1015 1014 �. 10009 1008 Ft 1007 x 1006 x r__ 1010 1 1005 1015 1013.1010 p: 1013; 10121= 1013 V?1 1021 1020 , 1019 1022 ; 1019 1022 102111018 ; 1017 1018 319 1104- ; t 1108 1111 1111 - -- -_ _. 1116 i (1) 1 117 _1ti 123 1124 1123 205 209 211 1206 1212 •)4 11)n 1205 1209_ u. 1213 1104 1112 1118 1206 1212 1222 EAST HANCOCK STREET 704 712 Q 718 CO 709 71■ 7: 80° <E. HU 9C 90 9 ofi.. 317 91 - 910 92 15 LL 9 916 s x 92 919 924 co ( 93 923 928 1002 009 10C co 10( 10' x 1101' 1105 1104 1109 cc air 1110 1119'1120 1103 • __.1104J r 1103__1102 W 1103 1102 1105 1108 j 1 1107, 1108 j la - _ �_ i 1109 ; d 1115 1112 ; i 1111 i-1112 i 1111= 1112.1 53 EAST ' BURLINGTON STREET 1207 1206 t- N 1204 w 01 r" cn rn f 103 117 Willi N ° t" ` .- I-i_ M WI i 1209 v/ O 1215 (�� 1215 1214 i F 1213 1214 =11215 1214 i 1214 W 1221 1219 1217 1218' Z i t-. 1219 1216 O 1217 ' 1221 a. w i 10' 11C 11 11 50 tAA,a,&, d-4,;miedo- PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS tAAAa, eA;242€60-& PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Daniel J. Hoisington STILLWATER HERITAGE PRESERVATION COMMISSION 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF STILLWATER HOMES 3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 10 THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIORS STANDARDS 19 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN GUIDELINES 23 NEW CONSTRUCTION 33 APPLYING THE GUIDELINES 45 THE REVIEW PROCESS 54 SUCCESS STORIES 39 GLOSSARY 61 FURTHER READING 66 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 70 INTRODUCTION I.' e City of Stillwater is a dynamic d vibrant community, nestled along the bluffs of the St. Croix River, one of America's protected Wild and Scenic Rivers. Stillwater is a stand alone City within the Metropolitan Urban Service Area (MUSA), located just twenty miles east of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The City is a historic community with a growing population of 18,225 residents accord- ing to 2010 Census and 7,414 housing units with a median home value of $242,000. Preservation Guidelines for Neighborhoods offers practical tools and resources for renovating tradi- tional houses. These guidelines are intended for the homeowner who is interested in remodeling, yet wants to recreate the original exterior design of their house. Rebuilding older houses not only restores their historic feel, but also attracts investment by lend- ers. For homeowners, smart rehab can translate into a sound, long -term investment. And at the same time, home renovations that follow tradi- tion are helping to rebuild Stillwater's history. The Preservation Guidelines includes a brief introduction to the history of Stillwater's neighborhhods, plus a look at architectural styles commonly found in the city. It is helpful to understand the context of why the city's home look the way they do. The guidelines are illustrated with drawings of common architec- tural details. The photographs are of Stillwater houses, except as noted. Partial views were taken of houses in other parts of Minnesota. The next chapters detail the practi- cal issues of rehabilitation. The stan- dards of the preservation community are explained, followed by specific details to help you through the deci- sion- making process. Finally, this book offers resources that can help you with your home rehabilitation. 2 ���ea.t,rmea PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS The goal of many homeowners when they restore their homes is to do the right thing to maintain existing features and restore original elements. Today, the housing real estate market favors tradition, unlike a few decades ago when original design didn't matter. Today, a large number of Americans appreciate our architec- tural heritage, a fact plainly evident in many Stillwater neighborhoods. The Washington County Courthouse has been a centerpiece of local preservation efforts. In recent years, it underwent a major renovation. A BRIEF HISTORY OF STILLWATER'S NEIGHBORHOODS Stillwater, 1860 lthough the St. Croix River and the commercial district are the popu- lar images of Stillwater, its historic residential neighborhoods play a significant role in defining the city's quality of life. Census data show that Stillwater's population has been a blend of many ethnic elements, principally old stock American and Western European during the early years, and the flow of immi- grants through the St. Croix gateway provided cultural heterogeneity. The earliest townsfolk were transplanted Yankees from New England, followed by other Native Americans and foreign emigrants. Beginning in the 184os, many Europeans emigrated to the United States and were attracted by the undeveloped lands of Minnesota. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came to Washington County in great numbers; during the middle and late nineteenth century, hundreds per year walked over the Stillwater levy or disembarked at the Union Depot, usually en route to someplace else. A significant number did not move on but stayed in Stillwater, where the native American majority learned to accommodate a diversity of people and lifeways. One writer described the city's population mix in 1870 as "four- tenths American, two - tenths Irish, two - tenths German, one -tenth Scandinavian, one -tenth French, Scotch, etc." The peak of immigration was reached by the 189os and the arrival of foreign -born newcomers to Stillwater declined steadily thereafter. After the old stock Americans and Anglo Irish immigrants, the most important foreign group were the Germans, who migrated to Minnesota during territorial times and continued to come in signifi- cant numbers throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century. They were mainly members of the urban proletariat or rural laborers, with a significant minority of tradespeople and mechanics. Collectively they had a pronounced impact on the local cultural and business scenes. Once in Stillwater, they formed churches and fraternal organizations, sponsored celebrations of German culture, and 4 &&a .t, dli;ziutwha PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS established outlets for ethnic food, drink, and entertainment. Whatever their ethnic makeup, Stillwater households were basically nuclear in structure and census records suggest a rough average of six persons per household during the late nineteenth century, when the single - family house seems to have been the norm. Although household size declined steadily after 191o, a married couple with minor children formed the typical if not statistically average household unit. Among all social classes, old people were commonly cared for by the families of their grown children. However, neighborhood homeowners also took in temporary boarders and census records show that some of the wealth- ier residents had servants within their households. Stillwater had a hierarchy of places to live. The dichotomy between Stillwater's largest neighborhoods began early, as respective residen- tial districts came to be identified as enclaves for the social and econom- ical elite in the case of North Hill or as a bastion of working -class values and tastes. Over the decades, these qualities became deeply rooted in Stillwater lore, so that 100 years later the two neighborhoods are still viewed, however in accurately, as representing a division between the upper and lower class segments of Stillwater's population. North Hill acquired a reputation as the aristocratic part of town, as resident of Paul Caplazi said in his reminiscences, called the North Hill the "aristocratic part of Stillwater." It was stamped early with the brand of Victorian era capitalist optimism and as the city grew this became the image of the town. Because of the steep slopes, development on North Hill acquired extensive grading and many homesites were terraced. "The effect of these attractive places, and the public buildings on the rising bluff, when seen from the lake is very strik- ing;' noted Warner and Foote. The counterpart to North Hill was the neighborhood between Willard and Hancock streets, known as South Hill. It emerged in the late nine- teenth century as a residential district occupied mostly by mill workers, mechanics, and tradespeople, but with a sprinkling of wealthy capitalist. During the boom years, land prices in Stillwater multiplied with astonishing speed and farsighted individuals like Socrates Nelson bought farmland and proceeded to subdivide their tracts into blocks and lots, which were then A BRIEF HISTORY offered to the expanding urban popu- lation. Most of the popular housing types of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be found in Stillwater's residential neighborhoods. Equally prevalent are the vernacular gable front and Gable front and wing forms that reflect the building booms of the 187os and 189os, and the mass plan bungalows from the 19006 to 1930s. The fabric of Stillwater's residen- tial neighborhoods was to a great extent the result of local builders access to quality building materials. The first dwellings and outbuildings were constructed from the wood or stone, but the early exploitation of the northern forests and the establish- ment of sawmills soon provided local builders with an inexhaustible supply of cheap lumber. Limestone and sandstone were also quarried locally and were an important building material, although relatively few stone masonry buildings were built. Concrete block became popular after 1910 for foundations and retaining walls. Wooden shingles were the most common roofing material for all types of buildings constructed before 1900; afterwards, houses were roofed with asphalt or asbestos shingles or, in rare instances, with metal sheets. 5 STILLWATER'S ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 4E/1/ any of the first structures built in Stillwater were vernacular workers' houses, esigned and built by local carpenters. Labor was cheap, but materials expen- sive, so the houses were often small, 1-1/2 stories, with gabled, wood shingled roofs. Most original houses were simple rectangles, but soon porches and other additions were made to increase living space, forming the familiar "L" shaped plans that we see today. With the use of architectural pattern books, more sophisticated styles popular in other parts of the country became common in Stillwater. Greek Revival, Italianate and Gothic Revival were among the first to take root in the 185o's- 188o's, followed by the popular "Victorian" styles in the i88o's- 19oo's, including Second Empire, Stick Style, and Queen Anne. The following pages introduce and briefly describe several of the most common styles seen in Stillwater. 8 jah.,4 , diennedoh, PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Greek Revival 1845 -1880 w =Pitched Roof Raked Cornice 1"'r-- -- Continuous cornice.frie board simulat ng Greek temple entablature -- Double hurg. multi -pane window and with slightly nel Pediments s'imulaking Greek temple Sid The Greek Revival style in America appeared after Greece won independence from Turkey in 1830. Americans identified with the Greek ideals of democracy but its ready acceptance may also reflect the Yankee instinct for a straightfor- ward architectural style. Its stylistic elements could also be easily be milled and shaped by available tools in rural areas. As a result, Greek Revival was spread by carpenter - builders through pattern books but this style also found favor with a growing number of trained architects in the country. The Greek temple form of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns became the order of the day as well as the dominant architectural style from 1830 to 1860. Many of the city's streetscapes have Greek Revival traits such as gables facing the street, definitive corner pilaster trim, wide eave returns, wide frieze boards and window head trim with mold cap. Characteristics may include: • Primary low- pitched gable roof with returns at the eaves • Square or rectangular plan • Single or 1 -1/2 story massing • Prominent, proportional columns and pilasters • Secondary (flat) roofs over porches; portico at entry • Entry door with sidelights and narrow transom • Simple, flat trim at corners and frieze board beneath eaves • Evenly spaced windows Vernacular Houses of the 19th century are numerous in Stillwater, modestly sized, and of simple construction. They may have been designed by carpenters or by the owners themselves, and built with locally milled and manufactured products. These houses originally had minimal ornamentation and often have very simple plans and elevations. Local examples are often 1 -1/2 stories. Characteristics may include: • Front gable or side gable • Rectangular or L- shaped plans • Close proximity to neighboring houses • Lap siding • Minimal ornament - of standard millwork (turned or stamped) • Standing seam steel roof material or wood shingles • Receding or minimal additions at rear • 2 over 2 double -hung windows, vertically proportioned • Chimney in center between rooms A BRIEF HISTORY 9 19th Century Vernacular 1845 -1910 10 jalwa i, die.4zeaa`a PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Italianate 18$0 -1885 The Italianate style was modeled after the medieval farmhouses of the Italian countryside.It was very prevalent within its period of popularity, and especially dominant in the period from 1855 through 1880. Since it was easily adapted to numerous building forms, it became a popular style for urban and rural residences and commercial and institutional buildings. The Italianate style is especially identified as the common architectural theme of mid- to late -19th century commercial buildings that lined the main street of many American cities and towns. The Italianate style was also commonly used for the construc- tion of homes, again easily identified by their common bracketed cornices and long, narrow windows. Some decorative elements were of cast iron, a newly developed technology in this period. Typical characteristics: • Square or asymmetrical plan, sometimes with projecting bays. • Hip or gable roof, sometimes with a tower or cupola. • Narrow clapboard, brick, or limestone exterior and a limestone foundation. • Symmetrical arrangement of the windows and entry. • Long narrow windows, sometimes with arched hoods and two - over -two sash. •Deep cornices at the roofline, with ornate wooden brackets. •Porches with slender columns resting on low pedestals and brackets. •Original color schemes were often based on natural hues imitating stone, stucco, and brick. This widely - popular architectural style was introduced by British architects in the late nineteenth century. Queen Anne houses are defined by their form and by their articulated surfaces. Broad front porches, sometimes rounded wrap- around type, play off the bold, asymmetrical facades featuring bay windows, corner turrets, and a variety of gables. The style is elaborated with spindle bands, cantilevered wall sections, and bands along wall mid - sections that sepa- rate different siding types. In Queen Anne houses, architectural elements create relationships between solid forms, heightened with light and shadow. Bay windows protrude, roofs and gables intersect, and porches extend outward with openness framed by columns. Although these architectural concepts of form and space were more fully realized in the twentieth century, they played an important role in the evolution of American residential architecture. Characteristics may include: • Steeply pitched roofs, intersecting gables. • Roof and exterior walls of irregular form. • Vernacular houses have a major front gable. • Walls have trim bands, slight wall offsets and overhangs. • Porches may be full across the front, partial or wrap- around. • Multiple types of siding materials. • Multiple window types and sizes. • Elements from previous styles, such as Ionic columns,pediments from Greek Revival, or Palladian windows. A BRIEF HISTORY 11 Queen Anne 1845 -1880 12 daL, .i��rnmeaa PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Gothic Revival 18L5 -1880 The Gothic Revival style is part of the mid -19th century picturesque and romantic movement in architecture, reflecting the public's taste for buildings inspired by medieval design. This was a real departure from the previously popular styles that drew inspiration from the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome. While distinctly different, both the Gothic Revival style and the Greek Revival style looked to the past, and both remained popular throughout the mid 19th century. The Gothic Revival style in America was advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and especially Andrew Jackson Downing, authors of influential house plan books, Rural Residences (1837), Cottage Residences (1842), and The Architecture of Country Houses (1850). This style was promoted as an appropriate design for rural settings, with its complex and irregular shapes and forms fitting well into the natural landscape. Thus, the Gothic Revival style was often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small town settings. Characteristics may include: • Pointed arches as decorative element and as window shape • Front facing gables with decorative incised trim (vergeboards or barge - boards) • Porches with turned posts or columns • Steeply pitched roof • Gables often topped with finials or crossbracing • Decorative crowns (gable or drip mold) over windows and doors • Castle -like towers with parapets on some high style buildings • Carpenter Gothic buildings have distinctive board and batten vertical siding The Second Empire style, also called the French Second Empire style or Mansard style, was an immensely popular style throughout the United States in the 186os and 1870s. It was used extensively in the northeastern and midwest- ern parts of the country. The Second Empire style had its beginnings in France, where it was the chosen style during the reign of Napoleon III (1852 -70), France's Second Empire, hence its name. Well- attended exhibitions in Paris in 1855 and 1867 helped to spread Second Empire style to England and then the United States. The Second Empire style actually harkens back to an earlier time, the 17th century designs of French architect Francois Mansart, for whom the mansard roof is named. The mansard roof is the key identifying feature of this style and was considered both a fashionable and functional element since it created a fully usable attic space. Characteristics may include: • Mansard roof • Patterned shingle roof • Iron roof crest • Decorative window surrounds and dormers • Eaves with brackets • One story porch • Tower • Quoins • Balustrades A BRIEF HISTORY 13 French Second Empire 1845 -1880 14 eAgua i, Lnea_ PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Eastlake -Stick Style 1870 -1890 The Stick Style became a refined adaptation of Medieval building technique. It translated wall structural timbers into decorative elements on wall surfaces. Other components such as brackets, protruding cornices and gables likewise served as display elements instead of as load- bearing structures. Stick Style applied ornamental features to create complex patterns in high style houses, while vernacular dwellings applied a limited number of these elements to catch the eye. Characteristics include: • Steeply pitched roofs, with a main gable on the facade, often with cross gables and smaller gables. • Wall surfaces that feature patterns of horizontal, vertical and diagonal boards reminiscent of Medieval half - timbering (straplike flat wood boards set flush to wall surface). • Structural elements that emphasize vertical effects, with things such as bay windows or trim elements. • Prominent front porch, open type, with railings; lathe- turned columns and balusters. • Vertically- oriented windows; main windows often have stained glass in upper sash. • Narrow lap siding, sometimes with different width at upper story or with shingles at gable wall. • Other elements of High Style houses: arched windows, wrap- around rectangular front porches. Prior to the advent of the Prairie Style, several plan books offered vernacu- lar styles emphasizing simple cube -like houses with hip roofs and broad front porches, using Colonial Revival elements in a somewhat minimalist fashion. Called "Prairie Foursquare;' thousands of variations of this style were built in towns and cities, and on farms throughout all parts of the Midwest.. A small number occurred as moderated high style. Prairie Foursquare's period of significance was in the late nineteenth century and in the first two decades of the twentieth. This style represents the evolu- tion of American housing production. With the introduction of industrialized pre -cut lumber in the mid - nineteenth century, it was possible to build more houses faster. Housing construction became more efficient and this in turn brought down the cost of housing. Characteristics may include: • Square or nearly square floor plan. • Front facade is symmetrical, but the entrance door may be of set. • Hip roof, pyramidal- shaped, with front dormer; side dormers; eaves are often flared at edges. • Front porch extended nearly the full width of the front facade, even with an off -set entrance door. • Wood lap siding or stucco. • Ornamental detail found in a few specific areas, such as Colonial Revival elements in attic roof dormer face or dentillated frieze band at porch or main roof frieze board. • Evenly spaced windows A BRIEF HISTORY 15 American Foursquare 1900 -1930 16 Agaa i, ttmee PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Colonial Revival 1895 -1920 What we call Colonial Revival is based on America's domestic architectural style before the colonies became a nation. The Colonial Revival style began its long standing run with the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. When the style was revived again in the twentieth century, historic architec- tural scholarship, guided design of Colonial Revival homes. More attention was given to reproducing authentic proportions and details of the original houses of the colonies. Colonial Revival first took place in Stillwater in the early years of the twen- tieth century. The style suited the entrepreneurial and business class in a city with a Northern European heritage that encouraged restrained display of wealth. Colonial Revival also became a pattern for vernacular house construc- tion. Builders had access to several houseplan catalogs, thus side - stepping the need to hire an architect. Characteristics may include: • Steep gabled roofs, some with cross - gables. • Massing is vertical, often with bays. • Narrow lap siding; flat and wide casing at doors and windows, and corners. • Open porches, with hip -type roofs, supported by heavy beams, which supported by Doric round columns; railings with round - shaped balus- ters. • Applied ornament is absent, but the frieze boards and porch beams may feature modillions and dentillated bands. The movement to sweep away almost all ornament began in late nine- teenth- century England. The Arts and Crafts movement promoted simpler structures, emphasizing functional components and deemphasizing ornament. Arts and Crafts architects believed in honest use of materials. Humble mate- rials and architectural design that sought to expose the craft of construction replaced decorative features. Americans had been prepared for this idea of simple dwellings and utilitarian structures by the Shaker religious communities in the early nineteenth century. These artisan- builders crafted their buildings with a sense of minimalism. Function was design's sole purpose. About this time Japanese design influ- ence, similar in simplicity to the Shaker movement, came to America.. From the English colony of India came the design for a simple dwelling named the "bungalow " — a Hindi word meaning "shelter." Characteristics may include: • Features are very similar to Craftsman houses: wide low- pitched roofs and wide overhanging eaves. Arts and Crafts houses are usually larger in size, often two stories in height. • Houses sometimes set with width parallel to the street, with porches partially covering the house front facade. Roof dormers facing the street may be gable or shed dormers. • Style features of Arts and Crafts houses exaggerated in comparison to Craftsman houses. Upper sections of gables show simplified stick work, with vertical members resting on a horizontal beam. • Two story Arts and Crafts houses often feature a belt course, a wide trim member topped with a drip cap that makes a visual division between first and second floors; first floor narrow lap siding, wider lap or shingles above. • Beam ends facing outward, top member of triangular braces often extend slightly with shallow beveled ends. A BRIEF HISTORY 17 Arts & Crafts 1910 -1940 THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR'S STANDARDS he principles of these historic district guidelines are based on consistent national standards grounded in years of experience. On the national level, the Department of the Interior super- vises federal historic preservation programs, including the National Register of Historic Places and the Historic American Buildings Survey. In addition, the National Park Service falls under the Department's auspices, requiring careful management of the thousands of historic structures within that system. Over the years, the Department developed a set of common -sense principles to guide care of those buildings. Before looking at the standards, it helps to distinguish between the possible approaches to a historic structure. • Preservation focuses on the main- tenance and repair of existing historic materials and retention of a property's form as it has evolved over time. • Rehabilitation acknowledges the need to alter or add to a historic prop- erty to meet continuing changing uses while retaining the property's historic character. • Restoration depicts a property at a particular period of time in its history, while removing evidence of other periods. • Reconstruction recreates vanished or non - surviving portions of a prop- erty for interpretive purposes. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Rehabilitation of Historic Properties are the benchmark to work toward when rehabilitating historic properties in Stillwater. The Design Guidelines, found in the next chapter, follow the recommendations set forth in the Secretary's Standards, but are written to be more specific and applicable to Stillwater's historic resources. The ten standards are inter- preted below: i. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment. This standard is most significant if you are converting a commercial space into a private residence or office. When a store becomes a home, it is often adapted by enclosure of the storefront, changing the visual flow of the street and making it less friendly to pedestrians. The key point to remember is to avoid the loss of char- acter- defining features and significant historic spaces as you plan for future rehabilitation. 2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic materials or altera- tion of features and spaces that charac- terize a property shall be avoided. The first step in evaluating your historic property is identifying its distinctive materials, features, and spaces. Evaluate the condition of existing historic materials to decide whether materials will be repaired, maintained, or replaced. This will help you understand what is impor- tant to preserve as you prepare your plans for future repairs, maintenance, or alterations. Aim to preserve the functional and decorative features that define the character of the build- 20 ��'Zi ff..aa& .11. ing, such as historic windows, doors, columns, balustrades, stairs, and porches. Also, consider the relation- ship of the house and outbuildings to paths, sidewalks, and significant historic landscaping. 3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken. It is best to avoid the generic "ye olde shoppe" and stick with the original design. Study the build- ing for what it is, learning its date of construction, its architectural style, and the stylistic features that are characteristic of that style. Keep this information in mind when making decisions about replacing missing elements or adding to the house. If the building is Italianate, it is inappropri- ate to turn it into a Colonial Revival storefront with details like fanlights, pilasters, or pedimented doorways. Fancy "gingerbread" work doesn't fit correctly on a 193os service station. 4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS shall be retained and preserved. A building constructed in 1890 will almost certainly have been altered, even if only to install bathrooms and modern kitchens. A cornice could need major repairs, or even replace- ment, in twenty -five years if it has not been well maintained. Some such alterations may now be historically significant themselves and should not be readily discarded to create a pristine "original" building. For example, if you have an 1890 building that was remodeled in 1918 to give it a "Craftsman" look, you may want to retain the historic alterations. 5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a prop- erty shall be preserved. Every historic building contains materials and finishes that are unique to its style and period of construction. This might be the tongue and groove board floor of a Italianate display room or the heavy Kasota stone lintels of a Queen Anne building. This is especially important if the building uses Stillwater —made brick. 6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence. With a little detective work, you can determine the physical history of your building. Historic images will help you identify if the building has been altered, and is missing a distinc- tive feature like brackets or decora- tive shingles. The Stillwater County Historical Society and previous owners are good sources for historic photographs. You may also be able to find clues on the building itself, such as paint shadows, nail holes, or patching in the siding, suggesting that a historic feature has been removed. When you replace missing or heavily dete- riorated features use materials of the same size and shape as the originals. 7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of struc- tures, if appropriate, shall be under- taken using the gentlest means possible. THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIORS STANDARDS 21 Never sand blast historic build- ing materials to remove paint. This will result in pitting and texturing of the materials, particularly wood and brick. Sand blasting has been known to hasten deterioration of historic materials. Pressure wash- ing with water at a low pressure can be an effective method to clean a historic house and prepare it for painting. Avoid pressure washing at a high pressure because it can damage historic materials, or force water into the interior cavities of a house, partic- ularly around windows. 8. Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken. This guideline is less applicable to downtown Stillwater. However, the townsite was one of the earli- est Euro- American settlements on the upper Mississippi River, so care should be given to any artifacts uncovered during construction or excavation. You might find evidence of an outbuilding foundation, or a past burn barrel on your property. It is important to recognize and docu- ment, with photographs and draw- ings, such discoveries. While pieces of Based on the Standards, no attempts should be made to create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjec- tural features or architectural elements from other buildings. This building was constructed around 1912 and shows a later, plainer, architectural style than those on either side. Note, though, how all three buildings maintain the classic storefront elements with plate windows and a row of transom windows. 22 iigAa& ./erzneuai PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS broken glass, metal, crockery, or old marbles are exciting to discover, these are generally not considered signifi- cant archeological resources. 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that char- acterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment. When adding to a historic prop- erties, you should weigh how the addition will complement the historic building, the site, and surrounding neighborhood. Most preservation- ists prefer that an addition simply be compatible in terms of mass, mate- rials, and color. The design can be contemporary, or reference historic elements of the building, but should not be a slavish reproduction of the original building. There is no need to confuse the historic with the contem- porary. Placement is also vitally important. Typically, a new addition should be placed on a rear or side elevation to limit the visual impact from the street. The size and scale of new additions should harmonize with the historic building. 10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic prop- erty and its environment would be unimpaired. An addition should be designed so that it will become a significant part of the building's history over time, which means using quality design and materials. A new addition respects the historic building to which it is attached, and does not obscure, damage, or destroy character - defining details, like a bay window or brackets in the eaves. Keep in mind the idea that if the addition is removed in the future, it should be possible to reha- bilitate the building to its original form. DESIGN GUIDELINES 24 e7 ? &* PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS General Guidelines 1. Changes and additions should be compatible with the historic design of the building. 2. Retain all historic materials and features where possible. New materials and features should replicate the old in size, shape, and texture. 3. Retain wooden clapboard siding and shingles wherever possible, or replace with new wood materials to match the old. Siding should match the surface and width of the original. Details such as cornerboards should be replicated. 4. Retain original masonry and mortar where possible, repointing joints where missing or deteriorated. Mortar should match the original in composi- tion, color, and texture, and joints should be of the same size and profile as the original. Masonry should be cleaned with the gentlest method possible; historic brick should never be sandblasted. 5. Vinyl and metal siding is not recommended for installation on historic buildings. Although these products seem to offer an instant make -over, historic character is usually lost in the process because it is nearly impossible to dupli- cate the texture and detail of wood with manufactured products. Past and future water damage and deterioration may also be covered over by new siding. Without detection and repair, such conditions can damage the building exte- rior and interior. 1. Repair Wood siding should be maintained with paint or stain. Deteriorated wooden siding should be replaced with new wood siding resembling the original in width, thickness and profile, and texture. New siding should be installed with the weather (exposed surface) identical to the original. Siding should be installed horizontally except in those instances where vertical or diagonal siding was used on the original exterior. Appropriate corner boards, frieze boards, drip caps, and other features should be included with new siding. 2. Vinyl and Aluminum Siding; other Manufactured Products Buildings originally clad in wood siding should not be resurfaced with brick, stucco, artificial stone or brick veneer, or vinyl or aluminum siding. If the historic siding is determined by the HPC to be unsalvageable, replacement with a product such as Hardiplank may be approved. Selection and installation should follow guideline #1, above. 3. Shingles Buildings originally clad in horizontal wood siding should not be resurfaced with shingles of wood or other material. Wood shingles used for cladding material or decoration, such as in the gable ends, should be retained in repair or resurfacing. Deteriorated wooden siding should be replaced with new wood siding replicating the original in width, thickness and profile, and texture. 4. Decorative Siding Treatment Decorative siding treatments, such as paneled herringbone patterns or shin- gles applied to gable ends, should be retained in repair or resurfacing. 5. Painting Exterior wood surfaces should be maintained with appropriate paint or stain. Stained shingles, brick, and stone should not be painted. In most cases, unpainted historic stucco should not be painted. Exterior paint colors should be appropriate to the age, style, and condition of the historic building. Properly maintained with good quality paint or stain, wood is a very durable material. A good paint job can usually be expected to last between seven and ten years. DESIGN GUIDELINES 25 Wood Siding & Shingles Stillwater' historic residential build- ing stock is primarily of wood frame construction, and most buildings were originally clad in wood siding (clapboards). A few houses are clad in wood shingles, but in most cases shingles were used decoratively in gable ends. Underneath layers of old asphalt, aluminum or vinyl siding, historic siding and other details sometimes remain intact. Often, this historic wood siding can be success- fully restored by cleaning, replacing broken or deteriorated pieces, scrap- ing and priming as necessary, and painting. 26 , , Windows Windows give character and expression to the building. Window size and spacing is important, as are the elements that surround the window: the sill, the lintel or cap, and decorative moldings. Any alteration — including removal of moldings or changes in window size or type —can have a significant and often detrimen- tal effect on the building as well as the surrounding streetscape. If window replacement is necessary, manufactur- ers offer a variety of energy - efficient, traditionally styled units. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Maintain and Conserve Wherever feasible, historic windows and sash should be repaired rather than replaced, especially on principal elevations. 2. New Sash: Size and Shape Existing window openings should be retained. Window openings should not be enlarged or reduc000ed to fit new units. New window openings should not be introduced into principal elevations. New windows should be compatible with existing historic units. Whenever possible, choose new units of wood, rather than metal. If metal is selected, it must have a baked enamel or other appropriate factory finish. 3. New Sash: Glazing The size and number of panes of glass in each sash should not be altered. New sash, if installed, should duplicate the existing or other appropriate historic models. Crank -out units should not replace double -hung sash. 4. Trim Retain all decorative trim around the windows, including lintels, sills, pedi- ments, and hoods. If trim replacement is necessary the original profile should be replicated. 5. Storm Windows Repair or replicate historic wood storms wherever possible. Storm windows should not have vertical or horizontal divisions that conflict with the divisions of the historic sash and should be flush with existing trim. If combination metal storms must be installed, they should have a baked enamel factory finish. 6. Shutters and Blinds Shutters and blinds should not be installed on buildings not originally designed for them. Where appropriate, shutters should appear to be operable and should be mounted to the window casing. Shutters should be constructed of wood. DESIGN GUIDELINES 27 Storm windows can help conserve energy, but often look wrong on an older facade. Interior storm windows are an option. Always make sure that storm windows match the existing shape. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Repair Deteriorated brick, stone, mortar, and other materials should be replaced with material used in the original construction or with materials that resem- ble the appearance of the original as closely as possible. The advice of a skilled mason should be sought for major repair projects. 2. Cleaning and Waterproofing Masonry cleaning should be conducted only to halt deterioration and by means such as low pressure water, soft brushes, and /or appropriate chem- ical treatment. Sandblasting should not be used under any circumstances. Waterproof and water repellent coatings should not be used unless there is evidence of past water penetration. 3. Repointing Original mortar joint size and profile should be retained and /or reduplicated in repointing. Mortar mixtures should duplicate the original in lime, sand, and cement proportion and should duplicate the original mortar in color and texture. 4. Stucco Resurfacing Repairs to stucco surfaces should duplicate the original in color and texture, if evidence exists. Smooth or heavy dashed surfaces should be avoided unless they were used on the original surface. 5. Painting The original color and texture of masonry surfaces should be retained and unpainted stone and brick surfaces should not be painted. The removal of paint from painted masonry surfaces should only be attempted if unpainted surfaces are historically appropriate and if removal can be accomplished without damage to the masonry. 6. Resurfacing Stucco, artificial stone, brick veneer, or vinyl or aluminum products should not be applied over historic masonry surfaces. Some of Stillwater's earliest houses were built of brick and limestone. Local kilns burned red brick, and quarries along the river provided much of the buff colored limestone. Nearly every nineteenth - century house in Stillwater rests on a lime- stone foundation, and there are also examples of early brick foundations. Concrete block was used after 1900. Brick, stone, and mortar are porous materials susceptible to water damage from rain, condensation, or rising damp. It is important to have good drainage around the foundation, a sound roof, and working gutters. DESIGN GUIDELINES 29 Many old houses were built of softer brick and mortar than is used in new construction and major masonry repair usually requires professional assistance. The mortar used for repointing joints must be soft enough to adjust to freeze and thaw cycles. If new mortar does not contain the correct mixture of lime, sand, and cement, stress will be transferred to the masonry and the material will crack. It is important that masons take the time to carefully select proper mortar mixtures and compatible replacement brick or stone, if needed. 30 A/./..,&, t% €6 Roof and Chimney A sound roof protects the building from the weather. Each style of archi- tecture has distinctive roof forms, whether gable, hip, gambrel, mansard, or shed. In Stillwater the gable is most common, but there are many varia- tions. The shape, texture, and color of the roof are key design features of the historic building. New dormers and other additions to the roof must be carefully designed. In Stillwater, wood shingles were used to roof the earliest houses, and asphalt shingles became stan- dard in the early twentieth century. Longlasting slate, metal, and tile are other historic roofing materials. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Roofing Materials Original roofing materials that contribute to the character of the building or district, such as tile and slate, should be maintained and retained unless badly deteriorated. If partial re- roofing in tile, slate or asphalt is necessary, replace- ment roofing should match the old in composition, size, shape and texture. New roofing material should be appropriate to the character of the building in composition, size, shape and texture. Rolled roofing may be used only on flat or slightly sloped roofs that are not visible from the public way. 2. Decorative Features Historic cornices and cresting, finials and other decorative detail at the roof - line should be repaired and retained wherever possible. 3. Alterations to Roof Shape The original roof type, slope and overhangs should be preserved. The roof shape at the front should not be altered except to restore it to the original docu- mented appearance or to add architecturally compatible dormers. The shape of existing dormers should not be altered unless compatible with the original design. Alterations to the roof shape at the sides or rear should be compatible with the architectural character of the building. s. Skylights Skylights should not be installed on the front roof plane. They should be flat and close to the roof plane as possible. "Bubble" type skylights should not be installed. 6. Rebuilding Chimneys If rebuilding is necessary, original brick details such as decorative panels and corbels should be replicated. In the absence of evidence of the original appear- ance, repair or rebuilding should be compatible with the building type or style. (See Masonry Guidelines.) 7. Chimneys and Stovepipes New chimneys and stovepipes should not be installed on the front roof plane. 1. Maintain and Conserve Wherever feasible, the features of historic entries should be repaired rather than replaced, especially on principal elevations. 2. Size and Shape Historic entry openings should not be enlarged or reduced to fit a new door. New entry openings should not be introduced into principal elevations, and new openings and doors should be compatible with existing historic units. 3. Trim Original or historic features of the entry, including hoods, columns, sidelights, fanlights, and tran- soms and hardware should be retained. If replacement is necessary, historic trim details should be retained. 4. Doors Wherever possible, historic paneled doors (and hardware) should be repaired and weather - stripped rather than replaced. If replacement of original or historic doors is necessary the replacement should be compatible with the material, design, and hardware of the older door. Steelcovered hollow core doors should not be installed unless they are compatible with the appearance of the house. Historic trim should not be removed for the installation of steel doors. 5. Sliding Glass or French Doors Sliding glass or French style doors should be confined to the rear of the building where they are not visible from the public way. 6. Storm and Screen Doors; Security Doors Storm doors should be compatible with the inner door in shape and style. Historic trim at the entry should not be removed for the installation of grill -style security doors. DESIGN GUIDELINES 31 Entries The entry— including the door, door surround, and sometimes side- lights and a transom —is usually the focal point of the facade. The size of the entry is directly related to the mass and scale of the building. As with windows, any alteration to size, shape, or trim details can have a detrimental effect on exterior appear- ance. Wherever feasible, historic doors should be repaired rather than replaced, especially on principal elevations where they are charac- ter- defining. 32 d , .may 2e4 Additions Additions are part of the past lives of many historic houses, and often account for the variety of styles layered on a single building. Compatible additions provide for current and future needs and the continued use of existing historic buildings. Additions must be carefully designed to relate to the principal building as well as adjacent build- ings. In most cases, additions should appear contemporary, but compat- ible in character with the original, and sympathetic but not imitative in design. All applicable zoning regula- tions should be consulted in planning new construction. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS i. General Character New additions should be designed to create minimal loss of historic fabric. Character - defining features of the original historic building should not be destroyed, damaged, or obscured. New additions should conform to the size, scale, massing, height, materials, and facade proportions of the historic build- ing and surrounding structures. The original building should remain intact as an historic building. The design of the new building should be highly compati- ble with the original but also a product of its own time. 2. Siting Additions should be located on an inconspicuous elevation of the historic building, usually the rear. New additions should be compatible with the setback of the existing historic building and the adjacent streetscape. Additions should not destroy the character of the site, including topography, mature vegetation, and significant views and vistas. 3. Materials and Details Materials and details should be compatible with the original building and the surrounding area; wood and masonry are preferable to other manufactured materials. 4. Building Elements Roofs The skyline or roof profile should relate to the predominant roof shapes of the historic building. Roofing materials used on additions should be appropriate to the design of the building and the visibility of the roof. Roof hardware such as skylights, vents, and metal pipe chimneys should not be placed on the front roof plane. DESIGN GUIDELINES Windows and Entries Vertically- oriented, double -hung sash are the predominant historic window type in Stillwater, although there are exceptions. For additions, the proportion, size, rhythm, and detailing of windows and entries should be visually compati- ble with that of the existing historic building, and the rhythm of solids to voids created by openings in the facade of the new structure should also be visually compatible. Porches Porches are a standard feature of many historic houses in Stillwater. Whether enclosed or unenclosed they are an important part of the streetscape. The front entry of any new addition should be articulated with a design element such as a porch, portico, or landing. This element should be appropriately detailed and compatible with the size and scale of the building. 33 34 cAGLta, .1csznea Decorative Trim Decorative trim includes the brack- ets, dentils, capitals, paneling, and mouldings that decorate many houses. Trim may be of wood, concrete, stone, or metal. Save any trim that must be removed and use it as guide in dupli- cation. Where trim details cannot be matched exactly, they can be approxi- mated in size and bulk. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Maintain and Conserve Exterior architectural features including finials, cornices, brackets, columns, balustrades and railings, and window and door moldings should be retained. 2. Documentation Original trim details and other architectural features should be photographed or otherwise recorded before they are removed for repair or replacement. Deteriorated trim, if removed, should be saved for use in making duplicates. 3. Repair and Replacement New material used to repair or replace deteriorated trim or other features should match the original as closely as possible. Deteriorated trim that is unsalvageable should be replaced with trim identical or similar to the original design. Simplified trim should approximate the old in design and placement. 4. New Trim Details should not be added in an effort to make the building look older. However, in the case of some "pattern book" houses, the addition of certain trim details such as those typical at the gable and porch may be permitted if supported by historic photos or pattern book sources. 1. Retain and preserve garages and other accessory structures that contribute to the historic character of the site and surrounding area. 2. Locate new garages in locations compatible with the main structure of the site and existing traditional garages in the surrounding area. New garages should not be attached to the front of the historic house. 3. Select prefabricated accessory buildings with appearance, material and scale compatible to the main structure of the site and surrounding area. 4. Replace deteriorated garages with new building designs of compatible form, scale, size, and materials (see New Construction Guidelines) DESIGN GUIDELINES Garages 35 There are many historic sheds, carriage barns and early automobile garages remaining in Stillwater. Some were designed to match the architec- tural style of the house, while others are simple vernacular buildings. Nearly all were sited in the rear yard and reached by an alley or narrow driveway from the street. Carriage barns and garages add to Stillwater' historic character and should be conserved. New garages and other accessory structures should be compatible with the companion historic house and the streetscape. 36ivia„, .10 Fences & Walls Fences usually mark the transition from the public street to the private yard. Late nineteenth - century fences in Stillwater included wood dowels or flat sawn pickets supported by boxed posts as well as elaborate wrought iron or simple arched wire. Stillwater' steep terraces provided a challenge for the builders of stone and brick retain- ing walls. These historic walls contrib- ute greatly to the historic landscape and should be conserved. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Repair and Conservation Existing historic fences of metal or wood should be repaired and conserved wherever possible. Repairs should be compatible with the original materials and design of the fence. 2. New Fences New fences should be compatible with the architectural character, materials, and scale of the principal building and surrounding streetscape. Fences enclos- ing the front yard should be semi - transparent. Appropriate materials include wrought iron and painted wooden pickets. In general, complete enclosure by opaque fences is not appropriate. 3. Chain Link Fences Chain link fences should not be used to enclose front yards or the front half of side yards. Fences that allow some visual penetration of front yard space are preferable to complete enclosure. Chain link fences should not be used to enclose front yards or the front half of side yards. 4. Repair and Conservation of Retaining Walls Existing historic walls (and stairs, where applicable) of fieldstone, limestone, brick, or stucco should be repaired and conserved. Repairs should be compati- ble with the adjoining masonry. (See Masonry Guidelines.) 5. New Retaining Walls New walls should be compatible with the architectural character and scale of the principal building and surrounding streetscape. Masonry retaining walls should be finished with caps and other appropriate details. Limestone, brick, and natural -color split -face (rock -face) concrete block are appropriate mate- rials for the construction of new retaining walls visible from the public right - of -way. Block with a round, striated, or polygonal profile is not appropriate. Landscape timber is not appropriate for new retaining walls visible from the public right of way. 1. Maintain and Conserve Porches, steps, and handrails that are appropriate to the building and its architectural development should be conserved and retained. 2. Repair and Replacement Historic porches, steps, or handrails that require complete rebuilding or partial replacement should be reconstructed using historical research to deter- mine an appropriate design. Reconstructions should be compatible with the period and style of the building in material, design, and detail. Concrete should not be used to replace wooden porch floors or steps. 3. Railings The original spacing, section, and profile of railings and balusters should be maintained in replacement or repair. Unless historical evidence indicates, reconstruction should include a bottom rail and balusters should not be nailed directly to the step or deck. Metal railings should not be used to replace wooden railings. 4. Posts and Columns If replacement is necessary, porch posts and columns should be replaced with units that replicate the original materials, size, and scale. Elaborate details such as carving, turning, gouging, or stamping may simplified if necessary. Wooden posts should not be replaced with metal posts or supports. S. Decks Decks should be constructed only at the rear of the building or where most inconspicuous from the public street. Railings, steps, and other deck details should be compatible with the architectural character of the building. 6. Fire Stairs The detailing of fire stairs should be compatible with the period and style of the building. In consultation with the building official, fire stairs should be located as inconspicuously as possible. DESIGN GUIDELINES Porches & Steps 37 Porches are an exterior living space that mark the transition between the private house and public street. Some only cover the entry, while others wrap around the building. Porches and steps are exposed to the weather and receive hard use. Some buildings have had a succession of replacements that reflect different styles of archi- tecture. In reconstructing a missing porch, it is important to select posts and railings of appropriate scale and detail. Avoid using undersized ready - made trim. Changes and additions that have taken place over the course of time are evidence of the history of the property and may have signif- icance in their own right. A Queen Anne porch, for example, may have been placed on an earlier Greek Revival house. Streetscape One important feature of Stillwater' historic districts and neighborhoods is the original layout of grid -plan streets, alleys, and sidewalks and the regular division of blocks and lots. The resulting network of spaces is a part of the city's historic character. The maintenance and repair of streets, sidewalks, planting strips, retaining walls, and fencing requires public engineering standards that are sensi- tive to the scale and appearance of historic areas. 1. The maintenance and design of existing or new streets in or adjacent to historic districts should respect the original plan of interconnected streets, sidewalks, and alleys. Streets should not be widened to accommodate through traffic and alleys should not be vacated. Cul -de -sac and dead -end streets should not be created in existing grid -plan areas. 2. Preserve the mature neighborhood tree canopy wherever possible, and replant with regularly- spaced trees where necessary. Planting strips and side- walks should be preserved and maintained at maximum width. 3. Retaining walls should be compatible with traditional walls in Stillwater, which were primarily limestone, brick, and poured concrete. While splitface (rock -face) concrete block is appropriate for the construction of new retaining walls, block with a round, striated, or polygonal profile should be avoided. 4. Iron or steel fencing should have appropriately scaled and detailed masonry or steel piers. 5. Surface parking lots should be screened with landscaping, low masonry walls, or iron or steel fencing of appropriate design. NEW CONSTRUCTION ew construction within Stillwater's residential districts should be compatible with the existing historic buildings. New construction includes additions to historic buildings, new structures along primary streets, and secondary structures such as garages, sheds, outbuildings, or workshops. Infill structures should align their facades flush with the adjacent build- ings to reinforce the rhythm and consistency of the streetscape. It is important that individual build- ings act as part of the entire street facade. When a building is missing and a parking lot or park takes its place, the streetscape is disrupted when these "holes" exist. 1. Visual Relationship Between the Old and New A new building or addition should relate visually to neighboring contrib- uting historic buildings. Proposals for new designs within the Historic District will be considered for their specific location and will be evalu- ated based on their compatibility with neighboring historic structures. For a typical building, neighboring historic structures include those to each side of the structure and those directly across the street from the structure. For a new building located at a corner, the neighboring historic structures include all buildings at the intersection in addition to those immediately adjacent. Where a build- ing falls near the edge of the Historic District, historic buildings located near but outside of the district will also be taken into account during the review process. The goal is not to create reproduc- tions of older buildings. The most successful new structures in the historic district are ones that are clearly modern in design but compat- ible with and sensitive to the charac- ter of the historic district. Main Street can be enriched by new buildings that have merit on their own and are sensitive to their setting. 2. Scale and Massing of Large Buildings Large buildings should be designed as a series of masses or building elements compatible with the imme- diate streetscape. The massing of a building greatly affects the scale of a building and underlies all other archi- tectural features. The typical commer- cial building in downtown Stillwater is a three -bay, one- or two -story brick block with a flat (low slope) roof. Where a large building in the Historic District is unavoidable, the mass of the proposed structure can be broken down into traditional building blocks that relate to the scale of the streetscape, thereby blending into its context. 3. Replicating Historic Buildings The design of a new building should not be an exact replica of any existing historic building within the district. Copies of historic buildings among original ones look awkward and pres- ent a false historic context. However, 40 d Ewa&, dia a new structure's design may be inspired by historic building designs and features, and may be traditional in form and detailing. 4. Relationship of Additions to Historic Buildings A proposed addition to a building in the Historic District should be subor- dinate to the principal facade and mass of the historic building. This can be achieved through its setback mass- ing, width, and detail. The width of an addition should generally not exceed two- thirds the width of the principal historic structure. 5. Building Placement and Setbacks Historically, the building type dictated the structure's setback from the street. Commercial buildings such as taverns, inns, retail shops, and stores fronted directly onto the sidewalk. New construction in the district should follow the precedent of adjacent lots. Historically, most additions to buildings in the Historic District were built at the building rear facade because there was no available build- ing lot area on the street facade. These additions were often built up to the side yard lot lines, and had minimal visual impact on the appearance of PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS the downtown. When an addition fronted a commercial street, it was typically set flush with the existing building to create the appearance of a larger, more substantial building. Proposed additions should follow the pattern of setbacks of adjacent build- ings and building additions in order to blend into the development pattern of the immediate neighborhood. 6. Building Height and Form The cornice line on the principal facade of an addition should be equal to or lower than the cornice line on the principal facade of the historic structure. Likewise, the ridge line of an addition should be equal to or lower than the ridge line of the historic structure. The form of new buildings should be compatible with the form of adjacent historic struc- tures. The height and overall size of any proposed new secondary structure should not exceed the height and overall size of the principal historic structure on the lot where it is to be constructed. 7. Building Width and Rhythm Historically, the principal structures of the district fill most if not all the total frontage width along the street. Additions and new buildings should repeat the pattern of filling most of the street frontage of a single lot. 8. Relationship of the Facade to the Whole All parts of a new building facade should be visually integrated as a composition, which should relate to adjacent buildings. The size and proportions of facade elements such as doors, windows, cornices, and water tables emphasize the verti- cal and horizontal dimensions of a facade. Exaggeration of these elements and the use of ribbon windows, verti- cal stacks of windows, and brick courses of contrasting colors create a design that is not compatible and out of proportion with historic buildings. 9. Roof Form, Materials, and Features While most commercial buildings within the district have flat or shed roofs, some buildings feature other roof forms. Historically, the roof form of an addition placed along side an exist- ing structure facing a street followed the form of the principal building. Continuing the historical precedent, additions to gable roof structures that face a street should also have a gable roof. Additions on a secondary facade can have a different roof form, such as a shed roof. Mansard roofs should be utilized in additions only when the existing building features a mansard roof. On new buildings, the use of one of the historic roof forms found in the district is recommended. Contemporary Mansard roof forms and materials, which have been over- used in fast -food restaurants and strip shopping centers, are not appropriate to the Historic District. Skylights with a low profile are acceptable on all secondary facades but not on principal facades. It is recommended that the placement of skylights relate to the overall fenestra- tion of the building by relating verti- cally to other openings in the wall. The use of dormers and skylights on the same roof plane (i.e., next to each other) is not recommended. to. Exterior Wall Materials Additions: An addition should either repli- cate the existing exterior wall mate- rial in type, color, and texture or be constructed of a historic exterior wall material found in the district. If wood siding is proposed for the addition, the width, type, and detail of the new siding should comple- ment the proportions and scale of the existing building. The wall materials of an addition should be compatible with the wall materials of the exist- ing building. Except on secondary facades, vinyl and aluminum siding are not appropriate in the district. Except on secondary facades, stucco finishes are not appropriate to the district. New Construction. The use of historic exterior wall materials such as brick, cut stone, or wood siding and their related details are strongly encouraged for new construction. The use of vinyl or aluminum siding is not recom- mended. Likewise, vinyl and alumi- num facings and fabricated plastic building components are not appro- priate on primary facades. The size and type of siding mate- rials should be compatible with the building type of the proposed new building. For example, a garage or workshop on an alley may have verti- cal wood siding such as board -and- batten siding, or may be stucco -faced masonry. A principal structure in the district historically would not have vertical wood siding nor stucco siding, but rather would have been NEW CONTRUCTION 41 42 �a, ✓. neap% PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS The height of new structures should be compatible with those of neighboring historic buildings and the surrounding context. Generally, new buidlings should not be more than one story taller than their neighbors. The proposal in Figure A (top) is appropriate to the character of the surrounding structures, while the design in Figure B is not. Taller buildings should incorporate setbacks as illustrated in Figure C. sided with a horizontal wood siding such as clapboards, or would have been constructed of brick masonry. 11. Windows and Doors Additions: It is recommended that the material of windows and doors in additions match the material of the window and doors in the historic structure. The proportion of windows and doors in an addition should be similar to the proportion of original openings. Replicating the sash type and pane configuration of the historic windows is encouraged. If the sash type and configuration is not replicated, a sash type and configuration that is compat- ible in type to the historic sash pattern is recommended. For example, an addition to a building should either replicate the historic one - over -one, double -hung sash configuration or at least receive a double -hung sash configuration with similar dimensions to the historic fenestration. New Construction. The placement and proportion of windows and doors should relate to the placement and proportion of openings on the historic buildings of the district. It is recommended that vertically proportioned windows placed in a three, four, or five -bay configuration be installed on principal facades. The percentage of window openings to total wall surface on a principal facade should not exceed 33 percent (one- third) of the total wall area. The use of double -hung sash windows is encouraged. On second- ary structures, the size and type of windows and doors should relate to the type of structure proposed. 12. Shutters and Blinds Shutters and blinds are generally discouraged on additions and on new buildings. If shutter or blinds are proposed, they should follow the historical precedent of original shut- ters and blinds. New shutters and blinds should be properly sized to fit the opening, and should appear oper- able by being mounted on proper shutter hardware. Plastic or metal shutters and blinds are not appropri- ate. New shutters and blinds should be fitted with traditional shutter hardware and should not be surface - mounted directly onto an exterior wall surface. 13. Building Accessibility Where possible, a building addition should be designed to include features that make up for any accessibility deficiencies of the original build- ing. This approach can eliminate the need for intrusive alterations to the original building. All new buildings except private homes and churches are required by law to be accessible to persons with disabilities. New build- ings in the historic district should be designed with accessibility features, so that changes in level are accommo- dated within the new building, not at the building exterior. 14. Hardware, Mechanical, and Electrical Devices The mounting of small louvers, registers, exhaust fans, alarm devices, cable boxes, utility meters, commu- nications equipment, and other mechanical and /or electrical devices should be avoided on principal facades. To minimize their visual impact, devices mounted on second- ary facades should either be painted to match the color of the material on which they are mounted or screened by landscaping features. Air condi- tioning condenser units should be screened from public view. 15. Lighting Exterior lighting of additions and new buildings should be simple and in scale with the building. New fixtures should be simple, unobtru- sive, and mounted in a traditional manner. Exterior recessed downlights, if proposed, should be placed to avoid dramatic light patterns on the proposed building facade. i6. Relationship of New Outbuildings to The Historic Context New outbuildings should visu- ally relate to their historic context. Outbuildings should be simple in design, and should relate to the period of construction of the principal build- ing on the lot. The design of outbuild- ings should not be overly elaborate. Depending on the placement of the building lot on the street, a proposed outbuilding will be treated as either a primary or secondary facade. NEW CONTRUCTION 43 APPLYING THE GUIDELINES successful rehabilitation of a historic home begins with a careful reading of the property's historic character. With that understanding, you can develop a plan and select treatments that are sensitive to the architectural character of the storefront. Your best piece of evidence is right in front of you —the building itself. Stop and take an inventory of the building's architectural character- istics. What construction materials were used? Are there key decora- tive elements such as brackets or a raised cornice? How does the storefront relate to the upper stories? The Washington County Historical Society has an extensive collection of historic photographs that can provide even more evidence about the historic character of your building. Next, examine the current physical conditions so that you can plan the scope of the rehabilitation. Pay careful attention to the roof and walls —espe- cially pointing if the structure is brick. Water represents the greatest danger to the long -term stability of a building. Then look at windows. Their rehabilitation or replacement is often the most crucial decision in the ulti- mate success of a project. Let's walk through the process, making some basic observations. STEP ONE 1. Shape What is there about the form or shape of the building that gives the building its identity? Is the shape distinctive in relation to the neigh- boring? For example, most of the buildings are rectangular in form. The Simmer Service Station, on the other hand, is a low, one -story build- ing with its entrance set at a forty -five angle to the street corner. 2. Roof and Roof Features Does the roof shape or its steep (or shallow) slope contribute to the build- ing's character? Does the fact that the roof is highly visible (or not visible at all) contribute to the architectural identity of the building? Are certain roof features important to the profile of the building against the sky or its background, such as multiple chim- neys, dormers, cresting, or weather vanes? Are the roofing materials or their colors or their patterns (such as patterned slates) more noticeable than the shape or slope of the roof? For example, the Welch building, now home of the Stillwater Independent, stands out because it has a jerkinhead, or clipped gable, roof. 3. Openings Is there a rhythm or pattern to the arrangement of windows or other openings in the walls? Is there a noticeable relationship between the width of the window openings and the wall space between the window openings? Are the entrances centered? Are they recessed? Is one entrance more prominent than the others? How is the primary retail entrance differenti- ated from other entrances? Is there evidence that new entrances have been added or have some been relo- cated? Are the doors original or are they later replacements? Are there distinctive openings or decorative window lintels that accen- 46 dam,, .,y14 tuate the importance the window openings, or unusually shaped windows, or patterned window sash, like small panes of glass in the windows or doors as seen in a historic photograph of the Jansen building, that are important to the character? Would adding shutters or blinds radically change the plainness of the character of the windows? Is there a hierarchy of facades that make the front windows more important than the side windows? What about blank walls where the absence of windows? Creating windows in these spaces alters the historic character of a build- ing. 4. Projections What projects from the walls? Are there porches, cornices, bay windows, or balconies that shape the character of the building? How about turrets, or widely overhanging eaves, projecting pediments or chimneys? Consider the relative weight and scale of each projection. 5. Trim and Secondary Features Does the trim around the windows or doors contribute to the character of the building? Is there other trim on the walls or around the projections that, because of its decoration or PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS color or patterning contributes to the character of the building? Are there secondary features such as shutters, decorative gables, railings, or exterior wall panels? 6. Materials What is building made of? Are the construction materials of wood? Metal? Brick or other masonry? A combination? Do the materials or combination of materials contribute to the overall character of the build- ing as seen from a distance because of their color or patterning, such as broken faced stone, scalloped wall shingling, rounded rock foundation walls, boards and battens, or textured stucco? 7. Setting What are the aspects of the setting that are important to the visual char- acter? For example, is the alignment of buildings along a city street and their relationship to the sidewalk the essential aspect of its setting? Consider the different spatial feeling conveyed by the Washington County Courthouse where the essential character is dependent upon the open lawn and various monuments between the front door and the street. Is the specific site important to the setting such as being on a hilltop, along a river, or, is the building placed on the site in such a way to enhance its setting? Is there a special relation- ship to the adjoining streets and other buildings? Is there a view? STEP TWO 8. Materials at Close Range Has the choice of materials or the combinations of materials contrib- uted to the character? Are there one or more materials that have an inherent texture that contributes to the close range character, such as stucco, exposed aggregate concrete, or brick textured with vertical grooves? Consider the differences between the rusticated concrete block or the dark brown rough brick next door. Are there combinations of materials, such as several different kinds of stone, combinations of stone and brick, dressed stones for window lintels used in conjunction with rough stones for the wall? 9. Craft Details Is there high quality brickwork with narrow mortar joints? Is there hand tooled or patterned stonework? Do the walls exhibit carefully struck verti- cal mortar joints and recessed hori- zontal joints? Do the clapboards have a machine smooth beveled siding? are there decorative designs executed in stucco? Almost any evidence of craft details, whether handmade or machinemade, contribute to the character of a build- ing because it is evidence of the times in which the work was done, and of the tools and processes used. STEP THREE io. Individual Spaces Are there individual rooms or spaces that are important to this building because of their size, height, proportion, configuration, or func- tion, like the center hallway in a house, or the bank lobby, or the school auditorium, or the ballroom in a hotel, or a courtroom in a county courthouse? 11. Related Spaces and Sequences of Spaces Is there an important sequence of spaces that are related to each other, such as the sequence from the entry way to the lobby to the stairway and to the upper balcony as in a theatre; or the sequence in an office building from the entry vestibule to the lobby to the bank of elevators? Consider, for example, the interior of the Stillwater County Bank. Are there adjoining rooms that are visually and physically related with large doorways or open archways so that they are perceived as related rooms as opposed to separate rooms? 12. Interior Features Most often, interiors have been substantially altered, so one must look carefully at the evidence. What interior features define the charac- ter of the building, such as fireplace mantels, stairways and balustrades, arched openings, interior shutters, inglenooks, cornices, ceiling medal- lions, light fixtures, balconies, doors, windows, hardware, wainscoting, panelling, trim, church pews, court- room bars, teller cages, waiting room benches? 13. Surface Finishes and Materials Are there surface finishes and mate- rials that can affect the design, the color or the texture of the interior? Are there materials and finishes or craft practices that contribute to the interior character, such as wooden parquet floors, checkerboard marble floors, pressed metal ceilings, fine hardwoods, grained doors or marble- ized surfaces, or stenciling, or wallpa- per that is important to the historic character? Are there surface finishes and materials that, because of their plainness, impart the essential char- acter of the interior such as hard or bright, shiny wall surfaces of plaster or glass or metal? 14. Exposed Structure Are there spaces where the exposed structural elements define the interior character such as the exposed posts, beams, and trusses in a church or train shed or factory? Are there rooms with decorative, nonstructural ceiling beams? By now, you should have an under- standing of the visual aspects of historic buildings. In evaluating whether the existing storefront is worthy of preservation, recognize that good design can exist in any period; a storefront added in 1930 may have greater architec- tural merit than what is replaced. In commercial historic districts, it is often the diversity of styles and detail- ing that contribute to the character; removing a storefront dating from 1910 simply because other buildings in the district have been restored to their 187os appearance may not be the best preservation approach. If the storefront design is a good example of its period and if it has gained signifi- APPLYING THE GUIDELINES cance over time, it should be retained as part of the historical evolution of the building. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Finally, it is time to look at the current physical condition of the property. Walk through the building as determine its general condition. Mild Deterioration: Mild deterioration generally requires only maintenance level treatments. Do the surface materials need repair? Is paint flaking? Are metal components rusting? Do joints need recaulking where materials meet glass windows? Moderate Deterioration: Moderate deterioration generally requires patching or splicing of the existing elements with new pieces to match the deteriorated element. Do stone or brick components need repointing? Is the storefront water- tight with good flashing connections? Are there leaky gutters or air condi- tioner units which drip condensation on the storefront? Is caulking needed? Can rotted or rusted or broken sections of material be replaced with new material to match the old? Can material from a non - conspicuous location be used on the historic facade 47 to repair damaged elements? Severe Deterioration: Severe deterioration generally requires replacement of deterio- rated elements as part of the overall rehabilitation. Have existing facing materials deteriorated beyond repair through vandalism, settlement, or water penetration? Is there a loss of structural integrity? Is the material rusted through, rotted, buckling, completely missing? Are structural lintels sagging? Are support columns settled or out of alignment? Now you are ready to draft your preservation plan. In the next section, we will look at several buildings in the historic district. This section is adapted from Lee H. Nelson, Preservation Brief #17— Architectural Character: Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their Character. National Park Service. THE REVIEW PROCESS he Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission requires a prop- erty owner, planning exterior alterations to a structure or new construction within the historic districts, to complete an applica- tion form to obtain a Certificate of Appropriateness (C.O.A.). The application is reviewed by the Commission, which consists of eleven residents of the City, appointed by the Mayor. The Commission will review the proposed work according to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation, and the City of Stillwater's Design Guidelines. A building permit will be issued follow- ing the Commission's approval of the project plans for the exterior of the structure. 1. Obtain an application for a Certificate of Appropriateness from the City of Stillwater, City Hall, 216 North Fourth Street, Stillwater, Minnesota, or call 651- 43o -880o. You must submit the application for a C.O.A. ten (10) working days prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting of the Heritage Preservation Commission (HPC). The Commission generally meets once a month. 2. Call the staff at the City Hall, for the date and time of the next sched- uled meeting. Review the City of Stillwater's guidelines (found in this book) and The Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. The HPC provides specific guidelines and details on permissible alterations to the exterior of your downtown build- ing. You are encouraged to contact the city staff prior to submitting your application. 3. Prepare the application for a C.O.A. and include the following items: a. Plans drawn to a legible scale show- ing the proposed alteration, includ- ing size, description of materials and work to be completed. b. A site plan dimensioned to legible scale showing existing property lines and any prominent features of the site. c. A current photo of the structure. d. A detailed sketch of the renovation or repair(s) you wish to perform to the structure or property. e. A completed application form for a C.O.A.. 4. Sign and return the application form for a C.O.A. with your drawings, photos, and site plan to the City of Stillwater, 216 North Fourth Street, Stillwater, Minnesota 55082. Frequently Asked Questions Doesn't this just add a layer of bureaucracy? When changes or additions are proposed to designated buildings, the Heritage Preservation Commission's review process will be expeditious, predictable, and integrated into the normal review given all construc- tion permits. If the Commission has neither approved nor denied the C.O.A. within twenty working days from the filing, the plans and permit application shall be considered approved. The determination will be given in writing, and if the proposal 50 A1/4.,,,&, /k,-;,„ue is not approved, the reasons for disap- proval should be given. As owners become accustomed to this procedure it should proceed quickly, taking no longer than other approvals. Must I restore my house to its original condition? No. The design guidelines are passive. You are not required to make any alterations to your property. The property can remain as it is when designated and all materials can be replaced in kind with similar materi- als. If the roof is asphalt shingles, you can replace it with asphalt shingles of any color. You may also replace existing vinyl or aluminum siding with a different colored siding of the same material. You only need an HPC Certificate of Approval to change the materials or alter the design. Do I need permission for ordinary maintenance to my building? No. As long as the materials and design are not changed, you do not need permission to paint, make repairs, or replace materials in -kind (replacing wood siding with the same type of wood siding, etc.). In addition, the City Manager is empowered to approve emergency repairs without prior Commission action. Work that PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS is specifically exempt from review includes painting, interior remodel- ing, and use of the structure. Can I paint my building any color I want, even purple and green? Yes, you can! The Heritage Preservation Commission does not regulate paint colors inside or out. However, owners who contemplate painting a building are invited to discuss appropriate color schemes with the HPC. Note, though, that the guidelines do not permit painting the exterior of a brick building that is now unpainted. Are there any tax benefits? At present, there are only a few tax benefits. If the property is income - producing, it may qualify for a 2o% federal historic preservation tax credit. Can I alter the office space, re- arrange rooms, and remodel the interior with- out HPC review and a Certificate of Approval? The HPC has no jurisdiction on the interior of historic properties, just the exterior. Can I put an addition on my historic property? Yes, you usually can. The Heritage Preservation Commission (HPC) prefers additions to be located away from public view to preserve the period streetscape. The HPC encour- ages people to meet with them early in the design process and get feedback on the design. The addition should be compatible with your building and appropriate for your streetscape. Additions also must comply with the zoning ordinance and receive building permits. Is there a fee for a Heritage Preservation Commission Certificate of Appropriateness? No. Is the HPC Certificate of Approval all I need? Not always. You still must have approved building, fence, sign, elec- tric and other permits as required by the City of Stillwater. Where can I go for assistance in developing design changes that will be appropriate for the historic district? Historic District property owners who want assistance may contact the Heritage Preservation Commission. The Commission cannot develop plans or designs but can offer some suggestions based on the Design Guidelines. Consultations in the early design stages are especially encour- aged and can eliminate miscommuni- cation. Is there historical information about my building? Probably. The Heritage Preservation Commission completed a survey of historic properties and inventory forms are available at the Historic Preservation Office. The Stillwater County Historical Society also has archives and collections on local properties and people. In addition, Stillwater County tax records offer a wealth of information. What is the difference between a local historic district and listing on the National Register of Historic Places? National Register listing, while largely honorary, protects properties from any federal or state sponsored impact. For example, if a state highway project was planned for downtown Stillwater, it would require a review of its impact on the historic district and possibly call for mitigation. If the property is considered contributing to the district, it also qualifies for the federal preservation tax credit. A local district — approved by local ordinance — places the task of design review in the hands of a city- appointed commission, many of whom own buildings in the district. Will inclusion in a local Historic District restrict how I may use my property? No. Historic district designations do not restrict zoning or land use. No new restrictions are placed on the use of properties in historic districts. What might happen to the value of my property if it is included in the Historic District? Designation of an area as a historic district will not directly affect prop- erty values. Because the Historic District properties have some protec- tion and tax incentives available, owners may be more inclined to make improvements to their properties, and this may increase the value of all property in a given district. Studies have shown that property values typically increase following historic district designation. Are all buildings in the historic districts necessarily historic? No. The boundaries include several non - historic properties, such as THE REVIEW PROCESS 51 the Stillwater County Bank and the former American Legion Hall. Changes made to non - historic prop- erties can often be done in a way that will enhance or be in keeping with the integrity of the entire district. Can new buildings be constructed in the historic districts? Yes. New construction and addi- tions are subject to design review to ensure that they are compatible with the surrounding district. New build- ings do not have to be imitations of historic ones. Do I have any say as to whether my property is included in the local historic district? Yes. Before the Commission desig- nates a property, all residents and owners of property in the proposed local district — including those within 30o feet of its boundaries —have the opportunity to express their views at a public hearing before the Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission. Its action must be further approved by the Planning Commission and the City Council. If I am unhappy with a decision made by the Commission concern- ing my Certificate of Appropriateness Application, may I appeal? Yes. Appeals may be made to the Stillwater City Council, which may overturn the Commission's decision by a majority vote of all the members. Won't this just cause unnecessary hardship to property owners? The act of designation should not cause economic hardship. The ordi- nance does not restrict the owner's use of the property. These guidelines are completely passive —no owner is required to change his property, simply to follow standards if a change is made. In fact, the owner can draw on the experience and advice of the Heritage Preservation Commission to make changes that will enhance the value of their property Often, small adjustments are all that are necessary to conform to the design guidelines. Finally, as a last resort, owners who feel they have been unfairly penal- ized may typically appeal to the city council. Couldn't the designation just be voluntary rather than mandatory? A voluntary ordinance is inherently weak. For example, a city would not typically consider a voluntary zoning ordinance or building code. The community interest in historic preservation is twofold. The primary purpose of historic preservation is for its cultural values— sustaining a sense of place, maintaining the historic associations of buildings with past events and people, and preserving the aesthetic qualities of older struc- tures. Through careful consideration of community values, with advice from knowledgeable historians, the Heritage Preservation Commission brings a wide perspective to the ques- tion of whether a property is histori- cally significant. Historic designation is the only protection against demo- lition or destructive alterations that might permanently destroy commu- nity treasures. Historic preservation is also a sound economic investment. Study after study shows that designating a land- mark or district typically maintains if not boosts the value of the property, and as an economic development tool, historic preservation has proven its worth. Yet, a critical mass is necessary to gain the greatest benefit from a historic district. Intrusive build- ings, inappropriate architectural elements, and empty lots diminish a sense of place. For that reason, local historic designation offers a way for property owners to work together for the common good by following these simple design guidelines. These guidelines are completely passive —no owner is required to change his prop- erty, simply to follow standards if a change is made. GLOSSARY a adaptive use. The conversion of a building to a use other than that for which it was built. alcove. A recess or small room that connects to or forms part of a larger room. architrave. 1) The lowest horizontal element of a classical entablature; 2) The ornamental moldings (trim) around windows, doors, and other wall openings. awning. A roof -like covering placed over a door or window to provide shelter from the elements. Historically they were constructed of fabric, but contemporary materials include metal and plastic. b baluster. A shaped, short vertical member, often circular in section, supporting a railing or capping. balustrade. An assembly consisting of a railing or cap -ping supported by a series of balusters. bay. A regularly repeated main division of a building design. A building whose facade is five windows wide may be described as a five -bay building. bay window. A window structure projecting beyond the main wall plane; if attached to the building above ground level, properly called an oriel. blind. A louvered shutter that excludes vision and direct sunlight, but not indirect light and air, from a house. bond. Masonry units arranged in any of a variety of recognizable, and usually overlap -ping patterns so as to increase the strength and enhance the appearance of the construction. bracket. A projecting support placed under an architectural overhang such as a cornice; often ornate. brick veneer. A non - structural facing of brick laid against a wall for ornamental, protective or insulation purposes. bulkhead. Located at the foot of a storefront, the bulkhead is the base that supports the display window. c canopy. An overhanging cover for shelter or shade. capital. The top member (cap) of a column. casement sash, casement window. A window sash which is side - hinged; a window having casement sashes. casing. The exposed architectural trim or lining around a wall opening. cladding. The process of bonding one material to another. clapboard. A long narrow board with one edge thicker than the other to facilitate overlap; used to cover the outer walls of frame structures. Also known as weatherboard, bevel siding, and lap siding. classical. 1) Decorative elements deriving directly or indirectly from the architectural vocabulary of ancient Greece and Rome; 2) architectural harmony based on the principles of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. column. A long vertical structural member that supports a load; in classical terms, a cylindrical support having a base, shaft, and capital. (Note: In the Doric order the column has no base.) context. The surroundings, both historical and environmental, of a building or town. coping. A cap or covering at the top edge of a wall, either flat or sloping, to shed water. 54 la-La PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS corbel corbel. A slightly projecting architectural element, usually in masonry, cantilevered from upper exterior walls; usually topped by a cornice or coping. cornice. Strictly, the upper projecting part of an entablature; in carpenter/ builder terminology, any projected molding ( "crown molding ") which crowns or finishes a horizontal fascia; the exterior assembly which closes the joint between the wall and roof of a building. d demolition. The intentional destruction of all or part of a building or structure. demolition by neglect. The destruction of a building or structure caused by the failure to perform routine maintenance over a period of time. display windows. Usually extending from the transom or cornice /frieze to the bulkhead and consisting of one pane of glass, the display window is an essential element that helps to define a building's storefront. Doric. One of the five classical orders, column usually without a base and with a simple capital. dormer. A roofed structure with a vertical window that projects from a pitched roof. double -hung sash window. A window with two vertical sliding sashes, each closing half of the window opening. e eave. The lower part of a roof that projects beyond the wall. elevation. The perpendicular view of a side of a building; an accurate drawing of one side of a building that represents its true dimensions in the plane perpendicular to the line of sight. ell. A wing or addition extended at a right angle from the principal dimension of building, resulting in an "L" shaped plan. entablature. The horizontal member carried by columns, composed of architrave (bottom), frieze, and cornice (top). f facade. The exterior front face of a building; usually the most ornate or articulated elevation. fanlight. A half - circular or half - elliptical window; often placed over a door. fascia. Any long, flat horizontal band or member. fenestration. The arrangement and design of window and door openings in a building. frame. The fixed portion of a window comprising two jambs, a head and a sill. frieze. The frieze, located directly below the cornice, is a decorative band. Often, the frieze was designed in conjunction with the cornice. frontispiece. An ornamental portal or entrance bay around a main door. g gable. The vertical triangular shape of a building wall above the cornice height, formed by two sloping roof planes. gambrel roof A ridged roof with two slopes on each side, the lower roof having the steeper pitch. general maintenance. Ordinary maintenance needed to keep a building or structure in good repair and does not require a change in materials. gingerbread. A pierced wooden curvilinear ornament, executed with a jigsaw or scroll saw and located under the eaves of the roof. h head. The uppermost member of a door -frame or window frame. header. In brick masonry, a brick laid so that its end is exposed in the finished wall surface. hip. The external angle at the intersection of two roof planes; a hip roof has roof planes that slope toward the eaves on all sides of the building. hood. A projecting cover placed over an opening to shelter it. j jambs. Either of the vertical sides of an arch -way, doorway or window opening. jerkinhead. A roof form with a truncated or clipped gable. Also called a clipped gable or light. A pane of glass installed in a window sash. lintel. A horizontal structural member that spans an opening, for example a window lintel. m Mansard. A roof that is double pitched, the lower being much steeper, designed to allow a full story height within the attic space. mass. Bulk or three - dimensional size of an object. massing. The combination of several masses to create a building volume; organization of the shape of a building, as differentiated from wall treatment, fenestration, etc. jerkinhead GLOSSARY 55 meeting rail. The rail of each sash in a double -hung window that meets at the rail of the other when the window is closed. mullion. A vertical member separating windows, doors, or panels set in series; often used for structural purposes. muntin. A slender member separating and encasing panes of glass in a window sash. 0 order. In classical architecture, a column with base (usually) shaft, capital, and entablature, embellished and proportioned according to one of the accepted styles— Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. oriel. A window structure projecting beyond the main wall plane attached to the building above ground level. P Palladian window. A three -part window consisting of a prominent center window unit, often arched, flanked by smaller windows. pane. A flat sheet of glass cut to size for glazing use in a window; also called a light. panel. A section that is recessed below or raised above the surrounding area or enclosed by a frame or border. parapet. A low guarding wall at the edge of a roof or balcony; the portion of a fire wall or party wall above the roof level. parge. A coating of cement -based mortar (stucco) applied over rough masonry work. pediment. In classical architecture, the triangular gable end of a roof above a horizontal cornice; a simi- lar triangular form over a door or window. piers. Vertical- supporting members that frame an opening such as a window or door. Sometimes designed as a flat column or pilaster, piers are often used to divide store - fronts, display windows or the entrance to a building's upper floors. PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS pilaster. Similar to a column, a pilaster is a shallow rectangular feature that projects from a wall and has a capital and base. pitch, roof The slope of a roof; usually expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run (inches vertical in 12 inches horizontal). plan. A two - dimensional view of a building, or horizontal section of it, seen from above; hence, a precise drawing showing the arrangement of design, including wall openings and dimensions. porch. A structure attached to a building to shelter an entrance or to serve as a semi - enclosed space, usually roofed and generally open - sided. portico. A large porch or covered walk with a roof supported by columns or piers. proportion. The relation of one dimension to another; usually described as a numerical ratio; in architecture, proportions determine the creation of visual order through coordination of shapes in a design. q quoin. A masonry (or simulated masonry) unit applied to the corner of a building; often slightly projecting. r rail. Horizontal members framing a panel. reconstruction. New construction to accurately recreate a vanished building or architectural element as it appeared at a specific period of time. The work is based on reliable physical, documentary, or graphic evidence. rehabilitation. Returning a structure to viable use while preserving its distinctive architectural and historic character. remodeling. Changing a building without regard to its distinctive, character defining architectural features or style. restoration. Returning a building to a particular period of time by removing later work and replacing missing earlier work. reveal.The part of the jamb that is visible between the outer wall surface and window or doorframe. segmental arch rhythm. A patterned repetition or alternation of formal elements (doors, windows, porches, etc.) or motifs in the same or a modified form. ridge. The highest point of a roof or horizontal line where two roof planes meet. s sash. The movable framework holding the glass in a window scale. The apparent size and mass of a building's facade and form in relation to nearby buildings. Important factors in establishing the scale of a facade include the physical relationship of elements such as window area to wall area; the shape and size of fenestration forms such as the subdivision of windows into lights; the bonding pattern of the brickwork; and details such as cornices and trim. segmental arch. An arch in which the arched portion is less than a semi- circle. shed roof A single - pitched roof over a small room; often attached to a main structure. shutter. An external movable screen or door used to cover a wall opening, especially a window; originally for security purposes; often confused with louvered blinds. sidelight. A framed area of fixed glass alongside a door or window opening. sill. The horizontal lower member of a window or other frame. single pile. A floor plan that is one room deep. site plan. An accurate scaled drawing of a site (lot) as if seen from above, describing the property boundary and orientation, the location of buildings, driveways, walks and other constructed site improvements, the retained vegetation, and new plantings and finished grade contours. soffit. The exposed undersurface of an over -head building component such as a roof. skylight. A glazed opening in a roof plane that admits light. stoop. An uncovered platform and steps at an entrance. streetscape. A setting or expanse consisting of the street, landscaping, and buildings along a street, as seen by the eye in one view street wall. The line formed by the facades of buildings set back a common distance from the street. stretcher. A brick laid with the long side visible in the finished work string course. A horizontal course of masonry or wood trim which projects from a wall. symmetrical. A similarity of form or arrangement on either side of a dividing line. t transom. A horizontal bar of wood or stone separating a door from a transom window above it. v vernacular. A mode of building based on regional forms and materials. w water table. A horizontal course of masonry or wood trim separating the foundation walls from the exterior walls above. GLOSSARY 57 Glossary definitions are in part based on Historic Architecture Sourcebook by Cyril M. Harris, Ed., New York: McGraw -Hill Book Company, 1977. FURTHER READING History and Historic Buildings Blegan, Theodore C. Minnesota: A History of the State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963. Folwell, William W. A History of Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1956. Grawe, Paul H., "Rivers, Railroads, and Regionalism;' in Perspectives on Regionalism, ed. Ahmed El- Afandi. Stillwater: Stillwater State College, 1973. Holmquist, June Drenning, ed. They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic Groups. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981. Hubbard, Lucius F., and Return I. Holcombe. Minnesota in Three Centuries. St. Paul: The Publishing Society of Minnesota, 1908. Kennedy, Roger. Minnesota Houses, An Architectural and Historical View. Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1967. Merrick, George Byron. Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot From 1854 -1863. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987. Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Map of Stillwater. New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1889 (updated 1892); 1894 (updated 1908); and 1917 (updated 1949). Architectural and Cultural History Francaviglia, Richard V. Main Street Revisited: Time, Space, and Image Building in Small -Town America. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1990. Lanier, Gabrielle M. and Bernard L. Herman. Everyday Architecture of the Mid - Atlantic: Looking at Buildings and Landscapes. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1990. Longstreth, Richard. The Buildings of Main Street. Washington D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1987. Standard text about the building types of commercial areas. McAlester, Virginia and Lee. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991. Oldenberg, Ray. The Great Good Place. New York: Paragon Press, 1989. Rifkin, Carole. Main Street: The Face of Urban America. New York: Harper and Row, 1977. Rudofsky, Bernard. Streets for People: A Primer for Americans. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1969. Stilgoe, John R. Common Landscape of America: 1580 -1845. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. Historic Building Maintenance and Planning Bucher, Ward, ed. Dictionary of Building Preservation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1989. Fisher, Charles E. and Hugh C. Miller, ed. Caring for Your Historic House: Preserving and Maintaining: Structural Systems, Roofs, Masonry, Plaster, Wallpapers, Paint, Mechanical and Electrical Systems, Windows, Woodwork, Flooring, Landscape. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 1988. London, Mark. Respectful Rehabilitation: Masonry. Washington D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1988. McKee, Harley J., FAIA. Introduction to Early American Masonry: Stone, Brick, Mortar and Plaster. Washington DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation and Columbia University, 1973. Moss, Roger W. ed. Lighting for Historic Buildings. Washington D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1988. New York Landmarks Conservancy. Repairing Old and Historic Windows: A Manual for Architects and Homeowners. Washington D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1982. Technical ./Materials information Series These booklets, produced by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, focus on a broad range of preservationrelated topics. 2153: The Economics of Rehabilitation 2189: A Guide to Tax - Advantaged Rehabilitation 2187: Appraising Historic Properties 2157: Safety, Building Codes, and Historic Preservation 2170: Coping with Contamination: A Primer for Preservationists 2125: Establishing an Easement Program to Protect Historic, Scenic, and Nahlral Resources 2185: Design Review in Historic Districts 2162: Reviewing New Construction Projects in Historic Areas Preservation Briefs series. Washington, DC: Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service. (Available on the National Park Service website.) These include: 01: The Cleaning and Waterproof Coating of Masonry Buildings 02: Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Masonry Buildings 03: Roofing for Historic Buildings o6: Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Buildings 07: The Preservation of Historic Glazed Architectural Terra -Cotta 09: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windaws 10: Exterior Paint Problems on Historic Woodwork 11: Rehabilitating Historic Storefronts 14: New Exterior Additions to Historic Buildings: Preservation Concerns 15: Preservation of Historic Concrete 16: The Use of Substitute Materials on Historic Building Exteriors 17: Architectural Character: Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their Character 25: The Preservation of Historic Signs 27: The Maintenance and Repair of Architectural Cast Iron 31: Mothballing Historic Buildings 32: Making Historic Properties Accessible 33: The Preservation and Repair of Stained and Leaded Glass 35: Understanding Old Buildings: The Process of Architectural Investigation 38: Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry 39: Holding the Line: Controlling Unwanted Moisture in Historic Buildings FURTHER READING Additional Preservation Briefs might be useful for interior work: 13: Conserving Energy in Historic Buildings 59 18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings: Identifying Character - Defining Elements 21: Repairing Historic Flat Plaster: Walls and Ceilings 23: Preserving Historic Ornamental Plaster 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings: Problems and Recommended Approaches 28: Painting Historic Interiors 34: Historic Interiors: Preserving Historic Composition Ornament 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors 6o Aetzta , dle;z4zeaa4 PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Other preservation- related publi- cations of the Government Printing Office are available through the Superintendent of Documents: Affordable Housing Through Historic Preservation: Tax Credits and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Rehabilitation. Susan Escheric— Stephen J. Farneth, and Bruce Judd. Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses and Preservation Treatments. Margot Gayle, David W. Look, and John G. Waite. GPO Stock No. 024- 005- 01108 -1, $13. The Secretary of Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Illustrated Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings. Kay D. Weeks and Anne E. Grimmer. Preservation Tech Notes Preservation Tech Notes are developed by the National Park Service and are sold in sets by the National Technical Information Serviee (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce: The Old -House Journal, a periodical published by the Home Building and Remodeling Network, is paeked with useful information for reno- vators of commercial as well as residential property. In addition to the magazine, the company offers a variety of books, videos, and other items of use to those contemplat- ing or involved in a rehabilitation project. Traditional Building Magazine. This bimonthly periodical is the official trade magazine of the Restoration and Renovation Show, an annual exposition held at various locations around the country. The magazine eaters to owners of older buildings and to design and construction professionals. The Web site includes articles from the magazine, informa- tion on products and suppliers, and links to suppliers and free product literature. Entrances to the Past (video), by Kay D. Weeks, Kay Ellis, and David C. Park. Available from Historic Windsor, Inc., P.O. Box 1777, Windsor, VT 05089 -0021; 802 -674- 6752; $15.00. Appraising Easements: Guidelines for Valuation of Historic Preservation and Land Conservation Easements. Available from the Land Trust Alliance, 1319 F Street N.W., Suite 501, Washington, D.C. 20004 -1006; 202- 638 -4725; $20 includes shipping and handling. Awnings and Tents (reprint of 1912 eanvas manufacturer's manual). Available from the bookstore of the Awnings Division of the Industrial Fabrics Association International, 345 Cedar Building, Suite 45o, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101; 651- 222 -2508. Keeping It Clean: Removing Dirt, Paint, Stains, and Graffiti from Historic Exterior Masonry, by Anne E. Grimmer. Available from PRG, Ine, P.O. Box 1768, Rockville, MD 20849 -1768; 301 -309 -2222; $10.50 includes shipping and handling. Respectful Rehabilitation: Answers to Your Questions on Historic Buildings, edited by Kay D. Weeks and Diane Maddex. Available from John Wiley & Sons Distribution Center, 1 Wiley Drivej Somerset, NJ 08875 -1272; 800 - 225-5945; $17.45 including ship- ping and handling. The Window Handbook: Successful Strategies for Rehabilitating Windows in Historic Buildings, edited by Charles Fisher. Window Rehabilitation Guide for Historic Buildings. Historic Color References Century of Color: Exterior Decoration for American Buildings, 1820 -1920. Watkins Glen, NY: American Life Foundation, 1981. Moss, Roger W. Paint in America: The Colors of Historic Buildings. Washington D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1984. Organizations Washington County Historical Society, P. O. Box iStillwater, Minnesota 55987 651- 439 -5956, web site: www.wchsmn.org Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Boulevard West Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 -1906, 651-296 - 5434, web site: www.mnhs.org FURTHER READING 61 National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 202- 673 -4296, web site: www. nthp.org State Historic Preservation Office 345 Kellogg Boulevard West Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 -1906 651 - 296-5434, web site: www.mnhs.org The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota, 516 Landmark Center, 75 West Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN 55102 -1406, (651) 293-9047, web site: www.mnpreservation.org National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTI). The NCPTT, a division of the National Park Service, is dedicated to developing new preservation technologies and training preser- vationists. The center's Web site includes the "Preservation Internet Resources Clearinghouse;' an annotated database with informa- tion about online resources for preservationists. The Web site lists conferences and educational oppor- tunities, and provides links to other preservation - related Web sites, data- bases, and libraries. Web site: www. nepttnps.gov. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Stillwater Heritage Preservation Commission John Brach Robert Goodman Jeff Johnson (Vice Chair) Reggie Krakowski Brian Larson (Chair) Elizabeth Welty City Council Ken Harycki (Mayor) Doug Menikheim Ted Kozlowski Tom Weidner Mike Polehna (Vice Mayor) liViata* eilLmietutL PRESERVATION IN HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS Site Lift Bridge Lumberman's Exchange Joseph Wolf Brewery Warden's House Post Office Courthouse Lowell Inn CM &StP Depot Isaac Staples Sawmill Commander Mill Stillwater Convention Site riatidAh-Brunswick Inn National Guard Armory Checklist Address 101 Water St S 402 Main St S 602 Main St N 220 Myrtle St E 101 PineStW 102 2nd St N 233 Water Street 402 Main St N 413 Nelson St Myrtle & Main 114 Chestnut St E 107 Chestnut St E